Botulism epidemiology and demographics: Difference between revisions

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Latest revision as of 14:27, 24 May 2017

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Seyedmahdi Pahlavani, M.D. [2]

Overview

Globally, botulism is fairly rare. In the United States, for example, an average of 110 cases are reported each year. Of these, roughly 70% are infant botulism, 25% are foodborne botulism, and 5% are wound botulism. The number of cases of food borne and infant botulism has changed little in recent years, but wound botulism has increased because of the use of black tar heroin, especially in California.^[1] Wound botulism may be caused even by inhaled cocaine.

Epidemiology

Incidence and prevalence

Globally, botulism is fairly rare. In the United States, for example, an average of 110 cases are reported each year. Of these, roughly 70% are infant botulism, 25% are foodborne botulism, and 5% are wound botulism. Infant botulism is predominantly sporadic and not associated with epidemics, but great geographic variability exists.^[2] Approximately, a total number of 900 cases of infant botulism has been reported in the United States. From 1974 to 1996, for example, 47.2% of all infant botulism cases reported in the U.S. occurred in California.

Between 1990 and 2000, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported 263 individual foodborne cases from 160 botulism events in the United States with a case-fatality rate of 4%. Thirty-nine percent (103 cases and 58 events) occurred in Alaska, all of which were attributable to traditional Alaska aboriginal foods. In the lower 49 states, home-canned food was implicated in 70 (91%) events with canned asparagus being the most numerous cause. Two restaurant-associated outbreaks affected 25 persons. The median number of cases per year was 23 (range 17–43), the median number of events per year was 14 (range 9–24). The highest incidence rates occurred in Alaska, Idaho, Washington, and Oregon. All other states had an incidence rate of 1 case per ten million people or less.^[3]

The number of cases of food borne and infant botulism has changed little in recent years, but wound botulism has increased because of the use of black tar heroin, especially in California.^[1] Wound botulism may be caused even by inhaled cocaine.

Outbreaks

The following table, summarizes foodborne botulism outbreaks.^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8] Outbreaks defined as two or more cases resulting from a common exposure.

Country (state)	Year	Source	Number of affected persons
United States (California)	2017	Nacho cheese sauce	10 (9 hospitalized & 1 dead)
United States (Mississippi)	2016	Prison brew (also known as pruno, hooch, moonshine, or bootleg)	31
United States (Ohio)	2015	Potato salad	29
China	2007	Sausage	66
Thailand	2006	Home-canned bamboo shoots	209
United States (Georgia, Florida) and Canada (Ontario)	2006	Commercial carrot juice
United States (Texas)	2001	Frozen, canned chili	16
United States (Texas)	1994	Baked potatoes used in skordalia eggplant dip	23
United States (Illinois)	1983	Fried onions	28
United States (New Mexico)	1978	Bean and potato salad	34
United States (Michigan)	1977	Peppers	58

Race

There is no racial predilection of botulism.

Gender

Men and women are affected equally with botulism.

Age

Infant botulism: Occurs in infants younger than 12 month of old.
Foodborne and wound botulism: May occur in any ages.

Number of confirmed botulism cases by state and transmission category in the United States, 2015

