Sepsis causes: Difference between revisions

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__NOTOC__
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{| class="infobox" style="float: right;"
| style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" align=center | [[File:Siren.gif|30px|link=Sepsis resident survival guide]]
| style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" align=center | [[Sepsis resident survival guide|'''Resident'''<br>'''Survival'''<br>'''Guide''']]
|}
{{Sepsis}}
{{Sepsis}}
{{CMG}}; '''Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief:''' [[Priyamvada Singh|Priyamvada Singh, M.D.]] [mailto:psingh13579@gmail.com]
{{CMG}}; '''Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief:''' [[Priyamvada Singh|Priyamvada Singh, M.B.B.S.]] [mailto:psingh@perfuse.org]


==Overview==
==Overview==
The process of [[infection]] by [[bacteria]] or [[fungi]] can result in systemic signs and symptoms that are variously described. In rough order of severity, these are [[bacteremia]] or [[fungemia]]; [[septicemia]]; [[sepsis]], severe sepsis or sepsis syndrome; septic shock; refractory septic shock; [[multiple organ dysfunction syndrome]], and [[death]]. The condition develops as a response to certain [[microbe|microbial]] molecules which trigger the production and release of cellular mediators, such as [[tumor necrosis factors]] (TNF); these act to stimulate immune response.
The process of [[infection]] by [[bacteria]] or [[fungi]] can result in systemic signs and symptoms that are variously described. In rough order of severity, these are [[bacteremia]] or [[fungemia]]; [[septicemia]]; [[sepsis]], severe sepsis or sepsis syndrome; septic shock; refractory septic shock; [[multiple organ dysfunction syndrome]], and [[death]]. The condition develops as a response to certain [[microbe|microbial]] molecules which trigger the production and release of cellular mediators, such as [[tumor necrosis factors]] (TNF); these act to stimulate immune response.<ref name="pmid24335434">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mayr FB, Yende S, Angus DC |title=Epidemiology of severe sepsis |journal=Virulence |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=4–11 |year=2014 |pmid=24335434 |pmc=3916382 |doi=10.4161/viru.27372 |url=}}</ref>
==Causes==
===Life Threatening Causes===
Sepsis is a life-threatening condition, if left untreated it results in death.


==Causes==
===Common Causes===
===Common Causes===
Sepsis is caused by a [[bacterial]] infection that can begin anywhere in the body. Common places where an [[infection]] might start include:
Sepsis is caused by a [[bacterial]] infection that can begin anywhere in the body. Common places where an [[infection]] might start include:
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*The [[skin]] ([[cellulitis]])
*The [[skin]] ([[cellulitis]])
*In children, sepsis may accompany infection of the [[bone]] ([[osteomyelitis]]).
*In children, sepsis may accompany infection of the [[bone]] ([[osteomyelitis]]).
*In hospitalized patients, common sites of infection include [[intravenous lines]], [[surgical wounds]], [[surgical drains]], and sites of skin breakdown known as [[bedsores]] ([[decubitus ulcers]]).
*In hospitalized patients, common sites of infection include intravenous lines, [[surgical wounds]], surgical drains, and sites of skin breakdown known as [[bedsores]] ([[decubitus ulcers]]).
 
==Microorganisms==
Common organisms responsible for sepsis includes:<ref name="pmid12851245">{{cite journal |vauthors=Annane D, Aegerter P, Jars-Guincestre MC, Guidet B |title=Current epidemiology of septic shock: the CUB-Réa Network |journal=Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. |volume=168 |issue=2 |pages=165–72 |year=2003 |pmid=12851245 |doi=10.1164/rccm.2201087 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17192537">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pronovost P, Needham D, Berenholtz S, Sinopoli D, Chu H, Cosgrove S, Sexton B, Hyzy R, Welsh R, Roth G, Bander J, Kepros J, Goeschel C |title=An intervention to decrease catheter-related bloodstream infections in the ICU |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=355 |issue=26 |pages=2725–32 |year=2006 |pmid=17192537 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa061115 |url=}}</ref>
{| border="1"
!colspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; text-align: center;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Aerobic bacteria}}
!colspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; text-align: center;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Anaerobes bacteria}}
!colspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; text-align: center;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Fungal}}
!colspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; text-align: center;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Parasite}}
|-
|valign=top|
* [[Enterococcus]] 
* [[Escherichia coli]] 
* [[Klebsiella pneumoniae]] 
* [[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]
* [[Staphylococcus aureus]]
* [[Proteus]]
|valign=top|
* [[Bacteroides fragilis]]
* [[Clostridium perfringens]]
|valign=top|
* [[Candida albicans]]
* [[Candida tropicalis]]
|valign=top|
* [[Entamoeba histolytica]]
|}


