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{{Obsessive-compulsive disorder}}
{{Obsessive-compulsive disorder}}


{{CMG}} {{AE}} [[User:Abhishek Reddy|Abhishek Reddy ]]
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{Priyanka}} {{Sonya}}, [[User:Abhishek Reddy|Abhishek Reddy]]


== Overview ==
== Overview ==


Obsessive-compulsive disorder is an [[anxiety disorder]]. In obsessive-compulsive disorder people have unwanted and repeated thoughts, feelings, and ideas which are intrusive and unwanted, and are called obsessions. They also display behaviors called compulsions which are also unwanted, and negatively interfere with the sufferers life. The person often carries out these compulsions in order to rid themselves of the obsessive thoughts, but this only provides temporary relief. Not performing the obsessive rituals or tasks can cause the sufferer great anxiety.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder is an [[anxiety]] [[disorder]]. In obsessive-compulsive disorder people have unwanted and repeated thoughts, feelings, and ideas which are intrusive and unwanted, and are called obsessions. They also display behaviors called [[compulsion]]s which are also unwanted, and negatively interfere with the sufferers life. The person often carries out these [[compulsion]]s in order to rid themselves of the obsessive thoughts, but this only provides temporary relief. Not performing the obsessive rituals or tasks can cause the sufferer great [[anxiety]].
==Historical Perspective==
===Discovery===
*In the 19th century, ideas of what [[compulsion]]s and personal obsessions were became a main area of study and analysis.<ref>Sources used include Stanford School of Medicine and the National Institute of Mental Health.  </ref>
*The start of the 20th century brought the largest advancement in the study of obsessions and [[compulsion]]s as more psychiatrists started to link the two [[symptoms]] to one another.
*[[Sigmund Freud]] and [[Pierre Janet]] were the two most influential people in bringing OCD to the modern level of understanding and diagnosis. Freud’s concept combined the idea of cause and effect, meaning that the obsessions created a need for the [[compulsion]]s or repetitive behaviors. Janet however, put forth the idea that the cause of the obsessions stemmed from the inability of the person to use a particular type of nervous energy to complete high level of [[cognitive]] tasks.
*The generic term "obsessive compulsive disorder" is not a term that was created in the traditional sense. No one person discovered "obsessive compulsive disorder" rather it was a collective effort of many mental health professionals over a period of many years.
===Famous Cases===
*Martin Luther (1483-1546), the first and most important leader of the Protestant Reformation in Europe suffered from OCD.
*Dr. Samuel Johnson (1709-1784), accredited with compiling the first dictionary of the English language, suffered from a compulsion of "odd movements".
*Eminent evolutionist Charles Darwin (1809-1882) is now also a well-known historical figure who suffered from OCD.
*Howard Hughes (1905 -1976) is perhaps the most famous person known to have suffered with OCD in more recent times. He was the twentieth century American aviator, engineer, industrialist, film producer, film director, philanthropist, and one of the wealthiest people in the world,  whose story was told in the 2004 film, "The Aviator".
*Engineer Nikola Tesla (1856-1943) displayed a number of characteristics that indicate that he suffered from OCD.
*American Civil War general Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson's (1824-1863) odd behaviors suggest that, despite his prominent achievements, he suffered from OCD.
*Lawyer Ernst Lanzer (1878-1914) was given the nickname "Rat Man" by Sigmund Freud due to his odd compulsion of having an obsession with nightmarish fantasies about rats.


==Discovery==
==Overview==
==Historical Perspective==


In the 1600s having unwanted thoughts and establishing repetitive type behavior were seen as symptoms of melancholia. Melancholia is a severe form of depression where someone looses the ability to enjoy any aspect of life at all. During that time, when religious leaders served many roles within their local communities such as preacher, doctor and judge the main cause of melancholia was seen as something that stemmed from a lack of being a devout religious practitioner.
===Discovery===
* There is limited information about the historical perspective of [disease name].
OR
*[Disease name] was first discovered by [name of scientist], a [nationality + occupation], in [year]/during/following [event].


