Human papillomavirus epidemiology and demographics: Difference between revisions

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{{Human papillomavirus}}
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==Overview==
==Overview==
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Genital HPV infection is very common, with estimates suggesting that more than 50% of women will become infected with one or more of the sexually transmitted HPV types at some point during adulthood.<ref name="Baseman">{{cite journal |author=Baseman JG, Koutsky LA |title=The epidemiology of human papillomavirus infections |journal=J. Clin. Virol. |volume=32 Suppl 1 |issue= |pages=S16-24 |year=2005 |pmid=15753008 |doi=10.1016/j.jcv.2004.12.008}} *Note: The authors state on page S17 "Overall, these DNA-based studies, combined with measurements of type-specific antibodies against HPV capsid antigens, have shown that most (>50%) sexually active women have been infected by one or more genital HPV types at some point in time."</ref>
Genital HPV infection is very common, with estimates suggesting that more than 50% of women will become infected with one or more of the sexually transmitted HPV types at some point during adulthood.<ref name="Baseman">{{cite journal |author=Baseman JG, Koutsky LA |title=The epidemiology of human papillomavirus infections |journal=J. Clin. Virol. |volume=32 Suppl 1 |issue= |pages=S16-24 |year=2005 |pmid=15753008 |doi=10.1016/j.jcv.2004.12.008}} *Note: The authors state on page S17 "Overall, these DNA-based studies, combined with measurements of type-specific antibodies against HPV capsid antigens, have shown that most (>50%) sexually active women have been infected by one or more genital HPV types at some point in time."</ref>


== Genital HPV Prevalence in the United States ==
== Epidemiology ==
==== Cutaneous warts ====
*Widespread in general population
*Incidence of common [[warts]] is more than plantar or flat [[warts]]
==== Genital warts ====
*Anogenital HPV is the most common [[Sexually transmitted disease|sexually transmitted infection]] in the USA <ref name=CDC3>http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/hpv.html#epi</ref>
*In USA, the prevalence of anogenital HPV infection is estimated to be 79 million with incidence of 14 million new cases each year <ref name=CDC3>http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/hpv.html#epi Accessed on Oct 12, 2016</ref>
*Worldwide, 90% of genital warts is caused by the HPV 6 and 11<ref name=CDC1>http://www.cdc.gov/std/stats14/other.htm#hpv Accessed on October 12, 2016</ref>
*Prevalence of genital warts is 1% in USA as compared to 10% in Scandinavian countries
*In USA, the incidence of genital warts has slightly increased in the year 2013


Quoted statistics of HPV infection vary, with one review finding reported values anywhere from 14% to 90%.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Revzina NV, Diclemente RJ |title=Prevalence and incidence of human papillomavirus infection in women in the USA: a systematic review |journal=International journal of STD & AIDS |volume=16 |issue=8 |pages=528-37 |year=2005 |pmid=16105186 |doi=10.1258/0956462054679214}}"The prevalence of HPV reported in the assessed studies ranged from 14% to more than 90%."</ref> The major reason numbers conflict is simply a lack of context. A report of the number of women that have ever been infected by any type will be much higher than the number that are currently infected by one of the high-risk types. The confusion surrounding the issue is highlighted by news coverage of a comprehensive study published in February 2007. Some headlines read "more women than expected have HPV", while others said that infection was "rarer than first estimated".<ref>
[[Image:CDC graph 2.png|800px|center|thumb|Source: https://www.cdc.gov/]]
{{cite news
| first = Marie
| last = McCullough
| title = Cancer-virus strains rarer than first estimated
| url = http://www.philly.com/mld/inquirer/living/health/16798039.htm
| publisher = [[The Philadelphia Inquirer]]
| date = [[2007-02-28]]
| accessdate = 2007-03-02
}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite news
| first = David
| last = Brown
| title = Study finds more women than expected have HPV
| url = http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/02/28/MNGOCOCAF61.DTL
| publisher = [[San Francisco Chronicle]]
| date = [[2007-02-28]]
| accessdate = 2007-03-02
}} (originally published in the [[Washington Post]] as "More American Women Have HPV Than Previously Thought")
</ref> Both are actually true, in context:


The study found that, during 2003–2004, [[prevalence|at any given time]], 26.8% of women aged 14 to 59 were infected with at least one type of HPV. This was higher than previous estimates. Of the four types prevented by the [[Gardasil]] vaccine, however, only 3.4% were infected, which was lower than previous estimates. Of the high-risk types that cause cancer, 15.2% were infected.<ref name="Dunne 2007">{{cite journal |author=Dunne EF, Unger ER, Sternberg M, ''et al'' |title=Prevalence of HPV infection among females in the United States |journal=JAMA |volume=297 |issue=8 |pages=813-9 |year=2007 |pmid=17327523 |doi=10.1001/jama.297.8.813}}</ref>
''' Genital Warts — Initial Visits to Physicians’ Offices, United States, 1966–2013'''


The American Social Health Association projections in 2006 were yet more pessimistic, predicting that about 75% of the reproductive population will have been infected with genital HPV infection in their lifetime.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ashastd.org/hpv/hpv_learn_men.cfm |title=American Social Health Association - HPV Resource Center |accessdate=2007-08-17}}</ref> Studies show that HPV infection is much more prevalent in the gay community. Studies show a link between HPV infection and penile and anal cancer, and the risk for anal cancer is 17 to 31 times higher among gay and bisexual men than among heterosexual men.<ref name="CDC men">{{cite web |url=http://www.cdc.gov/std/hpv/STDFact-HPV-and-men.htm |title=STD Facts - HPV and Men |accessdate=2007-08-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Frisch M, Smith E, Grulich A, Johansen C |title=Cancer in a population-based cohort of men and women in registered homosexual partnerships |journal=Am. J. Epidemiol. |volume=157 |issue=11 |pages=966-72 |year=2003 |pmid=12777359 || url = http://171.66.121.65/cgi/content/full/157/11/966 | quote=However, the risk for invasive anal squamous carcinoma, which is believed to be caused by certain types of sexually transmitted human papillomaviruses, notably type 16, was significantly 31-fold elevated at a crude incidence of 25.6 per 100,000 person-years.}}</ref>
†Data from CDC


