Trichinosis epidemiology and demographics: Difference between revisions

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==Overview==
Worldwide, an estimated 10,000 cases of trichinosis occur every year.<ref name="a">Trichinellosis. CDC. http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/trichinellosis/epi.html. Accessed on January 28, 2016</ref> Trichinosis is rare in developed countries, but it is still common in developing countries.


==Epidemiology and demographics==
==Epidemiology and demographics==
[[Image:Trichi-epidemio.gif|thumb|left|200px|Number of reported confirmed cases of trichinosis, by year — National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System, United States, 1947–2012]]
[[Image:Trichi-age.gif|thumb|left|200px|Age distribution of persons with confirmed cases of trichinosis, by sex — National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System, United States, 2008–2012]]
[[Image:Trichi-pork.gif|thumb|left|200px|Number of reported confirmed cases of trichinosis, by source of infection as reported in surveillance summaries — National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System, United States, 1975–2012]]
===Incidence===
*Worldwide, an estimated 10,000 cases of trichinosis occur every year.
*During 2008–2012, a total of 90 cases of trichinosis were reported in the USA.
*In the USA, the average of trichinosis is approximately 15 cases per year.<ref name="a">Trichinellosis. CDC. http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/trichinellosis/epi.html. Accessed on January 28, 2016</ref>
===Mortality Rate===
*The [[mortality rate]] of trichinosis is approximately 0.2% worldwide.<ref name="pmid17689195">{{cite journal| author=Pozio E| title=World distribution of Trichinella spp. infections in animals and humans. | journal=Vet Parasitol | year= 2007 | volume= 149 | issue= 1-2 | pages= 3-21 | pmid=17689195 | doi=10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.07.002 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17689195  }} </ref>


Infection was once very common, but is now quite rare in the developed world. From 1991 to 1996, an annual average of 12 cases per year were reported in the United States. The number of cases has decreased because of legislation prohibiting the feeding of raw meat garbage to hogs, increased commercial and home freezing of pork, and the public awareness of the danger of eating raw or undercooked pork products. Today, one of the primary causes of trichinosis in America is the consumption of raw or undercooked wild game meats.
===Age===
*Trichinosis most commonly affects individuals 30 to 39 years of age.<ref name="b">Trichinellosis Surveillance — United States, 2008–2012. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report- CDC. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss6401a1.html. Accessed on January 28, 2016</ref>
*Although infections also occur in children and adolescents, the predominance of infection in adults probably results from culture-driven food behavior.
*Improperly cooked or prepared meat dishes may be more commonly eaten at adult-oriented events, especially among alcohol consumers.<ref name="pmid22172230">{{cite journal| author=Murrell KD, Pozio E| title=Worldwide occurrence and impact of human trichinellosis, 1986-2009. | journal=Emerg Infect Dis | year= 2011 | volume= 17 | issue= 12 | pages= 2194-202 | pmid=22172230 | doi=10.3201/eid1712.110896 | pmc=PMC3311199 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22172230  }} </ref>


In the developing world, most infections are associated with undercooked pork. For example, in Thailand, between 200 and 600 cases are reported annually around the Thai New Year. In parts of Eastern Europe, the WHO reports that some swine herds have trichinosis infection rates above 50%, and there are correspondingly large numbers of human infections [http://www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic612.htm].
===Gender===
*Men are more commonly affected with trichinosis than women.<ref name="b">Trichinellosis Surveillance — United States, 2008–2012. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report- CDC. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss6401a1.html. Accessed on January 28, 2016</ref>


It has been suggested that trichinosis may be one of several factors that led to religious prohibitions in Islam, Judaism, etc. against eating pork products, such as in the [[kashrut]] and [[Halal|dhabiĥa halal]] dietary laws. The medieval Jewish philosopher Maimonides advocated such a theory in his Guide for the Perplexed.
===Race===
*There is no racial predilection to trichinosis.