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Passaro, Douglas J.; Werner, Benson; McGee, Jim; Mac Kenzie, William R.; Vugia, Duc J. (1998). "Wound Botulism Associated With Black Tar Heroin Among Injecting Drug Users". JAMA. 279 (11): 859–63. doi:10.1001/jama.279.11.859. PMID 9516001.
↑ Pickett J, Berg B, Chaplin E, Brunstetter-Shafer MA (1976). "Syndrome of botulism in infancy: clinical and electrophysiologic study". N. Engl. J. Med. 295 (14): 770–2. doi:10.1056/NEJM197609302951407. PMID 785257.
↑ {{Cite journal |last=Sobel |first=Jeremy |publisher=Centers for Disease Control |date= September 2004 |title=Foodborne Botulism in the United States, 1990–2000 |url=http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol10no9/03-0745.htm |accessdate=September 29, 2010 |postscript=
↑ "Botulism from home-canned bamboo shoots--Nan Province, Thailand, March 2006". MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 55 (14): 389–92. 2006. PMID 16617285.
↑ "Botulism associated with commercial carrot juice--Georgia and Florida, September 2006". MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 55 (40): 1098–9. 2006. PMID 17035929.
↑ Zhang S, Wang Y, Qiu S, Dong Y, Xu Y, Jiang D, Fu X, Zhang J, He J, Jia L, Wang L, Zhang C, Sun Y, Song H (2010). "Multilocus outbreak of foodborne botulism linked to contaminated sausage in Hebei province, China". Clin. Infect. Dis. 51 (3): 322–5. doi:10.1086/653945. PMID 20569065.
↑ McCrickard L, Marlow M, Self JL, Watkins LF, Chatham-Stephens K, Anderson J, Hand S, Taylor K, Hanson J, Patrick K, Luquez C, Dykes J, Kalb SR, Hoyt K, Barr JR, Crawford T, Chambers A, Douthit B, Cox R, Craig M, Spurzem J, Doherty J, Allswede M, Byers P, Dobbs T (2017). "Notes from the Field: Botulism Outbreak from Drinking Prison-Made Illicit Alcohol in a Federal Correctional Facility - Mississippi, June 2016". MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 65 (52): 1491–1492. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6552a8. PMID 28056003.
↑ McCarty CL, Angelo K, Beer KD, Cibulskas-White K, Quinn K, de Fijter S, Bokanyi R, St Germain E, Baransi K, Barlow K, Shafer G, Hanna L, Spindler K, Walz E, DiOrio M, Jackson BR, Luquez C, Mahon BE, Basler C, Curran K, Matanock A, Walsh K, Slifka KJ, Rao AK (2015). "Large Outbreak of Botulism Associated with a Church Potluck Meal--Ohio, 2015". MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 64 (29): 802–3. PMID 26225479.

Template:WikiDoc Sources

[:0-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Passaro, Douglas J.; Werner, Benson; McGee, Jim; Mac Kenzie, William R.; Vugia, Duc J. (1998). "Wound Botulism Associated With Black Tar Heroin Among Injecting Drug Users". JAMA. 279 (11): 859–63. doi:10.1001/jama.279.11.859. PMID 9516001.

[pmid785257-2] Pickett J, Berg B, Chaplin E, Brunstetter-Shafer MA (1976). "Syndrome of botulism in infancy: clinical and electrophysiologic study". N. Engl. J. Med. 295 (14): 770–2. doi:10.1056/NEJM197609302951407. PMID 785257.

[3] {{Cite journal |last=Sobel |first=Jeremy |publisher=Centers for Disease Control |date= September 2004 |title=Foodborne Botulism in the United States, 1990–2000 |url=http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol10no9/03-0745.htm |accessdate=September 29, 2010 |postscript=

[pmid16617285-4] "Botulism from home-canned bamboo shoots--Nan Province, Thailand, March 2006". MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 55 (14): 389–92. 2006. PMID 16617285.

[pmid17035929-5] "Botulism associated with commercial carrot juice--Georgia and Florida, September 2006". MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 55 (40): 1098–9. 2006. PMID 17035929.

[pmid20569065-6] Zhang S, Wang Y, Qiu S, Dong Y, Xu Y, Jiang D, Fu X, Zhang J, He J, Jia L, Wang L, Zhang C, Sun Y, Song H (2010). "Multilocus outbreak of foodborne botulism linked to contaminated sausage in Hebei province, China". Clin. Infect. Dis. 51 (3): 322–5. doi:10.1086/653945. PMID 20569065.

[pmid28056003-7] McCrickard L, Marlow M, Self JL, Watkins LF, Chatham-Stephens K, Anderson J, Hand S, Taylor K, Hanson J, Patrick K, Luquez C, Dykes J, Kalb SR, Hoyt K, Barr JR, Crawford T, Chambers A, Douthit B, Cox R, Craig M, Spurzem J, Doherty J, Allswede M, Byers P, Dobbs T (2017). "Notes from the Field: Botulism Outbreak from Drinking Prison-Made Illicit Alcohol in a Federal Correctional Facility - Mississippi, June 2016". MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 65 (52): 1491–1492. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6552a8. PMID 28056003.