Although it is possible to test for HPV DNA in men,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Dunne EF, Nielson CM, Stone KM, Markowitz LE, Giuliano AR |title=Prevalence of HPV infection among men: A systematic review of the literature |journal=J. Infect. Dis. |volume=194 |issue=8 |pages=1044-57 |year=2006 |pmid=16991079 |doi=10.1086/507432}}</ref> there are no FDA-approved tests for general screening, since the testing is inconclusive and considered medically unnecessary.<ref name="CDC men" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehpvtest.com/HPV-for-men-FAQ.html#testmen |title=What Men Need to Know About HPV |accessdate=2007-04-04 |year=2006 |quote=There is currently no FDA-approved test to detect HPV in men. That is because an effective, reliable way to collect a sample of male genital skin cells, which would allow detection of HPV, has yet to be developed.}}</ref>
====HPV associated cancers====
*In USA, the incidence of HPV associated cancer is 38,793 each year (data 2008-2012)<ref name=CDC2>https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/hpv/statistics/ Accessed on October 12, 2016</ref>
:'''Cervical cancer'''
:*Worldwide, the incidence of invasive [[cervical cancer]] is 500,000 cases each year.
:*Worlwide, 70% of [[cervical cancer]] is caused by the HPV 16 and 18<ref name=CDC1>http://www.cdc.gov/std/stats14/other.htm#hpv Accessed on October 12, 2016</ref>
:*In USA, more than 90% of cervical cancer is caused by HPV.<ref name=CDC2>https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/hpv/statistics/ Accessed on October 12, 2016</ref>
:'''Oropharyngeal cancer'''
:*Incidence of [[oropharyngeal cancer]] associated with HPV is showing an increasing trend in USA<ref name="pmid23297039">{{cite journal| author=Jemal A, Simard EP, Dorell C, Noone AM, Markowitz LE, Kohler B et al.| title=Annual Report to the Nation on the Status of Cancer, 1975-2009, featuring the burden and trends in human papillomavirus(HPV)-associated cancers and HPV vaccination coverage levels. | journal=J Natl Cancer Inst | year= 2013 | volume= 105 | issue= 3 | pages= 175-201 | pmid=23297039 | doi=10.1093/jnci/djs491 | pmc=3565628 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23297039  }} </ref><ref name="pmid21969503">{{cite journal| author=Chaturvedi AK, Engels EA, Pfeiffer RM, Hernandez BY, Xiao W, Kim E et al.| title=Human papillomavirus and rising oropharyngeal cancer incidence in the United States. | journal=J Clin Oncol | year= 2011 | volume= 29 | issue= 32 | pages= 4294-301 | pmid=21969503 | doi=10.1200/JCO.2011.36.4596 | pmc=3221528 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21969503  }} </ref>
:*70% of [[Oropharyngeal cancer|oropharyngeal cancers]] are associated with HPV<ref name=CDC2>https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/hpv/statistics/ Accessed on October 12, 2016</ref>
:'''Anal cancer'''
:*In USA, the incidence of anal cancer has increased in the last three decades<ref name="pmid23297039">{{cite journal| author=Jemal A, Simard EP, Dorell C, Noone AM, Markowitz LE, Kohler B et al.| title=Annual Report to the Nation on the Status of Cancer, 1975-2009, featuring the burden and trends in human papillomavirus(HPV)-associated cancers and HPV vaccination coverage levels. | journal=J Natl Cancer Inst | year= 2013 | volume= 105 | issue= 3 | pages= 175-201 | pmid=23297039 | doi=10.1093/jnci/djs491 | pmc=3565628 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23297039  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19156144">{{cite journal| author=Robinson D, Coupland V, Møller H| title=An analysis of temporal and generational trends in the incidence of anal and other HPV-related cancers in Southeast England. | journal=Br J Cancer | year= 2009 | volume= 100 | issue= 3 | pages= 527-31 | pmid=19156144 | doi=10.1038/sj.bjc.6604871 | pmc=2658550 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19156144  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19293308">{{cite journal| author=Cook MB, Dawsey SM, Freedman ND, Inskip PD, Wichner SM, Quraishi SM et al.| title=Sex disparities in cancer incidence by period and age. | journal=Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev | year= 2009 | volume= 18 | issue= 4 | pages= 1174-82 | pmid=19293308 | doi=10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-08-1118 | pmc=2793271 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19293308  }} </ref><ref name="pmid23042932">{{cite journal| author=Shiels MS, Pfeiffer RM, Chaturvedi AK, Kreimer AR, Engels EA| title=Impact of the HIV epidemic on the incidence rates of anal cancer in the United States. | journal=J Natl Cancer Inst | year= 2012 | volume= 104 | issue= 20 | pages= 1591-8 | pmid=23042932 | doi=10.1093/jnci/djs371 | pmc=3611819 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23042932  }} </ref>
:*There is increased incidence among [[HIV]] positive individuals and incidence has not shown a decline after the advent of [[HIV AIDS medical therapy|antiretroviral therapy]].<ref name="pmid7062503">{{cite journal| author=Daling JR, Weiss NS, Klopfenstein LL, Cochran LE, Chow WH, Daifuku R| title=Correlates of homosexual behavior and the incidence of anal cancer. | journal=JAMA | year= 1982 | volume= 247 | issue= 14 | pages= 1988-90 | pmid=7062503 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7062503  }} </ref>
:'''Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis'''
:*Rare with rates of about 2 cases per 100,000 children in the United States<ref name="pmid16210110">{{cite journal |author=Sinal SH, Woods CR |title=Human papillomavirus infections of the genital and respiratory tracts in young children |journal=[[Seminars in Pediatric Infectious Diseases]] |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=306–16 |year=2005 |month=October |pmid=16210110 |doi=10.1053/j.spid.2005.06.010 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1045-1870(05)00072-5 |accessdate=2012-12-10}}</ref>  
:*Common in children born to females having active genital warts at the time of vaginal delivery


