Atrial flutter causes: Difference between revisions

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| [[File:Siren.gif|30px|link=Atrial flutter resident survival guide]]|| <br> || <br>
| [[Atrial flutter resident survival guide|'''Resident'''<br>'''Survival'''<br>'''Guide''']]
|}
{| class="infobox" style="float:right;"
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| [[File:Critical_Pathways.gif|88px|link=Atrial flutter critical pathways]]|| <br> || <br>
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{{Atrial flutter}}
{{Atrial flutter}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{RT}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{VR}}


==Overview==
==Overview==
Atrial flutter is caused by a re-entrant rhythm in either the right or left atrium.  Causes of atrial flutter can be grouped into two categories, intrinsic diseases and abnormalities of the heart and diseases elsewhere in the body that can affect the heart.  Most common causes of atrial flutter are [[coronary artery disease]], [[Hypertension|hypertensive heart disease]] and valve abnormalities of the heart.  
Atrial flutter is caused by a re-entrant rhythm in either the right or left [[atrium]].  Causes of atrial flutter can be grouped into two categories which are intrinsic diseases of the heart and extrinsic diseases that can affect the heart.  The most common causes of atrial flutter are [[coronary artery disease]], [[Hypertension|hypertensive heart disease]] and [[valvular heart disease|valve abnormalities]] of the heart.


==Causes==
==Causes==
===Life Threatening Causes===
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
*[[Carbon monoxide poisoning#Symptoms|Carbon monoxide poisoning]]
*[[ST elevation myocardial infarction complications|Myocardial infarction]]
*[[Pulmonary embolism natural history, complications and prognosis|Pulmonary embolism]]
===Common Causes===
===Common Causes===
Common causes of atrial flutter include:
*[[Acute coronary syndromes]]
* [[Myocardial ischemia]]
*[[Cardiomyopathy natural history, complications and prognosis|Cardiomyopathy]]
* [[Acute coronary syndromes]]
*[[Congenital heart disease]]
* [[Hypertension]]
*[[Hypertensive heart disease]]
* [[Mitral valve]] abnormalities
*[[Hyperthyroidism history and symptoms|Hyperthyroidism]]
* [[Congenital heart disease]]<ref name="pmid23280242">{{cite journal |author=Gutierrez SD, Earing MG, Singh AK, Tweddell JS, Bartz PJ |title=Atrial Tachyarrhythmias and the Cox-maze Procedure in Congenital Heart Disease |journal=Congenit Heart Dis |volume= |issue= |pages= |year=2012 |month=December |pmid=23280242 |doi=10.1111/chd.12031 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Mitral stenosis|Mitral valve disease]]<ref name="pmid23280242">{{cite journal |author=Gutierrez SD, Earing MG, Singh AK, Tweddell JS, Bartz PJ |title=Atrial Tachyarrhythmias and the Cox-maze Procedure in Congenital Heart Disease |journal=Congenit Heart Dis |volume= |issue= |pages= |year=2012 |month=December |pmid=23280242 |doi=10.1111/chd.12031 |url=}}</ref> <ref name="Granada-2000">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Granada | first1 = J. | last2 = Uribe | first2 = W. | last3 = Chyou | first3 = PH. | last4 = Maassen | first4 = K. | last5 = Vierkant | first5 = R. | last6 = Smith | first6 = PN. | last7 = Hayes | first7 = J. | last8 = Eaker | first8 = E. | last9 = Vidaillet | first9 = H. | title = Incidence and predictors of atrial flutter in the general population. | journal = J Am Coll Cardiol | volume = 36 | issue = 7 | pages = 2242-6 | month = Dec | year = 2000 | doi = | PMID = 11127467 }}</ref>
* [[Hyperthyroidism]]
* [[COPD]]
 
