Acute renal failure risk factors

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aarti Narayan, M.B.B.S [2]

Overview

Acute renal failure always occurs in connection with some other medical condition or event. Being hospitalized with a serious condition requiring intensive care is the biggest risk factor. The risk factors for acute renal failure is divided into three major categories, namely pre-renal factors, renal factors and post-renal factors.

Risk Factors

Pre-renal Factors

Pre-renal risk factors are those that cause reduced blood supply to the renal nephrons. Most common risk factors are as follows:

• Dehydration
• Shock
• Sepsis
• Congestive heart failure
• Complications of diabetes

Renal or Intrinsic Factors

These are risk factors that directly cause damage to the kidneys and cause renal failure. Common renal risk factors include:

• Excessive usage of NSAIDS and aminoglycosides
• High blood pressure
• Hemolysis
• Myoglobinuria
• Diabetic nephropathy
• Hypertensive nephrosclerosis

Post-renal Factors

Post-renal risk factors are those that cause obstruction to the urinary outflow tract. Some common post-renal risk factors are as follows:

• Renal calculi
• Excessive use of anticholinergics
• Neurogenic bladder

Other Common Risk Factors

• Heart disease
• Smoking
• Obesity
• Hypercholesterolemia
• African-American, American Indian or Asian-American race
• Family history of kidney disease
• Age 65 or older