===Causes by Organ System===
===Causes by Organ System===
{|style="width:75%; height:100px" border="1"
{|style="width:75%; height:100px" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | Acute bacterial endocarditis, [[Myocardial ring abscess]], [[Subacute bacterial endocarditis]]
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Acute bacterial endocarditis]], myocardial ring [[abscess]], [[subacute bacterial endocarditis]]
 
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Aldesleukin]],[[Aprotinin]], [[Boceprevir]], [[Caspofungin acetate]], [[Ceritinib]], [[Crizotinib]], [[Cytarabine]], [[Dactinomycin]], [[Doxorubicin Hydrochloride]], [[Felbamate]], [[Ixabepilone]], [[Meropenem]], [[Mitomycin]], [[Oxaprozin]], [[Pergolide]], [[Pralatrexate]], , [[Pramipexole]], [[Sargramostim]], [[Sipuleucel-T]], [[Sirolimus]], [[Strontium chloride]], [[Tiagabine]], [[Tocilizumab]], [[Vedolizumab]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Pharyngitis]], [[Sinusitis]], [[Bronchitis]], [[Otitis media]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Bronchitis]], [[otitis media]], [[pharyngitis]], [[sinusitis]]
 
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Esophagitis]], [[Gastritis]], [[Pancreatitis]], Small intestine disorder, Gastrointestinal bleeding, [[Abscess]], [[Intestinal obstruction]], [[Instrumentation]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Abscess]], [[Bicalutamide]], [[esophagitis]], [[gastritis]], [[gastrointestinal bleeding]], instrumentation, [[intestinal obstruction]], [[pancreatitis]], small intestine disorder
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Enterococcus]], [[Escherichia coli]], [[Klebsiella pneumoniae]], [[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]], [[Staphylococcus aureus]], [[Proteus]],
[[Bacteroides fragilis]], [[Clostridium perfringens]], [[Candida albicans]], [[Candida tropicalis]], [[Entamoeba histolytica]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| Osteomyelitis, wound infections
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Osteomyelitis]], [[infection|wound infections]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| Acute bacterial [[meningitis]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[meningitis|Acute bacterial meningitis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Community-acquired pneumonia]], [[Empyema]], [[Lung abscess]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Community-acquired pneumonia]], [[empyema]], [[lung abscess]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Pyelonephritis]], [[Intranephric abscess]] or [[perinephric abscess]], [[Renal calculi]], [[Urinary tract obstruction]], [[Acute prostatitis]]/[[abscess]], Chronic kidney disease, Instrumentation, [[Urethritis]], [[Cystitis]], [[Cervicitis]], [[Vaginitis]], [[Catheter-associated bacteriuria]]  
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acute prostatitis]]/[[abscess]], catheter-associated bacteriuria, [[cervicitis]], chronic kidney disease, [[cystitis]], instrumentation, intranephric [[abscess]] or perinephric [[abscess]], [[pyelonephritis]], [[renal calculi]], [[urethritis]], [[urinary tract obstruction]], [[vaginitis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
{{Columns-list|3|
*[[Anthrax]]
*[[Anthrax]]
*[[Boceprevir]]
*[[Cytarabine]]
*[[Doxorubicin Hydrochloride]]
*[[Gangrene]]
*[[Gangrene]]
*[[Gram negative bacteremia]]
*[[Gram negative bacteremia]]
*[[Ixabepilone]]
*[[Lemierre syndrome]]
*[[Lemierre syndrome]]
*[[Melioidosis]]
*[[Melioidosis]]
*[[Necrotizing enterocolitis]]
*[[Necrotizing enterocolitis]]
*[[Neisseria meningiditis]]
*[[Neisseria meningiditis]]
*[[Oxaprozin]]
*[[Pergolide]]
*[[Peritonitis]]
*[[Peritonitis]]
*[[Pralatrexate]],
*[[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]
*[[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]
*[[Sargramostim]]
*[[Sipuleucel-T]]
*[[Tiagabine]]
*[[Vibrio vulnificus]]
*[[Vibrio vulnificus]]
}}