===Causes By Organ System===


===Causes by Organ System===
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Atherosclerosis]], [[Atrial myxoma]], [[Cardiomyopathy]], Cardiac surgery (scarring), [[Congenital heart disease]], [[Congestive heart failure]], [[Heart attack]], [[Hypertension]], [[LV hypertrophy]], Left ventricular hypertrabeculation/noncompaction (LVHT), [[Mitral valve prolapse]], [[Mitral valve stenosis]], [[Myocardial ischemia]], [[Pericarditis]], [[Rheumatic fever|Rheumatic heart valve]]
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Aortic regurgitation]], [[aortic stenosis]],  [[atrial myxoma]], [[Cardiomyopathy natural history, complications and prognosis|cardiomyopathy]], [[congenital heart disease]], [[congestive heart failure]],  [[coronary artery disease]], [[dilated cardiomyopathy]],  [[holiday heart syndrome]], [[hypertensive heart disease]], [[hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]], [[ischemic heart disease]], [[Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome]], [[mitral regurgitation]],  [[mitral valve prolapse]], [[mitral valve stenosis]], [[ST elevation myocardial infarction complications|myocardial infarction]],  [[myocardial ischemia]], [[Coxsackie A virus#Diseases|neonatal coxsackie myocarditis]], [[pericarditis]],  [[Rheumatic fever natural history#Complications|rheumatic fever]],  [[Rheumatic fever natural history#Complications|rheumatic heart disease]],  [[sick sinus syndrome]],  [[Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome]]  
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Carbon monoxide poisoning#Symptoms|Carbon monoxide poisoning]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Amphetamines]], Diet pills
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Amphetamines]], [[cyclophosphamide]], [[disopyramide]], [[febuxostat]],  [[flecainide]], [[Ixabepilone]], [[lacosamide]],  [[lithium]],  [[orlistat]],  [[procainamide]],  [[propafenone]],  [[quinidine]],  [[Antiarrhythmic agent#Class Ia agents|type Ia antiarrhythmic agents]],  [[Antiarrhythmic agent#Class Ic agents|type Ic antiarrhythmic agents]],  [[Antiarrhythmic agent#Class III agents|type III antiarrhythmic agents]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
| '''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Diabetes]], [[Hyperthyroidism]], [[Obesity]], [[Pheochromocytoma]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Hyperthyroidism history and symptoms|Hyperthyroidism]], [[pheochromocytoma]], [[thyrotoxicosis]]  
|-  
|-  
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Crohn's disease]],  [[ulcerative colitis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Myotonic dystrophy]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
| '''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Hydrops fetalis|Nonimmune hydrops fetalis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
| '''Iatrogenic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cardiac surgery]],  [[cardiac transplantation]],  [[heart bypass surgery]],  [[Catheter ablation|incomplete ablation procedures]],  [[open heart surgery]],  [[temporary cardiac pacing]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Amoebiasis]],  [[Coxsackie A virus#Diseases|neonatal coxsackie myocarditis]],  [[Rheumatic fever natural history#Complications|rheumatic fever]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Myotonic dystrophy]] (rare)
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Myotonic dystrophy]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Subarachnoid hemorrhage]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
| '''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Atrial myxoma]], [[lung cancer]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
| '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Digitalis toxicity]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Alcohol]], [[caffeine]], [[cocaine]], [[digitalis toxicity]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
| '''Psychiatric'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Anxiety]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]] ([[COPD]]), [[Hypoxia]], [[Pulmonary embolism]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]], [[emphysema]], [[hypoxia]], [[lung cancer]], [[obstructive sleep apnea]], [[pneumonia]],  [[Pulmonary embolism natural history, complications and prognosis|pulmonary embolism]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Electrolyte imbalance]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Ankylosing spondylitis]], [[The heart in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis#3. Systemic onset of juvenile idiopathic arthritis|juvenile idiopathic arthritis]], [[psoriatic arthritis]], [[reactive arthritis]], [[sarcoidosis]], [[spondyloarthritis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Alcohol consumption]], [[Caffeine]], [[Cocaine]], [[Sarcoidosis]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Stress]]
|-
|-
|}
|}


