Glaucoma risk factors: Difference between revisions
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{{Glaucoma}} | {{Glaucoma}} | ||
{{CMG}} | {{CMG}} {{AE}}{{RBS}} | ||
== Overview == | |||
Common risk factors include a positive family history, increased age, myopia, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, sleep apnea, thyroid disorders, hypercholesterolemia, migraine, raynaud phenomenon. | |||
== Risk factors== | == Risk factors== | ||
* | Common risk factors | ||
* | *'''Age''': | ||
* | **The risk increases with the increase in age. | ||
* | **The visual field defects are 7 times more likely to progress in patients above the age 60 years in comparison to those younger than 40 years. | ||
* | **Although an increase in lOP with age has been observed in many populations. | ||
**Several studies in Japan have shown a relationship between glaucoma and age even with no increase in lOP in the population.<ref name="Iwase Suzuki Araie Yamamoto 2004 pp. 1641–1648">{{cite journal | last=Iwase | first=Aiko | last2=Suzuki | first2=Yasuyuki | last3=Araie | first3=Makoto | last4=Yamamoto | first4=Tetsuya | last5=Abe | first5=Haruki | last6=Shirato | first6=Shiroaki | last7=Kuwayama | first7=Yasuaki | last8=Mishima | first8=Hiromu K. | last9=Shimizu | first9=Hiroyuki | last10=Tomita | first10=Goji | last11=Inoue | first11=Yoichi | last12=Kitazawa | first12=Yoshiaki | title=The prevalence of primary open-angle glaucoma in Japanese | journal=Ophthalmology | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=111 | issue=9 | year=2004 | issn=0161-6420 | pmid=15350316 | doi=10.1016/j.ophtha.2004.03.029 | pages=1641–1648}}</ref> | |||
*'''Race''': | |||
**The prevalence of POAG is 3-4 times greater in black persons and Hispanic persons as compared to non-Hispanic Caucasian individuals. | |||
* | **The loss of vision as a consequence of glaucoma is at least 4 times more common in blacks than in Caucasian population. | ||
* | **The Baltimore Eye Survey found that the prevalence of glaucoma increases dramatically with age, particularly among black persons, exceeding 11% in those aged 80 years or older.<ref name="Tielsch p=369">{{cite journal | last=Tielsch | first=James M. | title=Racial Variations in the Prevalence of Primary Open-angle Glaucoma | journal=JAMA | publisher=American Medical Association (AMA) | volume=266 | issue=3 | date=1991-07-17 | issn=0098-7484 | doi=10.1001/jama.1991.03470030069026 | page=369}}</ref> | ||
*'''Family History''': | |||
**A positive family history is a risk factor for POAG. The relative risk of POAG is increased by 3.7-fold for individuals who have a sibling with diagnosed POAG.<ref name="Medscape Reference 2017">{{cite web | title=Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma (POAG) Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes | website=Medscape Reference | date=2017-12-01 | url=https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1206147-clinical | access-date=2018-03-03}}</ref> | |||
* | *'''Myopia''': | ||
* | **The concurrence of POAG and myopia cause difficulty in diagnosis and management of POAG. | ||
* | **There is an increased difficulty in evaluation of the optic disc is particularly complicated in highly myopic eyes that have tilted discs. | ||
**Myopia-related retinal abnormalities can cause visual field defects along with glaucoma. | |||
**A high refractive error may also make it difficult to perform accurate perimetric measurement and to interpret visual field abnormalities. | |||
*'''Diabetes Mellitus''': | |||
**The role of [[diabetes mellitus]] in causing POAG is still not clear. | |||
**Though some studies have found diabetes plays a significant role in the disease, other studies have not found any corelation.<ref name="Klaver p=653">{{cite journal | last=Klaver | first=Caroline C. W. | title=Age-Specific Prevalence and Causes of Blindness and Visual Impairment in an Older Population | journal=Archives of Ophthalmology | publisher=American Medical Association (AMA) | volume=116 | issue=5 | date=1998-05-01 | issn=0003-9950 | doi=10.1001/archopht.116.5.653 | page=653}}</ref> | |||
*'''Hypertension''': | |||
**The systemic [[hypertension]] is associated with a low risk of the presence of glaucoma in younger patients and with an increased risk in patients above 65 years of age. | |||
**With advancing age, the adverse effects of chronic hypertension on the optic nerve microcirculation may lead to the nerve's susceptibility to the development of glaucomatous optic neuropathy. | |||
**Some studeis demonstrate that lower ocular perfusion pressure is a strong risk factor for the development of glaucoma, independent of lOP alone. | |||
**The overtreatment of systemic hypertension may be a contributing factor to glaucoma progression in some cases and hence, should be avoided.<ref name="Klaver p=653">{{cite journal | last=Klaver | first=Caroline C. W. | title=Age-Specific Prevalence and Causes of Blindness and Visual Impairment in an Older Population | journal=Archives of Ophthalmology | publisher=American Medical Association (AMA) | volume=116 | issue=5 | date=1998-05-01 | issn=0003-9950 | doi=10.1001/archopht.116.5.653 | page=653}}</ref> | |||
*'''Retinal vein occlusion''': | |||
**The patients with [[central retinal vein occlusion]] may lead to an elevated lOP and subsequentlu glaucoma. | |||
**In some case, there may be presentation of preexisting POAG or other types of glaucoma. After CRVO, patients may develop angle-closure glaucoma or, at a later stage, neovascular glaucoma. | |||
*'''Sleep apnea''' | |||
*'''Thyroid disorders''' | |||
*'''Hypercholesterolemia''' | |||
*'''Migraine''' | |||
*'''Raynaud Phenomenon''' | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{reflist|2}} | {{reflist|2}} | ||
{{WH}} | {{WH}} | ||
{{WS}} | {{WS}} | ||
[[Category:Aging-associated diseases]] | [[Category:Aging-associated diseases]] | ||
[[Category:Blindness]] | [[Category:Blindness]] | ||
| Line 36: | Line 53: | ||
[[Category:Emergency medicine]] | [[Category:Emergency medicine]] | ||
[[Category:Mature chapter]] | [[Category:Mature chapter]] | ||
[[Category:Needs overview]] | [[Category:Needs overview]] | ||
Latest revision as of 21:53, 29 July 2020
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Glaucoma risk factors On the Web |
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American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Glaucoma risk factors |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Rohan Bir Singh, M.B.B.S.[2]
Overview
Common risk factors include a positive family history, increased age, myopia, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, sleep apnea, thyroid disorders, hypercholesterolemia, migraine, raynaud phenomenon.