{{quote|There is no screening test for HPV infection in men. However, although there are no formal guidelines, some experts believe that men who receive anal sex should have a routine anal Pap test, especially if they also have HIV infection. Ask your health professional whether and how often you should be tested.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/sexual-conditions/tc/Genital-Warts-Human-Papillomavirus-What-Happens |title=WebMD -- Error 404 |accessdate=2007-08-17}}</ref>}}
==Demographics==
Following demographic factors may affect the incidence and prevalence of HPV infection:
===Age===
'''Cutaneous warts'''
*More common in children aged 12-16 yrs of age<ref name="pmid10943818">{{cite journal| author=Allen AL, Siegfried EC| title=What's new in human papillomavirus infection. | journal=Curr Opin Pediatr | year= 2000 | volume= 12 | issue= 4 | pages= 365-9 | pmid=10943818 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10943818  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid2599836">{{cite journal| author=Steele K, Irwin WG, Merrett JD| title=Warts in general practice. | journal=Ir Med J | year= 1989 | volume= 82 | issue= 3 | pages= 122-4 | pmid=2599836 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2599836  }} </ref>
*10% of children and 3.5% of adults are affected, worldwide
'''Genital warts'''
*Incidence of genital [[HPV]] infection increases at the age when individuals begin to engage in sexual activity.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Schiffman M, Castle PE |title=The promise of global cervical-cancer prevention |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=353 |issue=20 |pages=2101-4 |year=2005 |pmid=16291978 |doi=10.1056/NEJMp058171}}</ref><ref name="pmid9459645">{{cite journal| author=Ho GY, Bierman R, Beardsley L, Chang CJ, Burk RD| title=Natural history of cervicovaginal papillomavirus infection in young women. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1998 | volume= 338 | issue= 7 | pages= 423-8 | pmid=9459645 | doi=10.1056/NEJM199802123380703 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9459645  }} </ref>
*Highest incidence of genital warts is seen in females aged 20-24 yrs and males aged 25-29 yrs of age<ref name="pmid17327523">{{cite journal| author=Dunne EF, Unger ER, Sternberg M, McQuillan G, Swan DC, Patel SS et al.| title=Prevalence of HPV infection among females in the United States. | journal=JAMA | year= 2007 | volume= 297 | issue= 8 | pages= 813-9 | pmid=17327523 | doi=10.1001/jama.297.8.813 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17327523  }} </ref> (CDC)
*Prevalence of cervical HPV in females may decline after age 30<ref name="pmid12571255">{{cite journal| author=Wright TC, Schiffman M| title=Adding a test for human papillomavirus DNA to cervical-cancer screening. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2003 | volume= 348 | issue= 6 | pages= 489-90 | pmid=12571255 | doi=10.1056/NEJMp020178 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12571255  }} </ref>
'''HPV associated cancer'''
*Incidence is more common in younger age group(sexually active)<ref name="pmid18334711">{{cite journal| author=Gillison ML, D'Souza G, Westra W, Sugar E, Xiao W, Begum S et al.| title=Distinct risk factor profiles for human papillomavirus type 16-positive and human papillomavirus type 16-negative head and neck cancers. | journal=J Natl Cancer Inst | year= 2008 | volume= 100 | issue= 6 | pages= 407-20 | pmid=18334711 | doi=10.1093/jnci/djn025 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18334711  }} </ref>(2196503)<ref name="pmid18798277">{{cite journal| author=Hoevenaars BM, van der Avoort IA, de Wilde PC, Massuger LF, Melchers WJ, de Hullu JA et al.| title=A panel of p16(INK4A), MIB1 and p53 proteins can distinguish between the 2 pathways leading to vulvar squamous cell carcinoma. | journal=Int J Cancer | year= 2008 | volume= 123 | issue= 12 | pages= 2767-73 | pmid=18798277 | doi=10.1002/ijc.23857 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18798277  }} </ref><ref name="pmid22641955">{{cite journal| author=Chaux A, Cubilla AL| title=The role of human papillomavirus infection in the pathogenesis of penile squamous cell carcinomas. | journal=Semin Diagn Pathol | year= 2012 | volume= 29 | issue= 2 | pages= 67-71 | pmid=22641955 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22641955  }} </ref>
'''Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis'''
*Increased incidence is seen in children as compared to adults<ref name="pmid18496162">{{cite journal| author=Derkay CS, Wiatrak B| title=Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis: a review. | journal=Laryngoscope | year= 2008 | volume= 118 | issue= 7 | pages= 1236-47 | pmid=18496162 | doi=10.1097/MLG.0b013e31816a7135 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18496162  }} </ref><ref name="pmid23013073">{{cite journal| author=Yuan H, Myers S, Wang J, Zhou D, Woo JA, Kallakury B et al.| title=Use of reprogrammed cells to identify therapy for respiratory papillomatosis. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2012 | volume= 367 | issue= 13 | pages= 1220-7 | pmid=23013073 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1203055 | pmc=4030597 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23013073  }} </ref>


==== Information from the CDC ====
[[Image:CDC graph 3.png|center|thumb|800px|Source: https://www.cdc.gov/]]


