Mitral stenosis surgery procedure: Difference between revisions

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{{CMG}}; '''Associate Editor-In-Chief:''' [[User:Mohammed Sbeih|Mohammed A. Sbeih, M.D.]] [mailto:msbeih@wikidoc.org]
{{CMG}}; '''Associate Editor-In-Chief:''' [[User:Mohammed Sbeih|Mohammed A. Sbeih, M.D.]] [mailto:msbeih@wikidoc.org]


==The Procedure==
==Overview==
The Procedure can be done either by the traditional open heart surgery or by the [[Minimally invasive surgery]]. Before the surgery, the patient will receive [[general anesthesia]]. This will make the patient asleep and pain-free during the entire procedure. Beside [[Percutaneous mitral balloon valvotomy]] (PMBV); there are three approaches for Mitral stenosis surgical treatment:
The surgery for mitral valve stenosis can be done either by the traditional [[open heart surgery]] or by the [[minimally invasive surgery]]. Before the surgery, the patient will receive [[general anesthesia]]. This causes the patient to be asleep and pain-free during the entire procedure. Beside [[percutaneous mitral balloon valvotomy]] (PMBV); there are three approaches for mitral stenosis surgical treatment.
 
==Surgery==
The surgery for mitral valve stenosis can be done either by the traditional [[open heart surgery]] or by the [[minimally invasive surgery]]. Before the surgery, the patient will receive [[general anesthesia]]. This causes the patient to be asleep and pain-free during the entire procedure. Beside [[percutaneous mitral balloon valvotomy]] (PMBV); there are three approaches for mitral stenosis surgical treatment.<ref name="pmid21251623">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chiam PT, Ruiz CE |title=Percutaneous transcatheter mitral valve repair: a classification of the technology |journal=JACC Cardiovasc Interv |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=1–13 |date=January 2011 |pmid=21251623 |doi=10.1016/j.jcin.2010.09.023 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26384187">{{cite journal |vauthors=Barbanti M, Immè S, Grasso C |title=Transcatheter mitral valve repair: a brief review |journal=EuroIntervention |volume=11 Suppl W |issue= |pages=W42–4 |date=September 2015 |pmid=26384187 |doi=10.4244/EIJV11SWA10 |url=}}</ref>


=== Closed Commissurotomy ===
=== Closed Commissurotomy ===
It is the earliest surgical procedure. It is performed on a beating heart. In this procedure; the surgeon makes a left thoracotomy incision and introduce a dilator to the mitral valve via either a transatrial or transventricular approach. Closed commissurotomy is usually indicated for the patients with minimal mitral valve calcifications and in those who lack significant subvalvular involvement. This approach is contraindicated in the following conditions:
 
:*Mitral regurgitation (moderate or severe); as regurgitation may be worsened by the procedure.
* A closed commissurotomy is the earliest surgical procedure which is performed on a beating heart.
:*Atrial thrombosis.
* In this procedure the surgeon makes a left [[thoracotomy]] incision and introduce a dilator to the mitral valve via either a trans-atrial or trans-ventricular approach.  
The limitation of closed commissurotomy is the difficulty for the surgeon to fully expose and visualize the Mitral valve during the procedure.
* Closed commissurotomy is usually indicated for the patients with minimal mitral valve [[calcification]] and in those who lack significant subvalvular involvement.
Some studies showed that Percutaneous mitral balloon valvotomy (PMBV) is associated with better long-term outcomes than closed commissurotomy <ref name="pmid9462525">{{cite journal| author=Ben Farhat M, Ayari M, Maatouk F, Betbout F, Gamra H, Jarra M et al.| title=Percutaneous balloon versus surgical closed and open mitral commissurotomy: seven-year follow-up results of a randomized trial. | journal=Circulation | year= 1998 | volume= 97 | issue= 3 | pages= 245-50 | pmid=9462525 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref>, recently, closed commissurotomy becomes less performed than before in the developed countries.  
* This approach is contraindicated in the following conditions:
Also in pregnancy; the PMBV is preferred over closed commissurotomy for mitral valve stenosis treatment <ref name="pmid3387943">{{cite journal| author=Pavankumar P, Venugopal P, Kaul U, Iyer KS, Das B, Sampathkumar A et al.| title=Closed mitral valvotomy during pregnancy. A 20-year experience. | journal=Scand J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg | year= 1988 | volume= 22 | issue= 1 | pages= 11-5 | pmid=3387943 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref>.
:*[[Mitral regurgitation]] (moderate or severe); as regurgitation may be worsened by the procedure.
:*Atrial [[thrombosis]].
 