==References==
===Developed Countries===
{{reflist|2}}
*In the US and EU, the overall incidence of trichinosis is low given the improved pig-raising practices in the pork industry, commercial and home freezing of pork, and public awareness of the danger of eating raw or undercooked meat products.
*The number of cases associated with raw or undercooked wild game meats has remained relatively constant over time.<ref name="a">Trichinellosis. CDC. http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/trichinellosis/epi.html. Accessed on January 28, 2016</ref><ref name="pmid19136437">{{cite journal| author=Gottstein B, Pozio E, Nöckler K| title=Epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and control of trichinellosis. | journal=Clin Microbiol Rev | year= 2009 | volume= 22 | issue= 1 | pages= 127-45, Table of Contents | pmid=19136437 | doi=10.1128/CMR.00026-08 | pmc=PMC2620635 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19136437  }} </ref><ref name="pmid16039781">{{cite journal| author=Kapel CM| title=Changes in the EU legislation on Trichinella inspection--new challenges in the epidemiology. | journal=Vet Parasitol | year= 2005 | volume= 132 | issue= 1-2 | pages= 189-94 | pmid=16039781 | doi=10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.05.055 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16039781  }} </ref>


===Developing Countries===
*Trichinosis is common in developing countries where meat fed to pigs is either raw or undercooked.<ref name="wiki1234">Trichinosis. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichinosis. Accessed on January 28, 2016</ref>
*In South America, outbreaks in Argentina are common.
*[[Incidence (epidemiology)|Incidence]] data from developing countries are limited.
*In Asia, the majority of the [[outbreaks]] were reported from Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam, and the northern mountainous regions among the indigenous people who practice free-roaming pig husbandry.<ref name="pmid22172230">{{cite journal| author=Murrell KD, Pozio E| title=Worldwide occurrence and impact of human trichinellosis, 1986-2009. | journal=Emerg Infect Dis | year= 2011 | volume= 17 | issue= 12 | pages= 2194-202 | pmid=22172230 | doi=10.3201/eid1712.110896 | pmc=PMC3311199 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22172230  }} </ref>


[[Category:Conditions diagnosed by stool test]]
{| style="border: 0px; font-size: 90%; margin: 3px;" align="center"
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
|+ '''Source of Infection and Geographical Distribution of [[Trichinella]] species'''<ref>{{cite journal| author=Gottstein B, Pozio E, Nöckler K| title=Epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and control of trichinellosis. | journal=Clin Microbiol Rev | year= 2009 | volume= 22 | issue= 1 | pages= 127-45, Table of Contents | pmid=19136437 | doi=10.1128/CMR.00026-08 | pmc=PMC2620635 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19136437  }} </ref><ref name="wiki1234">Trichinosis. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichinosis. Accessed on January 22, 2016</ref>
[[Category:Needs overview]]
! style="width: 180px;background: #4479BA" |{{fontcolor|#FFF| Disease}}
! style="width: 120px;background: #4479BA" |{{fontcolor|#FFF| Geographical Distribution}}
|-
| style="width: 120px;font-weight: bold;background: #DCDCDC" | ''T. spiralis''
| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center" | Cosmopolitan
|-
| style="width: 120px;font-weight: bold;background: #DCDCDC" | ''T. britovi''
| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center" | Europe, Asia, northern and western Africa
|-
| style="width: 120px;font-weight: bold;background: #DCDCDC" | ''T. nativa''
| style="background: #F5F5F5; bold; text-align:center" | Arctic, subarctic regions
|-
| style="width: 120px;font-weight: bold;background: #DCDCDC" | ''T. papuae''
| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center" | Papua New Guinea, Thailand
|-
| style="width: 120px;font-weight: bold;background: #DCDCDC" | ''T. nelsoni''
| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center" | Eastern Africa
|-
| style="width: 120px;font-weight: bold;background: #DCDCDC" |''T. murrelli''
| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center" |North America
|-
| style="width: 120px;font-weight: bold;background: #DCDCDC" |''T. zimbabwensis''
| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center" |Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Ethiopia, South Africa
|-
|}


 
==References==
{{WH}}
{{reflist|2}}
{{WS}}

Latest revision as of 19:01, 18 September 2017

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Danitza Lukac

Overview

Worldwide, an estimated 10,000 cases of trichinosis occur every year.[1] Trichinosis is rare in developed countries, but it is still common in developing countries.