According to the [[Centers for Disease Control]] (CDC), by the age of 50 more than 80% of American women will have contracted at least one strain of genital HPV. All women are encouraged to get a yearly [[pap smear]] solely to detect cellular abnormalities caused by HPV.<ref name=CDC_HPV>{{cite web |url=http://www.cdc.gov/std/hpv/STDFact-HPV-vaccine.htm |title=STD Facts - HPV Vaccine |date = 2006-08-01 | accessdate=2007-08-17}}</ref>
'''Human Papillomavirus — Cervicovaginal Prevalence of Types 6, 11, 16 and 18 Among Women Aged 14–59 Years by Age Group and Time Period, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2003–2006 and 2007–2010'''


Genital HPV is the most common sexual transmitted infection in the United States. About 6.2 million Americans will get infected with genital HPV this year. According to the National Cervical Cancer Coalition (NCCC), 11% of American women do not have regular cervical cancer screenings; women who do not have cervical cancer screenings on a regular basis dramatically increase their chances of developing cervical cancer. About 14,000 women in the United States are diagnosed with cervical cancer disease each year, and more than 3,900 women die in the United States each year from this disease.
†Data from CDC


==== Information from the AMA ====
===Gender===
'''Genital warts'''


According to the ''[[Journal of the American Medical Association]]'' (Dunne, Eileen F. et al, 2007) the prevalence of HPV infection among females in the United States is as follows:<ref name="Dunne 2007" />
Prevalence per 1000 person-years Among participants in private health plans aged 10–39 years by sex, age group, and year, 2003–2010 is shown in the graph below:
[[Image:CDC graphs.png|center|thumb|800px|Source: https://www.cdc.gov/]]


* 24.5% prevalence of HPV among females 14 to 19 years old
†Data from CDC
* 44.8% prevalence of HPV among females 20 to 24 years old
 
* 27.4% prevalence of HPV among females 25 to 29 years old
'''HPV associated cancers'''
* 27.5% prevalence of HPV among females 30 to 39 years old
*Out of total 38,793 [[HPV]]-associated cancers that occur in the United States each year, 23,000 occur among women, and about 15,793 among men<ref name=CDC2>https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/hpv/statistics/ Accessed on October 12, 2016</ref>
* 25.2% prevalence of HPV among females 40 to 49 years old
*Three fold increased prevalence of [[HPV]] associated [[anal cancer|anal]] and [[oropharyngeal cancer]] in men as compared to women.
* 19.6% prevalence of HPV among females 50 to 59 years old
*Increased incidence of [[oropharngeal cancer|oropharngeal]] and [[anal cancer]] among men who have sex with men (MSM)<ref name="CDC men">{{cite web |url=http://www.cdc.gov/std/hpv/STDFact-HPV-and-men.htm |title=STD Facts - HPV and Men |accessdate=2007-08-17}}</ref><ref name="pmid22282321">{{cite journal| author=Gillison ML, Broutian T, Pickard RK, Tong ZY, Xiao W, Kahle L et al.| title=Prevalence of oral HPV infection in the United States, 2009-2010. | journal=JAMA | year= 2012 | volume= 307 | issue= 7 | pages= 693-703 | pmid=22282321 | doi=10.1001/jama.2012.101 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22282321  }} </ref><ref name="pmid22706220">{{cite journal| author=Pickard RK, Xiao W, Broutian TR, He X, Gillison ML| title=The prevalence and incidence of oral human papillomavirus infection among young men and women, aged 18-30 years. | journal=Sex Transm Dis | year= 2012 | volume= 39 | issue= 7 | pages= 559-66 | pmid=22706220 | doi=10.1097/OLQ.0b013e31824f1c65 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22706220  }} </ref><ref name="pmid24625808">{{cite journal| author=Chaturvedi AK, Graubard BI, Pickard RK, Xiao W, Gillison ML| title=High-risk oral human papillomavirus load in the US population, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009-2010. | journal=J Infect Dis | year= 2014 | volume= 210 | issue= 3 | pages= 441-7 | pmid=24625808 | doi=10.1093/infdis/jiu116 | pmc=4110460 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24625808  }} </ref><ref name="pmid25291584">{{cite journal| author=Fakhry C, Gillison ML, D'Souza G| title=Tobacco use and oral HPV-16 infection. | journal=JAMA | year= 2014 | volume= 312 | issue= 14 | pages= 1465-7 | pmid=25291584 | doi=10.1001/jama.2014.13183 | pmc=4266546 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25291584  }} </ref>
*Worldwide, the point prevalence of HPV in females is 10%, with highest prevalence among African females<ref name="pmid17597569">{{cite journal| author=de Sanjosé S, Diaz M, Castellsagué X, Clifford G, Bruni L, Muñoz N et al.| title=Worldwide prevalence and genotype distribution of cervical human papillomavirus DNA in women with normal cytology: a meta-analysis. | journal=Lancet Infect Dis | year= 2007 | volume= 7 | issue= 7 | pages= 453-9 | pmid=17597569 | doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(07)70158-5 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17597569  }} </ref>
 