===Causes In Alphabetical Order===
===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
*[[Alcohol consumption]]
{{columns-list|
*[[Alcohol]]
*[[Amoebiasis]]<ref name="Murali-2011">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Murali | first1 = A. | last2 = Balu | first2 = K. | last3 = Paari | first3 = V. | last4 = Rajendiran | first4 = G. | title = Atrial flutter and pericarditis--a rare complication of right lobe amoebic liver abscess. | journal = Med J Malaysia | volume = 66 | issue = 5 | pages = 499-500 | month = Dec | year = 2011 | doi =  | PMID = 22390111 }}</ref>
*[[Amphetamines]]
*[[Amphetamines]]
*[[Atherosclerosis]]
*[[Ankylosing spondylitis]]
*[[Anxiety]]
*[[Aortic regurgitation]]
*[[Aortic stenosis]]
*[[Atrial myxoma]]
*[[Atrial myxoma]]
*[[Binge drinking]]
*[[Caffeine]]
*[[Caffeine]]
*[[Cardiomyopathy]]
*[[Carbon monoxide poisoning]]
*Cardiac surgery (scarring)<ref name="pmid23279349">{{cite journal |author=Fukamizu S, Sakurada H, Hayashi T, ''et al.'' |title=Macroreentrant Atrial Tachycardia in Patients without Previous Atrial Surgery or Catheter Ablation: Clinical and Electrophysiological Characteristics of Scar-Related Left Atrial Anterior Wall Reentry |journal=J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol. |volume= |issue= |pages= |year=2012 |month=November |pmid=23279349 |doi=10.1111/jce.12059 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Cardiac surgery]]<ref name="pmid23279349">{{cite journal |author=Fukamizu S, Sakurada H, Hayashi T, ''et al.'' |title=Macroreentrant Atrial Tachycardia in Patients without Previous Atrial Surgery or Catheter Ablation: Clinical and Electrophysiological Characteristics of Scar-Related Left Atrial Anterior Wall Reentry |journal=J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol. |volume= |issue= |pages= |year=2012 |month=November |pmid=23279349 |doi=10.1111/jce.12059 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Cardiac transplantation]]<ref name="Nevzorov-2012">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Nevzorov | first1 = R. | last2 = Ben-Gal | first2 = T. | last3 = Strasberg | first3 = B. | last4 = Haim | first4 = M. | title = Atrial flutter in a post-transplant recipient. | journal = Isr Med Assoc J | volume = 14 | issue = 7 | pages = 448-9 | month = Jul | year = 2012 | doi =  | PMID = 22953623 }}</ref>
*[[Cardiomyopathy natural history, complications and prognosis|Cardiomyopathy]]
*[[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]]
*[[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]]
*[[Cocaine]]
*[[Cocaine]]
*[[Congenital heart disease]]
*[[Congenital heart disease]]
*[[Congestive heart failure]]
*[[Congestive heart failure]]
*[[Diabetes]]
*[[Coronary artery disease]]
*Diet pills
*[[Crohn's disease]]
*[[Digitalis toxicity]]
*[[Cyclophosphamide]]
*[[Electrolyte imbalance]]
*[[Digitalis toxicity]]<ref name="FRIEDBERG-1960">{{Cite journal  | last1 = FRIEDBERG | first1 = CK. | last2 = DONOSO | first2 = E. | title = Arrhythmias and conduction disturbances due to digitalis. | journal = Prog Cardiovasc Dis | volume = 2 | issue =  | pages = 408-31 | month = Mar | year = 1960 | doi =  | PMID = 13825021 }}</ref>
*[[Heart attack]]
*[[Dilated cardiomyopathy]]
*[[Hypertension]]
*[[Disopyramide]]
*[[Hyperthyroidism]]
*[[Emphysema]]
*[[Flecainide]]
*[[Heart bypass surgery]]
*[[Holiday heart syndrome]]
*[[Hypertensive heart disease]]
*[[Hyperthyroidism history and symptoms|Hyperthyroidism]]
*[[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]]
*[[Hypoxia]]
*[[Hypoxia]]
*Incomplete left atrial ablation procedures
*[[Catheter ablation|Incomplete ablation procedures]]
*[[LV hypertrophy]]
*[[Ischemic heart disease]]
*Left ventricular hypertrabeculation/noncompaction (LVHT)<ref name="pmid23170100">{{cite journal |author=Yim SM, Jang SW, Chun HJ, ''et al.'' |title=A case of left ventricular noncompaction accompanying fasciculo-ventricular accessory pathway and atrial flutter |journal=Korean Circ J |volume=42 |issue=10 |pages=705–8 |year=2012 |month=October |pmid=23170100 |pmc=3493809 |doi=10.4070/kcj.2012.42.10.705 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Ixabepilone]]
*[[The heart in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis#3. Systemic onset of juvenile idiopathic arthritis|Juvenile idiopathic arthritis]]
*[[Lithium]]
*[[Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome]]
*[[Lung cancer]]
*[[Mitral regurgitation]]
*[[Mitral valve prolapse]]
*[[Mitral valve prolapse]]
*[[Mitral valve stenosis]]
*[[Mitral valve stenosis]]
*[[ST elevation myocardial infarction complications|Myocardial infarction]]<ref name="pmid14246092">{{cite journal| author=JULIAN DG, VALENTINE PA, MILLER GG| title=DISTURBANCES OF RATE, RHYTHM AND CONDUCTION IN ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION: A PROSPECTIVE STUDY OF 100 CONSECUTIVE UNSELECTED PATIENTS WITH THE AID OF ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC MONITORING. | journal=Am J Med | year= 1964 | volume= 37 | issue=  | pages= 915-27 | pmid=14246092 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14246092  }} </ref>
*[[Myocardial ischemia]]
*[[Myocardial ischemia]]
*[[Myotonic dystrophy]] in childhood
*[[Myotonic dystrophy]]
*[[Obesity]]
*[[Coxsackie A virus#Diseases|Neonatal coxsackie myocarditis]]
*[[Hydrops fetalis|Nonimmune hydrops fetalis]]
*[[Obstructive sleep apnea]]
*[[Open heart surgery]]
*[[Orlistat]]
*[[Pericarditis]]
*[[Pericarditis]]
*[[Pheochromocytoma]]
*[[Pheochromocytoma]]
*[[Pulmonary embolism]]
*[[Pneumonia]]
*[[Rheumatic fever|Rheumatic heart valve]]
*[[Procainamide]]
*[[Propafenone]]
*[[Psoriatic arthritis]]
*[[Pulmonary embolism natural history, complications and prognosis|Pulmonary embolism]]
*[[Quinidine]]
*[[Reactive arthritis]]
*[[Rheumatic fever]]
*[[Rheumatic heart disease]]
*[[Sarcoidosis]]<ref name="pmid23233762">{{cite journal |author=Namboodiri N, Stiles MK, Young GD, Sanders P |title=Electrophysiological features of atrial flutter in cardiac sarcoidosis: a report of two cases |journal=Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J |volume=12 |issue=6 |pages=284–9 |year=2012 |month=November |pmid=23233762 |pmc=3513242 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Sarcoidosis]]<ref name="pmid23233762">{{cite journal |author=Namboodiri N, Stiles MK, Young GD, Sanders P |title=Electrophysiological features of atrial flutter in cardiac sarcoidosis: a report of two cases |journal=Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J |volume=12 |issue=6 |pages=284–9 |year=2012 |month=November |pmid=23233762 |pmc=3513242 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
 
