Tracheitis physical examination: Difference between revisions
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__NOTOC__ | __NOTOC__ | ||
{{Tracheitis}} | {{Tracheitis}} | ||
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} [[User:Dushka|Dushka Riaz, MD]] | |||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Patients with [[tracheitis]] usually appear [[toxic]], [[lethargic]] and in respiratory distress. They may be aggressive due to [[hypoxia]] and [[hypercarbia]]. Physical examination of patients with [[tracheitis]] is usually remarkable for [[tachycardia]], [[tachypnea]], and [[stridor]]. <ref name="pmid29262085">{{cite journal| author=| title=StatPearls | journal= | year= 2021 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=29262085 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref> | |||
== | ==Physical Examination== | ||
Physical examination of patients with [[tracheitis]] is usually remarkable for [[stridor]], [[tracheal]] [[tenderness]], and [[intercostal]] retractions. <ref name="StroudFriedman2001">{{cite journal|last1=Stroud|first1=Robert H.|last2=Friedman|first2=Norman R.|title=An update on inflammatory disorders of the pediatric airway: Epiglottitis, croup, and tracheitis|journal=American Journal of Otolaryngology|volume=22|issue=4|year=2001|pages=268–275|issn=01960709|doi=10.1053/ajot.2001.24825}}</ref> <ref name="CasazzaGraham2018">{{cite journal|last1=Casazza|first1=Geoffrey|last2=Graham|first2=M. Elise|last3=Nelson|first3=Douglas|last4=Chaulk|first4=David|last5=Sandweiss|first5=David|last6=Meier|first6=Jeremy|title=Pediatric Bacterial Tracheitis—A Variable Entity: Case Series with Literature Review|journal=Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery|volume=160|issue=3|year=2018|pages=546–549|issn=0194-5998|doi=10.1177/0194599818808774}}</ref> <ref name="pmid28757125">{{cite journal| author=Blot M, Bonniaud-Blot P, Favrolt N, Bonniaud P, Chavanet P, Piroth L| title=Update on childhood and adult infectious tracheitis. | journal=Med Mal Infect | year= 2017 | volume= 47 | issue= 7 | pages= 443-452 | pmid=28757125 | doi=10.1016/j.medmal.2017.06.006 | pmc=7125831 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28757125 }} </ref> <ref name="pmid379379">{{cite journal| author=Jones R, Santos JI, Overall JC| title=Bacterial tracheitis. | journal=JAMA | year= 1979 | volume= 242 | issue= 8 | pages= 721-6 | pmid=379379 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=379379 }} </ref> | |||
===Physical Examination=== | |||
Coarse [[crackles]] can be heard on auscultation of the [[chest]], signifying underlying [[pneumonia]]. | |||
===Appearance of the Patient=== | |||
*Patients with bacterial tracheitis may appear toxic, [[lethargic]] and in [[respiratory distress]]. | |||
===Vital Signs=== | |||
*[[Fever]] | |||
*[[Tachycardia]] | |||
*[[Tachypnea]] | |||
*[[Hypotension]] | |||
===Skin=== | |||
*[[Cyanosis]] in impending [[respiratory distress]] | |||
===HEENT=== | |||
*Inflamed nares / congested nares | |||
*[[Purulent]] exudate from the nares | |||
*Erythematous throat | |||
*Mild [[drooling]] | |||
===Neck=== | |||
*[[Lymphadenopathy]] may be present | |||
*Tracheal tenderness on palpation | |||
===Lungs=== | |||
*[[Stridor]] (Inspiratory or Biphasic) | |||
*Decreased chest expansion | |||
*Coarse [[crackles]] upon auscultation of the lungs bilaterally | |||
*[[Egophony]] present when [[pneumonia]] develops as a complication | |||
*[[Bronchophony]] present when [[pneumonia]] develops as a complication | |||
===Heart=== | |||
*Rapid heart rate can be heard on auscultation | |||
===Abdomen=== | |||
*Abdominal examination of patients with [[tracheitis]] is usually normal. | |||
===Back=== | |||