===Race===
*There may be increased incidence of high risk [[HPV]] infections in African American females as compared to Caucasian<ref name="pmid9459645">{{cite journal| author=Ho GY, Bierman R, Beardsley L, Chang CJ, Burk RD| title=Natural history of cervicovaginal papillomavirus infection in young women. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1998 | volume= 338 | issue= 7 | pages= 423-8 | pmid=9459645 | doi=10.1056/NEJM199802123380703 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9459645  }} </ref><ref name="pmid25028692">{{cite journal| author=Banister CE, Messersmith AR, Cai B, Spiryda LB, Glover SH, Pirisi L et al.| title=Disparity in the persistence of high-risk human papillomavirus genotypes between African American and European American women of college age. | journal=J Infect Dis | year= 2015 | volume= 211 | issue= 1 | pages= 100-8 | pmid=25028692 | doi=10.1093/infdis/jiu394 | pmc=4326315 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25028692  }} </ref>


==References==
==References==
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{{WH}}
{{WS}}


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Latest revision as of 22:13, 29 July 2020

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Human papillomavirus Microchapters

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aysha Anwar, M.B.B.S[2]

Overview

Genital HPV infection is very common, with estimates suggesting that more than 50% of women will become infected with one or more of the sexually transmitted HPV types at some point during adulthood.[1]

Epidemiology

Cutaneous warts

  • Widespread in general population
  • Incidence of common warts is more than plantar or flat warts

Genital warts

  • Anogenital HPV is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the USA [2]
  • In USA, the prevalence of anogenital HPV infection is estimated to be 79 million with incidence of 14 million new cases each year [2]
  • Worldwide, 90% of genital warts is caused by the HPV 6 and 11[3]
  • Prevalence of genital warts is 1% in USA as compared to 10% in Scandinavian countries
  • In USA, the incidence of genital warts has slightly increased in the year 2013
Source: https://www.cdc.gov/

Genital Warts — Initial Visits to Physicians’ Offices, United States, 1966–2013

†Data from CDC

HPV associated cancers

  • In USA, the incidence of HPV associated cancer is 38,793 each year (data 2008-2012)[4]
Cervical cancer
  • Worldwide, the incidence of invasive cervical cancer is 500,000 cases each year.
  • Worlwide, 70% of cervical cancer is caused by the HPV 16 and 18[3]
  • In USA, more than 90% of cervical cancer is caused by HPV.[4]
Oropharyngeal cancer
Anal cancer
  • In USA, the incidence of anal cancer has increased in the last three decades[5][7][8][9]
  • There is increased incidence among HIV positive individuals and incidence has not shown a decline after the advent of antiretroviral therapy.[10]
Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis
  • Rare with rates of about 2 cases per 100,000 children in the United States[11]
  • Common in children born to females having active genital warts at the time of vaginal delivery

Demographics

Following demographic factors may affect the incidence and prevalence of HPV infection:

Age

Cutaneous warts

  • More common in children aged 12-16 yrs of age[12] [13]
  • 10% of children and 3.5% of adults are affected, worldwide

Genital warts

  • Incidence of genital HPV infection increases at the age when individuals begin to engage in sexual activity.[14][15]
  • Highest incidence of genital warts is seen in females aged 20-24 yrs and males aged 25-29 yrs of age[16] (CDC)
  • Prevalence of cervical HPV in females may decline after age 30[17]

HPV associated cancer

  • Incidence is more common in younger age group(sexually active)[18](2196503)[19][20]

Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis

  • Increased incidence is seen in children as compared to adults[21][22]
Source: https://www.cdc.gov/

Human Papillomavirus — Cervicovaginal Prevalence of Types 6, 11, 16 and 18 Among Women Aged 14–59 Years by Age Group and Time Period, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2003–2006 and 2007–2010