* The limitation of closed commissurotomy is the difficulty for the surgeon to fully expose and visualize the mitral valve during the procedure.  
* Some studies showed that [[percutaneous mitral balloon valvotomy]] (PMBV) is associated with better long-term outcomes than closed commissurotomy.<ref name="pmid9462525">{{cite journal| author=Ben Farhat M, Ayari M, Maatouk F, Betbout F, Gamra H, Jarra M et al.| title=Percutaneous balloon versus surgical closed and open mitral commissurotomy: seven-year follow-up results of a randomized trial. | journal=Circulation | year= 1998 | volume= 97 | issue= 3 | pages= 245-50 | pmid=9462525 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref>  
* Recently, closed commissurotomy is performed less than before in the developed countries.  
* Also in pregnancy; the PMBV is preferred over closed commissurotomy for mitral valve stenosis treatment.<ref name="pmid3387943">{{cite journal| author=Pavankumar P, Venugopal P, Kaul U, Iyer KS, Das B, Sampathkumar A et al.| title=Closed mitral valvotomy during pregnancy. A 20-year experience. | journal=Scand J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg | year= 1988 | volume= 22 | issue= 1 | pages= 11-5 | pmid=3387943 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref>


=== Open Commissurotomy (Valve Repair) ===
=== Open Commissurotomy (Valve Repair) ===


The surgeon performs the procedure via median sternotomy. Via this surgical approach; it is better for the surgeon to fully expose and visualize the mitral valve during the procedure as compared to closed commissurotomy approach. Other advantages for this approach includes:
* The surgeon performs the procedure via median [[sternotomy]].  
:*The surgeon can repair the valve by the dipridation of calcium deposits.
* Via this surgical approach; it is better for the surgeon to fully expose and visualize the mitral valve during the procedure as compared to closed commissurotomy approach.  
:*The surgeon can split fused chordae tendineae or papillary muscles.
* Other advantages for this approach includes:
:*The surgeon can insert annuloplasty ring to correct the valvular stenosis. This is needed in case of severe mitral regurgitation (grade 3 or 4) as the valve repair alone is in adequate.
:*The surgeon can repair the valve by the debridation of calcium deposits.
:*The surgeon can remove a left atrial thrombus if presents.
:*The surgeon can split fused [[chordae tendineae]] or [[papillary muscles]].
:*The surgeon can insert [[annuloplasty]] ring to correct the [[valvular stenosis]]. This is needed in case of severe [[mitral regurgitation]] (grade 3 or 4) as the valve repair alone is inadequate.
:*The surgeon can remove a [[left atrial]] [[thrombus]] if present.


Some studies showed that Percutaneous mitral balloon valvotomy (PMBV) is associated with better long-term outcomes than Open commissurotomy <ref name="pmid8084354">{{cite journal| author=Reyes VP, Raju BS, Wynne J, Stephenson LW, Raju R, Fromm BS et al.| title=Percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty compared with open surgical commissurotomy for mitral stenosis. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1994 | volume= 331 | issue= 15 | pages= 961-7 | pmid=8084354 | doi=10.1056/NEJM199410133311501 | pmc= | url= }} </ref>, along with shorter hospital stay and less morbidity from thoracotomy (in Open commissurotomy) <ref name="pmid9462525">{{cite journal| author=Ben Farhat M, Ayari M, Maatouk F, Betbout F, Gamra H, Jarra M et al.| title=Percutaneous balloon versus surgical closed and open mitral commissurotomy: seven-year follow-up results of a randomized trial. | journal=Circulation | year= 1998 | volume= 97 | issue= 3 | pages= 245-50 | pmid=9462525 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref><ref name="pmid9034637">{{cite journal| author=Lau KW, Ding ZP, Hung JS| title=Percutaneous transvenous mitral commissurotomy versus surgical commissurotomy in the treatment of mitral stenosis. | journal=Clin Cardiol | year= 1997 | volume= 20 | issue= 2 | pages= 99-106 | pmid=9034637 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref>.
* Some studies showed that Percutaneous mitral balloon valvotomy (PMBV) is associated with better long-term outcomes than Open commissurotomy,<ref name="pmid8084354">{{cite journal| author=Reyes VP, Raju BS, Wynne J, Stephenson LW, Raju R, Fromm BS et al.| title=Percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty compared with open surgical commissurotomy for mitral stenosis. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1994 | volume= 331 | issue= 15 | pages= 961-7 | pmid=8084354 | doi=10.1056/NEJM199410133311501 | pmc= | url= }} </ref> along with shorter hospital stay and less [[morbidity]] from [[thoracotomy]] (in Open commissurotomy).<ref name="pmid9462525">{{cite journal| author=Ben Farhat M, Ayari M, Maatouk F, Betbout F, Gamra H, Jarra M et al.| title=Percutaneous balloon versus surgical closed and open mitral commissurotomy: seven-year follow-up results of a randomized trial. | journal=Circulation | year= 1998 | volume= 97 | issue= 3 | pages= 245-50 | pmid=9462525 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref><ref name="pmid9034637">{{cite journal| author=Lau KW, Ding ZP, Hung JS| title=Percutaneous transvenous mitral commissurotomy versus surgical commissurotomy in the treatment of mitral stenosis. | journal=Clin Cardiol | year= 1997 | volume= 20 | issue= 2 | pages= 99-106 | pmid=9034637 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref>