*[[Sick sinus syndrome]]<ref name="Varma-2011">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Varma | first1 = N. | last2 = Helms | first2 = R. | last3 = Benson | first3 = DW. | last4 = Sanagala | first4 = T. | title = Congenital sick sinus syndrome with atrial inexcitability and coronary sinus flutter. | journal = Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol | volume = 4 | issue = 5 | pages = e52-8 | month = Oct | year = 2011 | doi = 10.1161/CIRCEP.111.964213 | PMID = 22010118 }}</ref>
*[[Sick sinus syndrome]]
*[[Spondyloarthritis]]<ref name="Tolat-2010">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Tolat | first1 = A. | last2 = Krishnan | first2 = S. | last3 = Lippman | first3 = N. | last4 = Dell'Orfano | first4 = J. | last5 = Berns | first5 = E. | title = Advanced heart block and atrial flutter in a patient with HLA B27 spondyloarthropathy. | journal = Europace | volume = 12 | issue = 6 | pages = 903-4 | month = Jun | year = 2010 | doi = 10.1093/europace/euq008 | PMID = 20118489 }}</ref>
*[[Stress]]
*[[Subarachnoid hemorrhage]]
*[[Temporary cardiac pacing]]
*[[Thyrotoxicosis]]
*[[Antiarrhythmic agent#Class Ia agents|Type Ia antiarrhythmic agents]]
*[[Antiarrhythmic agent#Class Ic agents|Type Ic antiarrhythmic agents]]
*[[Antiarrhythmic agent#Class III agents|Type III antiarrhythmic agents]]
*[[Ulcerative colitis]]
*[[Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome]]
}}


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
{{WH}}
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[[CME Category::Cardiology]]
[[Category:Crowdiagnosis]]
[[Category:Best pages]]
[[Category:Cardiology]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Electrophysiology]]
[[Category:Electrophysiology]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Cardiology]]
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
{{WH}}
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
{{WS}}
[[Category:Up-To-Date cardiology]]

Latest revision as of 20:18, 10 January 2020
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Vendhan Ramanujam M.B.B.S [2]

Overview

Atrial flutter is caused by a re-entrant rhythm in either the right or left atrium. Causes of atrial flutter can be grouped into two categories which are intrinsic diseases of the heart and extrinsic diseases that can affect the heart. The most common causes of atrial flutter are coronary artery disease, hypertensive heart disease and valve abnormalities of the heart.