†Data from CDC

Gender

Genital warts

Prevalence per 1000 person-years Among participants in private health plans aged 10–39 years by sex, age group, and year, 2003–2010 is shown in the graph below:

Source: https://www.cdc.gov/

†Data from CDC

HPV associated cancers

  • Out of total 38,793 HPV-associated cancers that occur in the United States each year, 23,000 occur among women, and about 15,793 among men[4]
  • Three fold increased prevalence of HPV associated anal and oropharyngeal cancer in men as compared to women.
  • Increased incidence of oropharngeal and anal cancer among men who have sex with men (MSM)[23][24][25][26][27]
  • Worldwide, the point prevalence of HPV in females is 10%, with highest prevalence among African females[28]

Race

  • There may be increased incidence of high risk HPV infections in African American females as compared to Caucasian[15][29]

References

  1. ↑ Baseman JG, Koutsky LA (2005). "The epidemiology of human papillomavirus infections". J. Clin. Virol. 32 Suppl 1: S16–24. doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2004.12.008. PMID 15753008. *Note: The authors state on page S17 "Overall, these DNA-based studies, combined with measurements of type-specific antibodies against HPV capsid antigens, have shown that most (>50%) sexually active women have been infected by one or more genital HPV types at some point in time."
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/hpv.html#epi
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 http://www.cdc.gov/std/stats14/other.htm#hpv Accessed on October 12, 2016
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/hpv/statistics/ Accessed on October 12, 2016
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Jemal A, Simard EP, Dorell C, Noone AM, Markowitz LE, Kohler B; et al. (2013). "Annual Report to the Nation on the Status of Cancer, 1975-2009, featuring the burden and trends in human papillomavirus(HPV)-associated cancers and HPV vaccination coverage levels". J Natl Cancer Inst. 105 (3): 175–201. doi:10.1093/jnci/djs491. PMC 3565628. PMID 23297039.
  6. ↑ Chaturvedi AK, Engels EA, Pfeiffer RM, Hernandez BY, Xiao W, Kim E; et al. (2011). "Human papillomavirus and rising oropharyngeal cancer incidence in the United States". J Clin Oncol. 29 (32): 4294–301. doi:10.1200/JCO.2011.36.4596. PMC 3221528. PMID 21969503.
  7. ↑ Robinson D, Coupland V, Møller H (2009). "An analysis of temporal and generational trends in the incidence of anal and other HPV-related cancers in Southeast England". Br J Cancer. 100 (3): 527–31. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6604871. PMC 2658550. PMID 19156144.
  8. ↑ Cook MB, Dawsey SM, Freedman ND, Inskip PD, Wichner SM, Quraishi SM; et al. (2009). "Sex disparities in cancer incidence by period and age". Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 18 (4): 1174–82. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-08-1118. PMC 2793271. PMID 19293308.
  9. ↑ Shiels MS, Pfeiffer RM, Chaturvedi AK, Kreimer AR, Engels EA (2012). "Impact of the HIV epidemic on the incidence rates of anal cancer in the United States". J Natl Cancer Inst. 104 (20): 1591–8. doi:10.1093/jnci/djs371. PMC 3611819. PMID 23042932.
  10. ↑ Daling JR, Weiss NS, Klopfenstein LL, Cochran LE, Chow WH, Daifuku R (1982). "Correlates of homosexual behavior and the incidence of anal cancer". JAMA. 247 (14): 1988–90. PMID 7062503.
  11. ↑ Sinal SH, Woods CR (2005). "Human papillomavirus infections of the genital and respiratory tracts in young children". Seminars in Pediatric Infectious Diseases. 16 (4): 306–16. doi:10.1053/j.spid.2005.06.010. PMID 16210110. Retrieved 2012-12-10. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  12. ↑ Allen AL, Siegfried EC (2000). "What's new in human papillomavirus infection". Curr Opin Pediatr. 12 (4): 365–9. PMID 10943818.