=== Mitral Valve Replacement ===
=== Mitral Valve Replacement ===
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:*Mild symptoms (NYHA class I or II) that associated with severe mitral stenosis (mitral valve area ≤1.0 cm2) or severe [[pulmonary hypertension]] (pulmonary artery systolic pressure >60 to 80 mmHg).
:*Mild symptoms (NYHA class I or II) that associated with severe mitral stenosis (mitral valve area ≤1.0 cm2) or severe [[pulmonary hypertension]] (pulmonary artery systolic pressure >60 to 80 mmHg).
:*Severe mitral stenosis (mitral valve area ≤1.0 cm2) or severe pulmonary hypertension (pulmonary artery systolic pressure >60 to 80 mmHg) even if the patient is asymptomatic.
:*Severe mitral stenosis (mitral valve area ≤1.0 cm2) or severe pulmonary hypertension (pulmonary artery systolic pressure >60 to 80 mmHg) even if the patient is asymptomatic.
Mitral valve replacement significantly improves symptoms and has a favorable survival rate at five years <ref name="pmid18820172">{{cite journal| author=Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Chatterjee K, de Leon AC, Faxon DP, Freed MD et al.| title=2008 Focused update incorporated into the ACC/AHA 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 1998 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease): endorsed by the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons. | journal=Circulation | year= 2008 | volume= 118 | issue= 15 | pages= e523-661 | pmid=18820172 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.190748 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18820172  }} </ref><ref name="pmid14324511">{{cite journal| author=BRAUNWALD E, BRAUNWALD NS, ROSS J, MORROW AG| title=EFFECTS OF MITRAL-VALVE REPLACEMENT ON THE PULMONARY VASCULAR DYNAMICS OF PATIENTS WITH PULMONARY HYPERTENSION. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1965 | volume= 273 | issue=  | pages= 509-14 | pmid=14324511 | doi=10.1056/NEJM196509022731001 | pmc= | url= }} </ref>.
[[Mitral valve replacement]] significantly improves symptoms and has a favorable survival rate at five years.<ref name="pmid18820172">{{cite journal| author=Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Chatterjee K, de Leon AC, Faxon DP, Freed MD et al.| title=2008 Focused update incorporated into the ACC/AHA 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 1998 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease): endorsed by the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons. | journal=Circulation | year= 2008 | volume= 118 | issue= 15 | pages= e523-661 | pmid=18820172 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.190748 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18820172  }} </ref><ref name="pmid14324511">{{cite journal| author=BRAUNWALD E, BRAUNWALD NS, ROSS J, MORROW AG| title=EFFECTS OF MITRAL-VALVE REPLACEMENT ON THE PULMONARY VASCULAR DYNAMICS OF PATIENTS WITH PULMONARY HYPERTENSION. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1965 | volume= 273 | issue=  | pages= 509-14 | pmid=14324511 | doi=10.1056/NEJM196509022731001 | pmc= | url= }} </ref>
The 2006 ACC/AHA guidelines recommended amputation or ligation the left atrial appendage during mitral valve replacement or open commissurotomy, as this may decrease the risk of potential embolism <ref name="pmid18820172">{{cite journal| author=Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Chatterjee K, de Leon AC, Faxon DP, Freed MD et al.| title=2008 Focused update incorporated into the ACC/AHA 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 1998 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease): endorsed by the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons. | journal=Circulation | year= 2008 | volume= 118 | issue= 15 | pages= e523-661 | pmid=18820172 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.190748 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18820172  }} </ref>, but it is not proofed if this may reduce the risk of stroke <ref name="pmid14522491">{{cite journal| author=García-Fernández MA, Pérez-David E, Quiles J, Peralta J, García-Rojas I, Bermejo J et al.| title=Role of left atrial appendage obliteration in stroke reduction in patients with mitral valve prosthesis: a transesophageal echocardiographic study. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2003 | volume= 42 | issue= 7 | pages= 1253-8 | pmid=14522491 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14522491  }} </ref>.
The 2006 ACC/AHA guidelines recommended amputation or ligation the left atrial appendage during mitral valve replacement or open commissurotomy, as this may decrease the risk of potential embolism,<ref name="pmid18820172">{{cite journal| author=Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Chatterjee K, de Leon AC, Faxon DP, Freed MD et al.| title=2008 Focused update incorporated into the ACC/AHA 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 1998 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease): endorsed by the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons. | journal=Circulation | year= 2008 | volume= 118 | issue= 15 | pages= e523-661 | pmid=18820172 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.190748 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18820172  }} </ref> but it is not proofed if this may reduce the risk of stroke.<ref name="pmid14522491">{{cite journal| author=García-Fernández MA, Pérez-David E, Quiles J, Peralta J, García-Rojas I, Bermejo J et al.| title=Role of left atrial appendage obliteration in stroke reduction in patients with mitral valve prosthesis: a transesophageal echocardiographic study. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2003 | volume= 42 | issue= 7 | pages= 1253-8 | pmid=14522491 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14522491  }} </ref>