Epidemiology and demographics

Number of reported confirmed cases of trichinosis, by year — National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System, United States, 1947–2012
Age distribution of persons with confirmed cases of trichinosis, by sex — National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System, United States, 2008–2012
Number of reported confirmed cases of trichinosis, by source of infection as reported in surveillance summaries — National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System, United States, 1975–2012

Incidence

  • Worldwide, an estimated 10,000 cases of trichinosis occur every year.
  • During 2008–2012, a total of 90 cases of trichinosis were reported in the USA.
  • In the USA, the average of trichinosis is approximately 15 cases per year.[1]

Mortality Rate

Age

  • Trichinosis most commonly affects individuals 30 to 39 years of age.[3]
  • Although infections also occur in children and adolescents, the predominance of infection in adults probably results from culture-driven food behavior.
  • Improperly cooked or prepared meat dishes may be more commonly eaten at adult-oriented events, especially among alcohol consumers.[4]

Gender

  • Men are more commonly affected with trichinosis than women.[3]

Race

  • There is no racial predilection to trichinosis.

Developed Countries

  • In the US and EU, the overall incidence of trichinosis is low given the improved pig-raising practices in the pork industry, commercial and home freezing of pork, and public awareness of the danger of eating raw or undercooked meat products.
  • The number of cases associated with raw or undercooked wild game meats has remained relatively constant over time.[1][5][6]

Developing Countries

  • Trichinosis is common in developing countries where meat fed to pigs is either raw or undercooked.[7]
  • In South America, outbreaks in Argentina are common.
  • Incidence data from developing countries are limited.
  • In Asia, the majority of the outbreaks were reported from Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam, and the northern mountainous regions among the indigenous people who practice free-roaming pig husbandry.[4]
Source of Infection and Geographical Distribution of Trichinella species[8][7]
Disease Geographical Distribution
T. spiralis Cosmopolitan
T. britovi Europe, Asia, northern and western Africa
T. nativa Arctic, subarctic regions
T. papuae Papua New Guinea, Thailand
T. nelsoni Eastern Africa
T. murrelli North America
T. zimbabwensis Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Ethiopia, South Africa

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Trichinellosis. CDC. http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/trichinellosis/epi.html. Accessed on January 28, 2016
  2. ↑ Pozio E (2007). "World distribution of Trichinella spp. infections in animals and humans". Vet Parasitol. 149 (1–2): 3–21. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.07.002. PMID 17689195.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Trichinellosis Surveillance — United States, 2008–2012. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report- CDC. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss6401a1.html. Accessed on January 28, 2016
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Murrell KD, Pozio E (2011). "Worldwide occurrence and impact of human trichinellosis, 1986-2009". Emerg Infect Dis. 17 (12): 2194–202. doi:10.3201/eid1712.110896. PMC 3311199. PMID 22172230.
  5. ↑ Gottstein B, Pozio E, Nöckler K (2009). "Epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and control of trichinellosis". Clin Microbiol Rev. 22 (1): 127–45, Table of Contents. doi:10.1128/CMR.00026-08. PMC 2620635. PMID 19136437.
  6. ↑ Kapel CM (2005). "Changes in the EU legislation on Trichinella inspection--new challenges in the epidemiology". Vet Parasitol. 132 (1–2): 189–94. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.05.055. PMID 16039781.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Trichinosis. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichinosis. Accessed on January 28, 2016
  8. ↑ Gottstein B, Pozio E, Nöckler K (2009). "Epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and control of trichinellosis". Clin Microbiol Rev. 22 (1): 127–45, Table of Contents. doi:10.1128/CMR.00026-08. PMC 2620635. PMID 19136437.
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