  13. ↑ Steele K, Irwin WG, Merrett JD (1989). "Warts in general practice". Ir Med J. 82 (3): 122–4. PMID 2599836.
  14. ↑ Schiffman M, Castle PE (2005). "The promise of global cervical-cancer prevention". N. Engl. J. Med. 353 (20): 2101–4. doi:10.1056/NEJMp058171. PMID 16291978.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Ho GY, Bierman R, Beardsley L, Chang CJ, Burk RD (1998). "Natural history of cervicovaginal papillomavirus infection in young women". N Engl J Med. 338 (7): 423–8. doi:10.1056/NEJM199802123380703. PMID 9459645.
  16. ↑ Dunne EF, Unger ER, Sternberg M, McQuillan G, Swan DC, Patel SS; et al. (2007). "Prevalence of HPV infection among females in the United States". JAMA. 297 (8): 813–9. doi:10.1001/jama.297.8.813. PMID 17327523.
  17. ↑ Wright TC, Schiffman M (2003). "Adding a test for human papillomavirus DNA to cervical-cancer screening". N Engl J Med. 348 (6): 489–90. doi:10.1056/NEJMp020178. PMID 12571255.
  18. ↑ Gillison ML, D'Souza G, Westra W, Sugar E, Xiao W, Begum S; et al. (2008). "Distinct risk factor profiles for human papillomavirus type 16-positive and human papillomavirus type 16-negative head and neck cancers". J Natl Cancer Inst. 100 (6): 407–20. doi:10.1093/jnci/djn025. PMID 18334711.
  19. ↑ Hoevenaars BM, van der Avoort IA, de Wilde PC, Massuger LF, Melchers WJ, de Hullu JA; et al. (2008). "A panel of p16(INK4A), MIB1 and p53 proteins can distinguish between the 2 pathways leading to vulvar squamous cell carcinoma". Int J Cancer. 123 (12): 2767–73. doi:10.1002/ijc.23857. PMID 18798277.
  20. ↑ Chaux A, Cubilla AL (2012). "The role of human papillomavirus infection in the pathogenesis of penile squamous cell carcinomas". Semin Diagn Pathol. 29 (2): 67–71. PMID 22641955.
  21. ↑ Derkay CS, Wiatrak B (2008). "Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis: a review". Laryngoscope. 118 (7): 1236–47. doi:10.1097/MLG.0b013e31816a7135. PMID 18496162.
  22. ↑ Yuan H, Myers S, Wang J, Zhou D, Woo JA, Kallakury B; et al. (2012). "Use of reprogrammed cells to identify therapy for respiratory papillomatosis". N Engl J Med. 367 (13): 1220–7. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1203055. PMC 4030597. PMID 23013073.
  23. ↑ "STD Facts - HPV and Men". Retrieved 2007-08-17.
  24. ↑ Gillison ML, Broutian T, Pickard RK, Tong ZY, Xiao W, Kahle L; et al. (2012). "Prevalence of oral HPV infection in the United States, 2009-2010". JAMA. 307 (7): 693–703. doi:10.1001/jama.2012.101. PMID 22282321.
  25. ↑ Pickard RK, Xiao W, Broutian TR, He X, Gillison ML (2012). "The prevalence and incidence of oral human papillomavirus infection among young men and women, aged 18-30 years". Sex Transm Dis. 39 (7): 559–66. doi:10.1097/OLQ.0b013e31824f1c65. PMID 22706220.
  26. ↑ Chaturvedi AK, Graubard BI, Pickard RK, Xiao W, Gillison ML (2014). "High-risk oral human papillomavirus load in the US population, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009-2010". J Infect Dis. 210 (3): 441–7. doi:10.1093/infdis/jiu116. PMC 4110460. PMID 24625808.
  27. ↑ Fakhry C, Gillison ML, D'Souza G (2014). "Tobacco use and oral HPV-16 infection". JAMA. 312 (14): 1465–7. doi:10.1001/jama.2014.13183. PMC 4266546. PMID 25291584.
  28. ↑ de Sanjosé S, Diaz M, Castellsagué X, Clifford G, Bruni L, Muñoz N; et al. (2007). "Worldwide prevalence and genotype distribution of cervical human papillomavirus DNA in women with normal cytology: a meta-analysis". Lancet Infect Dis. 7 (7): 453–9. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(07)70158-5. PMID 17597569.
  29. ↑ Banister CE, Messersmith AR, Cai B, Spiryda LB, Glover SH, Pirisi L; et al. (2015). "Disparity in the persistence of high-risk human papillomavirus genotypes between African American and European American women of college age". J Infect Dis. 211 (1): 100–8. doi:10.1093/infdis/jiu394. PMC 4326315. PMID 25028692.

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