=== Traditional Open Heart Surgery ===
=== Traditional Open Heart Surgery ===


:*The surgeon will make a 10-inch-long cut in the middle of the chest (sternum).
:*The surgeon will make a 10-inch-long cut in the middle of the chest.
:*Next, the surgeon will separate the breastbone (sternum) to be able to see the heart.
:*Next, the surgeon will separate the breastbone (sternum) to be able to see the heart.
:*Most people are connected to a [[heart-lung bypass machine]] or bypass pump. The heart is stopped while the patient is connected to this machine. This machine does the work of the heart while the heart is stopped.
:*Most people are connected to a [[Heart-lung machine|heart-lung bypass machine]] or bypass pump. The heart is stopped while the patient is connected to this machine. This machine does the work of the heart while the heart is stopped.
:*A small cut is made in the left side of the heart so the surgeon can repair or replace the mitral valve.
:*A small cut is made in the left side of the heart so the surgeon can repair or replace the mitral valve.


Line 46: Line 57:


:*The heart surgeon may make a 2-inch to 3-inch-long cut in the right part of your chest near the [[sternum]]. Muscles in the area will be divided so the surgeon can reach the heart. A small cut is made in the left side of the heart so the surgeon can replace the [[mitral valve]].
:*The heart surgeon may make a 2-inch to 3-inch-long cut in the right part of your chest near the [[sternum]]. Muscles in the area will be divided so the surgeon can reach the heart. A small cut is made in the left side of the heart so the surgeon can replace the [[mitral valve]].
:*In '''[[Endoscopic surgery]]''', the surgeon makes one to four small holes in the chest, then he or she uses special instruments and a camera to do the surgery.
:*In [[Endoscopic surgery]], the surgeon makes one to four small holes in the chest, then he or she uses special instruments and a camera to do the surgery.
:*For '''Robotically-Assisted Valve Surgery''', the surgeon makes two to four tiny cuts (about a ½ to a ¾ inch) in the chest. The surgeon uses a special computer to control [[robotic]] arms during the surgery. The surgeon sees a three-dimensional view of the heart and mitral valve on the computer. This method is very precise.
:*For Robotically-Assisted Valve Surgery, the surgeon makes two to four tiny cuts (about a ½ to a ¾ inch) in the chest. The surgeon uses a special computer to control robotic arms during the surgery. The surgeon sees a three-dimensional view of the heart and mitral valve on the computer. This method is very precise.
The patient may or may not need to be on a [[heart-lung machine]] for these types of surgery, but if not, the heart rate will be slowed by medicine or a mechanical device.
The patient may or may not need to be on a [[heart-lung machine]] for these types of surgery, but if not, the [[heart rate]] will be slowed by medicine or a mechanical device.


There are two types of valves:
There are two types of valves:


1. Mechanical which is made of man-made (synthetic) materials, such as a metal like titanium. These valves last the longest, but the patient will need to take blood-thinning medicine, such as [[warfarin]] (Coumadin) or [[aspirin]], for the rest of his or her life.
1. [[Mechanical valve]] is made of man-made (synthetic) materials, such as a metal like [[titanium]]. These valves last the longest, but the patient will need to take [[blood thinning medicine]], such as [[warfarin]] ([[Coumadin]]) or [[aspirin]], for the rest of his or her life.