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Aortic regurgitation, aortic stenosis, atrial myxoma, cardiomyopathy, congenital heart disease, congestive heart failure, coronary artery disease, dilated cardiomyopathy, holiday heart syndrome, hypertensive heart disease, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, ischemic heart disease, Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome, mitral regurgitation, mitral valve prolapse, mitral valve stenosis, myocardial infarction, myocardial ischemia, neonatal coxsackie myocarditis, pericarditis, rheumatic fever, rheumatic heart disease, sick sinus syndrome, Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome
Chemical / poisoning Carbon monoxide poisoning
Dermatologic No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect Amphetamines, cyclophosphamide, disopyramide, febuxostat, flecainide, Ixabepilone, lacosamide, lithium, orlistat, procainamide, propafenone, quinidine, type Ia antiarrhythmic agents, type Ic antiarrhythmic agents, type III antiarrhythmic agents
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine Hyperthyroidism, pheochromocytoma, thyrotoxicosis
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis
Genetic Myotonic dystrophy
Hematologic Nonimmune hydrops fetalis
Iatrogenic Cardiac surgery, cardiac transplantation, heart bypass surgery, incomplete ablation procedures, open heart surgery, temporary cardiac pacing
Infectious Disease Amoebiasis, neonatal coxsackie myocarditis, rheumatic fever
Musculoskeletal / Ortho Myotonic dystrophy
Neurologic Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Nutritional / Metabolic No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic Atrial myxoma, lung cancer
Opthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity Alcohol, caffeine, cocaine, digitalis toxicity
Psychiatric Anxiety
Pulmonary Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, emphysema, hypoxia, lung cancer, obstructive sleep apnea, pneumonia, pulmonary embolism
Renal / Electrolyte No underlying causes
Rheum / Immune / Allergy Ankylosing spondylitis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, reactive arthritis, sarcoidosis, spondyloarthritis
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma No underlying causes
Urologic No underlying causes
Dental No underlying causes
Miscellaneous Stress

Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

  1. ↑ Gutierrez SD, Earing MG, Singh AK, Tweddell JS, Bartz PJ (2012). "Atrial Tachyarrhythmias and the Cox-maze Procedure in Congenital Heart Disease". Congenit Heart Dis. doi:10.1111/chd.12031. PMID 23280242. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  2. ↑ Granada, J.; Uribe, W.; Chyou, PH.; Maassen, K.; Vierkant, R.; Smith, PN.; Hayes, J.; Eaker, E.; Vidaillet, H. (2000). "Incidence and predictors of atrial flutter in the general population". J Am Coll Cardiol. 36 (7): 2242–6. PMID 11127467. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  3. ↑ Murali, A.; Balu, K.; Paari, V.; Rajendiran, G. (2011). "Atrial flutter and pericarditis--a rare complication of right lobe amoebic liver abscess". Med J Malaysia. 66 (5): 499–500. PMID 22390111. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  4. ↑ Fukamizu S, Sakurada H, Hayashi T; et al. (2012). "Macroreentrant Atrial Tachycardia in Patients without Previous Atrial Surgery or Catheter Ablation: Clinical and Electrophysiological Characteristics of Scar-Related Left Atrial Anterior Wall Reentry". J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol. doi:10.1111/jce.12059. PMID 23279349. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  5. ↑ Nevzorov, R.; Ben-Gal, T.; Strasberg, B.; Haim, M. (2012). "Atrial flutter in a post-transplant recipient". Isr Med Assoc J. 14 (7): 448–9. PMID 22953623. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  6. ↑ FRIEDBERG, CK.; DONOSO, E. (1960). "Arrhythmias and conduction disturbances due to digitalis". Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2: 408–31. PMID 13825021. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  7. ↑ JULIAN DG, VALENTINE PA, MILLER GG (1964). "DISTURBANCES OF RATE, RHYTHM AND CONDUCTION IN ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION: A PROSPECTIVE STUDY OF 100 CONSECUTIVE UNSELECTED PATIENTS WITH THE AID OF ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC MONITORING". Am J Med. 37: 915–27. PMID 14246092.
  8. ↑ Namboodiri N, Stiles MK, Young GD, Sanders P (2012). "Electrophysiological features of atrial flutter in cardiac sarcoidosis: a report of two cases". Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 12 (6): 284–9. PMC 3513242. PMID 23233762. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  9. ↑ Varma, N.; Helms, R.; Benson, DW.; Sanagala, T. (2011). "Congenital sick sinus syndrome with atrial inexcitability and coronary sinus flutter". Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 4 (5): e52–8. doi:10.1161/CIRCEP.111.964213. PMID 22010118. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  10. ↑ Tolat, A.; Krishnan, S.; Lippman, N.; Dell'Orfano, J.; Berns, E. (2010). "Advanced heart block and atrial flutter in a patient with HLA B27 spondyloarthropathy". Europace. 12 (6): 903–4. doi:10.1093/europace/euq008. PMID 20118489. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

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