[pmid26225479-8] McCarty CL, Angelo K, Beer KD, Cibulskas-White K, Quinn K, de Fijter S, Bokanyi R, St Germain E, Baransi K, Barlow K, Shafer G, Hanna L, Spindler K, Walz E, DiOrio M, Jackson BR, Luquez C, Mahon BE, Basler C, Curran K, Matanock A, Walsh K, Slifka KJ, Rao AK (2015). "Large Outbreak of Botulism Associated with a Church Potluck Meal--Ohio, 2015". MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 64 (29): 802–3. PMID 26225479.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 __NOTOC__
 {{Botulism}}
-Please help WikiDoc by adding more content here.  It's easy!  Click  [[Help:How_to_Edit_a_Page|here]]  to learn about editing.
+{{CMG}}; {{AE}}{{SMP}}
+==Overview==
+Globally, botulism is fairly rare. In the United States, for example, an average of 110 cases are reported each year.  Of these, roughly 70% are infant botulism, 25% are foodborne botulism, and 5% are wound botulism. The number of cases of food borne and infant botulism has changed little in recent years, but wound botulism has increased because of the use of [[black tar heroin]], especially in [[California]].<ref name=":0" /> Wound botulism may be caused even by inhaled cocaine.
+==Epidemiology==
+===Incidence and prevalence===
+Globally, botulism is fairly rare. In the United States, for example, an average of 110 cases are reported each year.  Of these, roughly 70% are infant botulism, 25% are foodborne botulism, and 5% are wound botulism. Infant botulism is predominantly sporadic and not associated with epidemics, but great geographic variability exists.<ref name="pmid785257">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pickett J, Berg B, Chaplin E, Brunstetter-Shafer MA |title=Syndrome of botulism in infancy: clinical and electrophysiologic study |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=295 |issue=14 |pages=770–2 |year=1976 |pmid=785257 |doi=10.1056/NEJM197609302951407 |url=}}</ref> Approximately, a total number of 900 cases of infant botulism has been reported in the United States. From 1974 to 1996, for example, 47.2% of all infant botulism cases reported in the U.S. occurred in California.<br>
+Between 1990 and 2000, the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] reported 263 individual foodborne cases from 160 botulism events in the United States with a case-fatality rate of 4%. Thirty-nine percent (103 cases and 58 events) occurred in Alaska, all of which were attributable to traditional Alaska aboriginal foods. In the lower 49 states, home-canned food was implicated in 70 (91%) events with canned asparagus being the most numerous cause. Two restaurant-associated outbreaks affected 25 persons. The median number of cases per year was 23 (range 17–43), the median number of events per year was 14 (range 9–24). The highest incidence rates occurred in Alaska, Idaho, Washington, and Oregon. All other states had an incidence rate of 1 case per ten million people or less.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sobel |first=Jeremy |publisher=Centers for Disease Control |date= September 2004 |title=Foodborne Botulism in the United States, 1990–2000 |url=http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol10no9/03-0745.htm |accessdate=September 29, 2010 |postscript=</ref><br>
+The number of cases of food borne and infant botulism has changed little in recent years, but wound botulism has increased because of the use of [[black tar heroin]], especially in [[California]].<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last1=Passaro |first1=Douglas J. |last2=Werner |first2=Benson |last3=McGee |first3=Jim |last4=Mac Kenzie |first4=William R. |last5=Vugia |first5=Duc J. |title=Wound Botulism Associated With Black Tar Heroin Among Injecting Drug Users |journal=JAMA |volume=279 |issue=11 |pages=859–63 |year=1998 |pmid=9516001 |doi=10.1001/jama.279.11.859 }}</ref> Wound botulism may be caused even by inhaled cocaine.
+===Outbreaks===
+The following table, summarizes foodborne botulism outbreaks.<ref name="pmid16617285">{{cite journal |vauthors= |title=Botulism from home-canned bamboo shoots--Nan Province, Thailand, March 2006 |journal=MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. |volume=55 |issue=14 |pages=389–92 |year=2006 |pmid=16617285 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17035929">{{cite journal |vauthors= |title=Botulism associated with commercial carrot juice--Georgia and Florida, September 2006 |journal=MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. |volume=55 |issue=40 |pages=1098–9 |year=2006 |pmid=17035929 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20569065">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zhang S, Wang Y, Qiu S, Dong Y, Xu Y, Jiang D, Fu X, Zhang J, He J, Jia L, Wang L, Zhang C, Sun Y, Song H |title=Multilocus outbreak of foodborne botulism linked to contaminated sausage in Hebei province, China |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=51 |issue=3 |pages=322–5 |year=2010 |pmid=20569065 |doi=10.1086/653945 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28056003">{{cite journal |vauthors=McCrickard L, Marlow M, Self JL, Watkins LF, Chatham-Stephens K, Anderson J, Hand S, Taylor K, Hanson J, Patrick K, Luquez C, Dykes J, Kalb SR, Hoyt K, Barr JR, Crawford T, Chambers A, Douthit B, Cox R, Craig M, Spurzem J, Doherty J, Allswede M, Byers P, Dobbs T |title=Notes from the Field: Botulism Outbreak from Drinking Prison-Made Illicit Alcohol in a Federal Correctional Facility - Mississippi, June 2016 |journal=MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. |volume=65 |issue=52 |pages=1491–1492 |year=2017 |pmid=28056003 |doi=10.15585/mmwr.mm6552a8 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26225479">{{cite journal |vauthors=McCarty CL, Angelo K, Beer KD, Cibulskas-White K, Quinn K, de Fijter S, Bokanyi R, St Germain E, Baransi K, Barlow K, Shafer G, Hanna L, Spindler K, Walz E, DiOrio M, Jackson BR, Luquez C, Mahon BE, Basler C, Curran K, Matanock A, Walsh K, Slifka KJ, Rao AK |title=Large Outbreak of Botulism Associated with a Church Potluck Meal--Ohio, 2015 |journal=MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. |volume=64 |issue=29 |pages=802–3 |year=2015 |pmid=26225479 |doi= |url=}}</ref> Outbreaks defined as two or more cases resulting from a common exposure.