2. [[Biological]] which made of human or animal tissue. These valves last 10 to 12 years, but the patient may not need to take blood thinners for life.
2. [[Biological]] valve is made of human or animal tissue. These valves last 10 to 12 years, but the patient may not need to take blood thinners for life.


Once the new or repaired valve is working, the surgeon will:
Once the new or repaired valve is working, the surgeon will:
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==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
[[Category:Needs overview]]
[[Category:Cardiology]]
[[Category:Cardiology]]
[[Category:Surgery]]
[[Category:Surgery]]
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[[Category:Up-To-Date cardiology]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date cardiology]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Best pages]]
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Latest revision as of 19:01, 12 December 2019

Mitral stenosis surgery

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor-In-Chief: Mohammed A. Sbeih, M.D. [2]

Overview

The surgery for mitral valve stenosis can be done either by the traditional open heart surgery or by the minimally invasive surgery. Before the surgery, the patient will receive general anesthesia. This causes the patient to be asleep and pain-free during the entire procedure. Beside percutaneous mitral balloon valvotomy (PMBV); there are three approaches for mitral stenosis surgical treatment.

Surgery

The surgery for mitral valve stenosis can be done either by the traditional open heart surgery or by the minimally invasive surgery. Before the surgery, the patient will receive general anesthesia. This causes the patient to be asleep and pain-free during the entire procedure. Beside percutaneous mitral balloon valvotomy (PMBV); there are three approaches for mitral stenosis surgical treatment.[1][2]

Closed Commissurotomy

  • A closed commissurotomy is the earliest surgical procedure which is performed on a beating heart.
  • In this procedure the surgeon makes a left thoracotomy incision and introduce a dilator to the mitral valve via either a trans-atrial or trans-ventricular approach.
  • Closed commissurotomy is usually indicated for the patients with minimal mitral valve calcification and in those who lack significant subvalvular involvement.
  • This approach is contraindicated in the following conditions:
  • The limitation of closed commissurotomy is the difficulty for the surgeon to fully expose and visualize the mitral valve during the procedure.
  • Some studies showed that percutaneous mitral balloon valvotomy (PMBV) is associated with better long-term outcomes than closed commissurotomy.[3]
  • Recently, closed commissurotomy is performed less than before in the developed countries.
  • Also in pregnancy; the PMBV is preferred over closed commissurotomy for mitral valve stenosis treatment.[4]

Open Commissurotomy (Valve Repair)

  • The surgeon performs the procedure via median sternotomy.
  • Via this surgical approach; it is better for the surgeon to fully expose and visualize the mitral valve during the procedure as compared to closed commissurotomy approach.
  • Other advantages for this approach includes:
  • Some studies showed that Percutaneous mitral balloon valvotomy (PMBV) is associated with better long-term outcomes than Open commissurotomy,[5] along with shorter hospital stay and less morbidity from thoracotomy (in Open commissurotomy).[3][6]

Mitral Valve Replacement

This procedure is indicated if the mitral stenosis could not be corrected by other surgical approaches previously mentioned and the patient has one of the following:

  • Moderate to severe mitral stenosis (≤1.5 cm2).
  • NYHA class III or IV symptoms.
  • Mild symptoms (NYHA class I or II) that associated with severe mitral stenosis (mitral valve area ≤1.0 cm2) or severe pulmonary hypertension (pulmonary artery systolic pressure >60 to 80 mmHg).
  • Severe mitral stenosis (mitral valve area ≤1.0 cm2) or severe pulmonary hypertension (pulmonary artery systolic pressure >60 to 80 mmHg) even if the patient is asymptomatic.

Mitral valve replacement significantly improves symptoms and has a favorable survival rate at five years.[7][8] The 2006 ACC/AHA guidelines recommended amputation or ligation the left atrial appendage during mitral valve replacement or open commissurotomy, as this may decrease the risk of potential embolism,[7] but it is not proofed if this may reduce the risk of stroke.[9]

Traditional Open Heart Surgery

  • The surgeon will make a 10-inch-long cut in the middle of the chest.
  • Next, the surgeon will separate the breastbone (sternum) to be able to see the heart.
  • Most people are connected to a heart-lung bypass machine or bypass pump. The heart is stopped while the patient is connected to this machine. This machine does the work of the heart while the heart is stopped.
  • A small cut is made in the left side of the heart so the surgeon can repair or replace the mitral valve.

