Side stitch: Difference between revisions
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{{SK}} Side cramp | {{SK}} Side cramp | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
When [[exercise|exercising]], a side stitch is an intense stabbing [[Pain and nociception|pain]] under the lower edge of the [[ribcage]]. It is also referred to as exercise related transient (ETAP). This pain is caused by the internal organs (like the [[liver]] and [[stomach]]) pulling downwards on the [[diaphragm (anatomy)|diaphragm]]. It is therefore more likely to occur in sports involving up and down actions - like [[running]], [[jumping]] and horse riding. | When [[exercise|exercising]], a side stitch is an intense stabbing [[Pain and nociception|pain]] under the lower edge of the [[ribcage]]. It is also referred to as exercise related transient abdominal pain (ETAP). This pain is caused by the internal organs (like the [[liver]] and [[stomach]]) pulling downwards on the [[diaphragm (anatomy)|diaphragm]]. It is therefore more likely to occur in sports involving up and down actions - like [[running]], [[jumping]] and horse riding. | ||
==Causes== | |||
===Possible Causes=== | |||
There are more theories regarding ETAP than merely stretching of the [[viscus|visceral]] [[ligaments]] due to repeated vertical translation and jolting. Other theories include: | There are more theories regarding ETAP than merely stretching of the [[viscus|visceral]] [[ligaments]] due to repeated vertical translation and jolting. Other theories include: | ||
*Diaphragmatic [[ | *Diaphragmatic [[ischemia]] | ||
*Imbalances of the [[Thoracic vertebrae|thoracic spine]] | *Imbalances of the [[Thoracic vertebrae|thoracic spine]] | ||
*Irritation of the parietal [[peritoneum]] | *Irritation of the parietal [[peritoneum]] | ||
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*Lie down on your back and lift the knee on the side with the stitch up to your chest. | *Lie down on your back and lift the knee on the side with the stitch up to your chest. | ||
==Prevention== | ==Primary Prevention== | ||
* Improve fitness. | |||
* Improve fitness | * Strengthen the [[diaphragm (anatomy)|diaphragm]] by using exercises such as those that aid respiratory rehabilitation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://calder.med.miami.edu/providers/PHYSICAL/resdia.html|title= Diaphragm Strengthening|accessdate=May|accessyear=2007}}</ref> | ||
* Strengthen the [[diaphragm (anatomy)|diaphragm]] by using exercises such as those that aid respiratory rehabilitation<ref>{{cite web|url=http://calder.med.miami.edu/providers/PHYSICAL/resdia.html|title= Diaphragm Strengthening|accessdate=May|accessyear=2007}}</ref> | * Strengthen core muscles ([[Abdomen|abdominals]], [[lower back]], obliques). | ||
* Strengthen core muscles ([[Abdomen|abdominals]], [[lower back]], obliques) | * Limit consumption of food and drink two to three hours before exercising (in particular, drinks of high [[carbohydrate]] content and [[Osmole (unit)|osmolality]] (reconstituted fruit juices)). | ||
* Limit consumption of food and drink two to three hours before exercising (in particular, drinks of high [[carbohydrate]] content and [[Osmole (unit)|osmolality]] (reconstituted fruit juices)) | * Drink water beforehand to prevent muscle cramps. | ||
* Drink water beforehand to prevent muscle cramps | * Warm up properly. | ||
* Warm up properly | * Gradually increase exercise intensity. | ||
* Gradually increase exercise intensity | * When [[running]]: | ||
* When [[running]] | ** Exhale when the left foot hits the ground, and inhale when the right foot hits the ground.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brianmac.co.uk/articles/scni10a1.htm|title=Coaching Methods|accessdate=September|accessyear=2007}}</ref> | ||
** Exhale when the left foot hits the ground, and inhale when the right foot hits the ground<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brianmac.co.uk/articles/scni10a1.htm|title=Coaching Methods|accessdate=September|accessyear=2007}}</ref> | ** Run on soft surfaces. | ||
** Run on soft surfaces | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{ | {{Reflist|2}} | ||
{{WH}} | {{WH}} | ||
{{WS}} | {{WS}} | ||
[[fr:Point de côté]] | [[fr:Point de côté]] | ||
[[zh:岔气]] | [[zh:岔气]] | ||
[[Category:Emergency medicine]] | [[Category:Emergency medicine]] | ||
[[Category:Abdominal pain]] | [[Category:Abdominal pain]] | ||
[[Category:Exercise]] | [[Category:Exercise]] | ||
[[Category:Symptoms]] | |||
[[Category:Signs and symptoms]] | [[Category:Signs and symptoms]] | ||
Latest revision as of 00:11, 30 July 2020
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Synonyms and keywords: Side cramp
Overview
When exercising, a side stitch is an intense stabbing pain under the lower edge of the ribcage. It is also referred to as exercise related transient abdominal pain (ETAP). This pain is caused by the internal organs (like the liver and stomach) pulling downwards on the diaphragm. It is therefore more likely to occur in sports involving up and down actions - like running, jumping and horse riding.
Causes
Possible Causes
There are more theories regarding ETAP than merely stretching of the visceral ligaments due to repeated vertical translation and jolting. Other theories include:
- Diaphragmatic ischemia
- Imbalances of the thoracic spine
- Irritation of the parietal peritoneum
The reasons for these theories include, in particular, the prevalence of ETAP during swimming.
Most of the time, side stitches occur on the right side of the body. This is due to the largest organ in the abdominal cavity, the liver, being on that side. Certain athletes also report a pain in the tip of their shoulder blade. This is believed to be because this is a referred site of pain for the diaphragm via the phrenic nerve.
Treatment
Possible treatments for side stitches include:
- Stop exercising. With your fingers, push into your abdomen on the right side, and up under the rib cage. At the same time, forcefully let out a deep exhale while holding your lips closely together.
- Stop exercising until the pain goes away.
- Try belly breathing; Inhale while pushing out your abdomen, and on the exhale, relax your abdominal muscles.
- Stop exercising and touch your toes with your fingers, moving your liver away from your diaphragm.
- Breathe on different steps
- Reduce the frequency of breathing (e.g. in jogging, inhale for four steps and exhale for four steps)
- Lie down on your back and lift the knee on the side with the stitch up to your chest.
Primary Prevention
- Improve fitness.
- Strengthen the diaphragm by using exercises such as those that aid respiratory rehabilitation.[1]
- Strengthen core muscles (abdominals, lower back, obliques).
- Limit consumption of food and drink two to three hours before exercising (in particular, drinks of high carbohydrate content and osmolality (reconstituted fruit juices)).
- Drink water beforehand to prevent muscle cramps.
- Warm up properly.
- Gradually increase exercise intensity.
- When running:
- Exhale when the left foot hits the ground, and inhale when the right foot hits the ground.[2]
- Run on soft surfaces.
References
- ↑ "Diaphragm Strengthening". Retrieved May. Unknown parameter
|accessyear=ignored (|access-date=suggested) (help); Check date values in:|accessdate=(help) - ↑ "Coaching Methods". Retrieved September. Unknown parameter
|accessyear=ignored (|access-date=suggested) (help); Check date values in:|accessdate=(help)