+<br>
+<br>
+{| align=center
+|-
+|
+{| style="border: 0px; font-size: 90%; margin: 3px;" align=center
+!align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Country (state)
+!align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Year
+!align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Source
+!align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Number of affected persons
+|-
+|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |United States
+(California)
+|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |2017
+|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Nacho cheese sauce
+|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |10 (9 hospitalized & 1 dead)
+|-
+|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |United States
+(Mississippi)
+|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |2016
+|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Prison brew (also known as pruno, hooch, moonshine, or bootleg)
+|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |31
+|-
+|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |United States
+(Ohio)
+|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |2015
+|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Potato salad
+|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |29
+|-
+|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |China
+|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |2007
+|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Sausage
+|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |66
+|-
+|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Thailand
+|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |2006
+|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Home-canned bamboo shoots
+|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |209
+|-
+|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |United States
+(Georgia, Florida)
+and Canada (Ontario)
+|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |2006
+|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Commercial carrot juice
+|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+|-
+|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |United States
-{{CMG}}
+(Texas)
-{{MJM}}
+|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |2001
+|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Frozen, canned chili
+|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |16
+|-
+|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |United States
+(Texas)
+|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |1994
+|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Baked potatoes used in skordalia eggplant dip
+|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |23
+|-
+|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |United States
+(Illinois)
+|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |1983
+|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Fried onions
+|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |28
+|-
+|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |United States
+(New Mexico)
+|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |1978
+|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Bean and potato salad
+|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |34
+|-
+|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |United States
+(Michigan)
+|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |1977
+|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Peppers
+|style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |58
+|}
+|}
-==Overview==
+==Race==
-Between 1910 and 1919 the death rate from botulism was 70% in the United States, dropping to 9% in the 1980s and 2% in the early 1990s, mainly because of the development of artificial respirators. Up to 60% of botulism cases can be fatal if left untreated.
+There is no racial predilection of botulism.
+==Gender==
+Men and women are affected equally with botulism.
+==Age==
+*Infant botulism: Occurs in infants younger than 12 month of old.
+*Foodborne and wound botulism: May occur in any ages.
+==Number of confirmed botulism cases by state and transmission category in the United States, 2015==
+[[image:Botulism-1.jpg]]
+<br clear="left"/>
+[[image:Botulism-2.jpg]]
+<br clear="left"/>
+[[image:Botulism-3.jpg]]
+<br clear="left"/>
+[[image:Botulism-4.jpg]]
+<br clear="left"/>
-{{#widget:SchemaSnippet}}
-The [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) reports that the current mortality rate is 5% (type B) to 10% (type A). Other sources report that, in the U.S., the overall mortality rate is about 7.5%, but the mortality rate among adults over 60  is 30%. The mortality rate for wound botulism is about 10%. The infant botulism mortality rate is about 1.3%.
-One study showed that about 5% of children whose death was attributed to [[Sudden Infant Death Syndrome]] had actually died of botulism.
 ==References==
 {{Reflist|2}}
-[[Category:Needs content]]
-[[Category:Pediatrics]]
-[[Category:Neonatology]]
-[[Category:Foodborne illnesses]]
-[[Category:Biological weapons]]
-[[Category:Conditions diagnosed by stool test]]
-[[Category:Poultry diseases]]
-[[Category:Zoonoses]]
-[[Category:Neurology]]
-[[Category:Infectious disease]]
-[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
-[[Category:Disease]]
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