Minimally Invasive Mitral Valve Surgery

There are several different ways to perform the procedure:

  • The heart surgeon may make a 2-inch to 3-inch-long cut in the right part of your chest near the sternum. Muscles in the area will be divided so the surgeon can reach the heart. A small cut is made in the left side of the heart so the surgeon can replace the mitral valve.
  • In Endoscopic surgery, the surgeon makes one to four small holes in the chest, then he or she uses special instruments and a camera to do the surgery.
  • For Robotically-Assisted Valve Surgery, the surgeon makes two to four tiny cuts (about a ½ to a ¾ inch) in the chest. The surgeon uses a special computer to control robotic arms during the surgery. The surgeon sees a three-dimensional view of the heart and mitral valve on the computer. This method is very precise.

The patient may or may not need to be on a heart-lung machine for these types of surgery, but if not, the heart rate will be slowed by medicine or a mechanical device.

There are two types of valves:

1. Mechanical valve is made of man-made (synthetic) materials, such as a metal like titanium. These valves last the longest, but the patient will need to take blood thinning medicine, such as warfarin (Coumadin) or aspirin, for the rest of his or her life.

2. Biological valve is made of human or animal tissue. These valves last 10 to 12 years, but the patient may not need to take blood thinners for life.

Once the new or repaired valve is working, the surgeon will:

  • Close the heart and take you off the heart-lung machine.
  • Place catheters (tubes) around the heart to drain fluids that build up.
  • Close the sternum with stainless steel wires. It will take about 6 weeks for the bone to heal. The wires will stay inside the body.

The patient may have a temporary pacemaker connected to the heart until his or her natural heart rhythm returns.

The surgeon may also perform coronary artery bypass surgery at the same time, if needed.

References

  1. ↑ Chiam PT, Ruiz CE (January 2011). "Percutaneous transcatheter mitral valve repair: a classification of the technology". JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 4 (1): 1–13. doi:10.1016/j.jcin.2010.09.023. PMID 21251623.
  2. ↑ Barbanti M, Immè S, Grasso C (September 2015). "Transcatheter mitral valve repair: a brief review". EuroIntervention. 11 Suppl W: W42–4. doi:10.4244/EIJV11SWA10. PMID 26384187.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Ben Farhat M, Ayari M, Maatouk F, Betbout F, Gamra H, Jarra M; et al. (1998). "Percutaneous balloon versus surgical closed and open mitral commissurotomy: seven-year follow-up results of a randomized trial". Circulation. 97 (3): 245–50. PMID 9462525.
  4. ↑ Pavankumar P, Venugopal P, Kaul U, Iyer KS, Das B, Sampathkumar A; et al. (1988). "Closed mitral valvotomy during pregnancy. A 20-year experience". Scand J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 22 (1): 11–5. PMID 3387943.
  5. ↑ Reyes VP, Raju BS, Wynne J, Stephenson LW, Raju R, Fromm BS; et al. (1994). "Percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty compared with open surgical commissurotomy for mitral stenosis". N Engl J Med. 331 (15): 961–7. doi:10.1056/NEJM199410133311501. PMID 8084354.
  6. ↑ Lau KW, Ding ZP, Hung JS (1997). "Percutaneous transvenous mitral commissurotomy versus surgical commissurotomy in the treatment of mitral stenosis". Clin Cardiol. 20 (2): 99–106. PMID 9034637.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Chatterjee K, de Leon AC, Faxon DP, Freed MD; et al. (2008). "2008 Focused update incorporated into the ACC/AHA 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 1998 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease): endorsed by the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons". Circulation. 118 (15): e523–661. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.190748. PMID 18820172.
  8. ↑ BRAUNWALD E, BRAUNWALD NS, ROSS J, MORROW AG (1965). "EFFECTS OF MITRAL-VALVE REPLACEMENT ON THE PULMONARY VASCULAR DYNAMICS OF PATIENTS WITH PULMONARY HYPERTENSION". N Engl J Med. 273: 509–14. doi:10.1056/NEJM196509022731001. PMID 14324511.
  9. ↑ García-Fernández MA, Pérez-David E, Quiles J, Peralta J, García-Rojas I, Bermejo J; et al. (2003). "Role of left atrial appendage obliteration in stroke reduction in patients with mitral valve prosthesis: a transesophageal echocardiographic study". J Am Coll Cardiol. 42 (7): 1253–8. PMID 14522491.

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