*Back examination of patients with [[tracheitis]] is usually normal. | |||
===Genitourinary=== | |||
*[[Genitourinary system|Genitourinary]] examination of patients with [[tracheitis]] is usually normal. | |||
===Neuromuscular=== | |||
*Neuromuscular examination of patients with [[tracheitis]] is usually normal | |||
*Altered mental status/ acute confusion may be present in [[Hypoxemia|hypoxemic]] individuals | |||
===Extremities=== | |||
*[[Cyanosis]] can be seen in [[hypoxemia]]. | |||
==Reference== | |||
{{reflist|2}} | {{reflist|2}} | ||
{{WH}} | |||
{{WS}} | |||
[[Category:Needs content]] | [[Category:Needs content]] | ||
[[Category:Respiratory system]] | [[Category:Respiratory system]] | ||
[[Category:Disease]] | [[Category:Disease]] | ||
[[Category:Pulmonology]] | [[Category:Pulmonology]] | ||
[[Category:Intensive care medicine]] | [[Category:Intensive care medicine]] | ||
[[Category:Emergency medicine]] | [[Category:Emergency medicine]] | ||
[[Category:Pediatrics]] | [[Category:Pediatrics]] | ||
[[Category:Thorax]] | [[Category:Thorax]] | ||
Latest revision as of 07:00, 3 May 2021
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Dushka Riaz, MD
Overview
Patients with tracheitis usually appear toxic, lethargic and in respiratory distress. They may be aggressive due to hypoxia and hypercarbia. Physical examination of patients with tracheitis is usually remarkable for tachycardia, tachypnea, and stridor. [1]
Physical Examination
Physical examination of patients with tracheitis is usually remarkable for stridor, tracheal tenderness, and intercostal retractions. [2] [3] [4] [5]
Physical Examination
Coarse crackles can be heard on auscultation of the chest, signifying underlying pneumonia.
Appearance of the Patient
- Patients with bacterial tracheitis may appear toxic, lethargic and in respiratory distress.
Vital Signs
Skin
- Cyanosis in impending respiratory distress
HEENT
Neck
- Lymphadenopathy may be present
- Tracheal tenderness on palpation
Lungs
- Stridor (Inspiratory or Biphasic)
- Decreased chest expansion
- Coarse crackles upon auscultation of the lungs bilaterally
- Egophony present when pneumonia develops as a complication
- Bronchophony present when pneumonia develops as a complication
Heart
- Rapid heart rate can be heard on auscultation
Abdomen
- Abdominal examination of patients with tracheitis is usually normal.
Back
- Back examination of patients with tracheitis is usually normal.
Genitourinary
- Genitourinary examination of patients with tracheitis is usually normal.
Neuromuscular
- Neuromuscular examination of patients with tracheitis is usually normal
- Altered mental status/ acute confusion may be present in hypoxemic individuals
Extremities
Reference
- ↑ "StatPearls". 2021. PMID 29262085.
- ↑ Stroud, Robert H.; Friedman, Norman R. (2001). "An update on inflammatory disorders of the pediatric airway: Epiglottitis, croup, and tracheitis". American Journal of Otolaryngology. 22 (4): 268–275. doi:10.1053/ajot.2001.24825. ISSN 0196-0709.
- ↑ Casazza, Geoffrey; Graham, M. Elise; Nelson, Douglas; Chaulk, David; Sandweiss, David; Meier, Jeremy (2018). "Pediatric Bacterial Tracheitis—A Variable Entity: Case Series with Literature Review". Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery. 160 (3): 546–549. doi:10.1177/0194599818808774. ISSN 0194-5998.
- ↑ Blot M, Bonniaud-Blot P, Favrolt N, Bonniaud P, Chavanet P, Piroth L (2017). "Update on childhood and adult infectious tracheitis". Med Mal Infect. 47 (7): 443–452. doi:10.1016/j.medmal.2017.06.006. PMC 7125831 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 28757125. - ↑ Jones R, Santos JI, Overall JC (1979). "Bacterial tracheitis". JAMA. 242 (8): 721–6. PMID 379379.