Risk factors
Common risk factors
- Age:
- The risk increases with the increase in age.
- The visual field defects are 7 times more likely to progress in patients above the age 60 years in comparison to those younger than 40 years.
- Although an increase in lOP with age has been observed in many populations.
- Several studies in Japan have shown a relationship between glaucoma and age even with no increase in lOP in the population.[1]
- Race:
- The prevalence of POAG is 3-4 times greater in black persons and Hispanic persons as compared to non-Hispanic Caucasian individuals.
- The loss of vision as a consequence of glaucoma is at least 4 times more common in blacks than in Caucasian population.
- The Baltimore Eye Survey found that the prevalence of glaucoma increases dramatically with age, particularly among black persons, exceeding 11% in those aged 80 years or older.[2]
- Family History:
- A positive family history is a risk factor for POAG. The relative risk of POAG is increased by 3.7-fold for individuals who have a sibling with diagnosed POAG.[3]
- Myopia:
- The concurrence of POAG and myopia cause difficulty in diagnosis and management of POAG.
- There is an increased difficulty in evaluation of the optic disc is particularly complicated in highly myopic eyes that have tilted discs.
- Myopia-related retinal abnormalities can cause visual field defects along with glaucoma.
- A high refractive error may also make it difficult to perform accurate perimetric measurement and to interpret visual field abnormalities.
- Diabetes Mellitus:
- The role of diabetes mellitus in causing POAG is still not clear.
- Though some studies have found diabetes plays a significant role in the disease, other studies have not found any corelation.[4]
- Hypertension:
- The systemic hypertension is associated with a low risk of the presence of glaucoma in younger patients and with an increased risk in patients above 65 years of age.
- With advancing age, the adverse effects of chronic hypertension on the optic nerve microcirculation may lead to the nerve's susceptibility to the development of glaucomatous optic neuropathy.
- Some studeis demonstrate that lower ocular perfusion pressure is a strong risk factor for the development of glaucoma, independent of lOP alone.
- The overtreatment of systemic hypertension may be a contributing factor to glaucoma progression in some cases and hence, should be avoided.[4]
- Retinal vein occlusion:
- The patients with central retinal vein occlusion may lead to an elevated lOP and subsequentlu glaucoma.
- In some case, there may be presentation of preexisting POAG or other types of glaucoma. After CRVO, patients may develop angle-closure glaucoma or, at a later stage, neovascular glaucoma.
- Sleep apnea
- Thyroid disorders
- Hypercholesterolemia
- Migraine
- Raynaud Phenomenon
References
- ↑ Iwase, Aiko; Suzuki, Yasuyuki; Araie, Makoto; Yamamoto, Tetsuya; Abe, Haruki; Shirato, Shiroaki; Kuwayama, Yasuaki; Mishima, Hiromu K.; Shimizu, Hiroyuki; Tomita, Goji; Inoue, Yoichi; Kitazawa, Yoshiaki (2004). "The prevalence of primary open-angle glaucoma in Japanese". Ophthalmology. Elsevier BV. 111 (9): 1641–1648. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2004.03.029. ISSN 0161-6420. PMID 15350316.
- ↑ Tielsch, James M. (1991-07-17). "Racial Variations in the Prevalence of Primary Open-angle Glaucoma". JAMA. American Medical Association (AMA). 266 (3): 369. doi:10.1001/jama.1991.03470030069026. ISSN 0098-7484.
- ↑ "Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma (POAG) Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes". Medscape Reference. 2017-12-01. Retrieved 2018-03-03.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Klaver, Caroline C. W. (1998-05-01). "Age-Specific Prevalence and Causes of Blindness and Visual Impairment in an Older Population". Archives of Ophthalmology. American Medical Association (AMA). 116 (5): 653. doi:10.1001/archopht.116.5.653. ISSN 0003-9950.