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}
{{WH}}
{{WS}}
[[Category:Intensive care medicine]]
[[Category:Intensive care medicine]]
[[Category:Causes of death]]
[[Category:Causes of death]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Disease]]
{{WH}}
[[Category:Needs causes]]
{{WS}}
[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Emergency mdicine]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]

Latest revision as of 00:07, 30 July 2020

Resident
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Priyamvada Singh, M.B.B.S. [2]

Overview

The process of infection by bacteria or fungi can result in systemic signs and symptoms that are variously described. In rough order of severity, these are bacteremia or fungemia; septicemia; sepsis, severe sepsis or sepsis syndrome; septic shock; refractory septic shock; multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, and death. The condition develops as a response to certain microbial molecules which trigger the production and release of cellular mediators, such as tumor necrosis factors (TNF); these act to stimulate immune response.[1]

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Sepsis is a life-threatening condition, if left untreated it results in death.

Common Causes

Sepsis is caused by a bacterial infection that can begin anywhere in the body. Common places where an infection might start include:

Microorganisms

Common organisms responsible for sepsis includes:[2][3]

Aerobic bacteria Anaerobes bacteria Fungal Parasite

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Acute bacterial endocarditis, myocardial ring abscess, subacute bacterial endocarditis
Chemical / poisoning No underlying causes
Dermatologic No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect Aldesleukin,Aprotinin, Boceprevir, Caspofungin acetate, Ceritinib, Crizotinib, Cytarabine, Dactinomycin, Doxorubicin Hydrochloride, Felbamate, Ixabepilone, Meropenem, Mitomycin, Oxaprozin, Pergolide, Pralatrexate, , Pramipexole, Sargramostim, Sipuleucel-T, Sirolimus, Strontium chloride, Tiagabine, Tocilizumab, Vedolizumab
Ear Nose Throat Bronchitis, otitis media, pharyngitis, sinusitis
Endocrine No underlying causes
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic Abscess, Bicalutamide, esophagitis, gastritis, gastrointestinal bleeding, instrumentation, intestinal obstruction, pancreatitis, small intestine disorder
Genetic No underlying causes
Hematologic No underlying causes
Iatrogenic No underlying causes
Infectious Disease Enterococcus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus,

Bacteroides fragilis, Clostridium perfringens, Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Entamoeba histolytica

Musculoskeletal / Ortho Osteomyelitis, wound infections
Neurologic Acute bacterial meningitis
Nutritional / Metabolic No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic No underlying causes
Opthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary Community-acquired pneumonia, empyema, lung abscess
Renal / Electrolyte Acute prostatitis/abscess, catheter-associated bacteriuria, cervicitis, chronic kidney disease, cystitis, instrumentation, intranephric abscess or perinephric abscess, pyelonephritis, renal calculi, urethritis, urinary tract obstruction, vaginitis
Rheum / Immune / Allergy No underlying causes
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma No underlying causes
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous No underlying causes

Causes in Alphabetical Order

The unnamed parameter 2= is no longer supported. Please see the documentation for {{columns-list}}.
3

References

  1. ↑ Mayr FB, Yende S, Angus DC (2014). "Epidemiology of severe sepsis". Virulence. 5 (1): 4–11. doi:10.4161/viru.27372. PMC 3916382. PMID 24335434.
  2. ↑ Annane D, Aegerter P, Jars-Guincestre MC, Guidet B (2003). "Current epidemiology of septic shock: the CUB-Réa Network". Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 168 (2): 165–72. doi:10.1164/rccm.2201087. PMID 12851245.
  3. ↑ Pronovost P, Needham D, Berenholtz S, Sinopoli D, Chu H, Cosgrove S, Sexton B, Hyzy R, Welsh R, Roth G, Bander J, Kepros J, Goeschel C (2006). "An intervention to decrease catheter-related bloodstream infections in the ICU". N. Engl. J. Med. 355 (26): 2725–32. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa061115. PMID 17192537.

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