In the 19th century as the emerging medical community started to break out from under the umbrella of religious authority, the forms of neurosis began to be seen as legitimate mental health issues rather than being a problem of those who were acting as less than devout. Throughout the development of the 19th century, ideas of what compulsions and personal obsessions were became a main area of study and analysis.
*The association between [important risk factor/cause] and [disease name] was made in/during [year/event].
*In [year], [scientist] was the first to discover the association between [risk factor] and the development of [disease name].
*In [year], [gene] mutations were first implicated in the pathogenesis of [disease name].


The start of the 20th century brought the largest advancement in the study of obsessions and compulsions as more psychiatrists were bringing the two issues together. Sigmund Freud and Pierre Janet are the two key figures in bringing OCD to the level of understanding and diagnosis that we have as a combined disorder today . Freud’s concept brought together the idea of cause and effect, meaning that it was the obsessions that created the need for the compulsions or repetitive behaviors. While Janet brought the idea forward that the cause of the obsessions stemmed from the inability of the person to use a particular type of nervous energy to complete high level mental, and so it was redirected into more primitive psychological activities such as focused obsessions and impulses.
===Landmark Events in the Development of Treatment Strategies===


The generic term "obsessive compulsive disorder" is not a term that was created in the traditional sense. No one person discovered "obsessive compulsive disorder" rather it was a collective effort of many mental health professionals over a period of many years.
===Impact on Cultural History===
<ref> Sources used include Stanford School of Medicine and the National Institute of Mental Health.  </ref>


==Development of Treatment Strategies==
===Famous Cases===
 
The following are a few famous cases of [disease name]:
In this excerpt, psychiatrist Ian Osborn traces the history of medications for OCD since the 1960s.
 
The textbook I used in medical school [around 1970], Freedman and Kaplan's Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry, taught Freud's theories and suggested treating OCD with psychoanalysis.  Regarding the use of medications, the authoritative text stated: "There are no drugs that have a specific action on the obsessive-compulsive symptoms...."  I remember dutifully attempting to interpret my OCD patients' dreams in order to get to the roots of their unconscious conflicts, while avoiding prescribing anything.
 
...[But] [i]n 1967, a Spanish psychiatrist, Lopez-Ibor, reported a drug that was specifically effective for OCD, clomipramine (Anafranil).  Many case reports of its successful use followed, and in the 1980s more than fifteen double-blind and placebo controlled studies demonstrated beyond a doubt that it was a uniquely effective treatment for OCD.
 
Clomipramine was developed by chemists who added a chlorine atom to the molecular structure of the standard antidepressant imipramine in the hopes of finding a better antidepressant.  Instead, fortuitously, the new agent was observed by psychiatrists to be helpful for OCD.  Imipramine itself had been developed through experimental changes to the molecule of a certain antihistamine, done in the hope of building a better antihistamine.  The compound was accidentally observed to work in the treatment of depression.  All of the early breakthroughs in medication treatments for mental disorders were due to such serendipity.
 
In the 1970s, however, a remarkable advance in pharmacological research technique ushered in a whole new era in the development of drugs for psychiatric disorders.  Solomon Snyder and colleagues at Johns Hopkins University developed a practical method of screening drugs for their effects on specific chemicals in the brain.  The key discovery was finding a way to keep brain tissue chemically alive after an animal had been sacrificed.  Using this technique, a rat could then be given a drug, sacrificed, and its brain tissue examined to see what effects that drug was having on various brain chemicals.  Serendipity was no longer necessary.  "Designer drugs" with specific effects on certain neurochemicals could now be developed.
 
Prozac, Luvox, Zoloft, and Paxil were all designer drugs, identified by their specific effects on serotonin.  All have been proven very effective anti-OCD agents.  Prozac was the first to be introduced in the United States.
<ref> Ian Osborn, Tormenting Thoughts and Secret Rituals: the hidden epidemic of obsessive-compulsive disorder (New York: Dell Publishing, 1998), pp. 228-9.  </ref>
 
==Famous Cases==
 
Martin Luther (1483-1546), the first and most important leader of the Protestant Reformation in Europe suffered from OCD.
 
Dr. Samuel Johnson (1709-1784), accredited with compiling the first dictionary of the English language, suffered from a compulsion of ‘odd movements’.
 
Eminent evolutionist Charles Darwin (1809-1882) is now also widely accepted to have suffered from OCD.
 
Howard Hughes (1905 -1976) is perhaps the most famous person known to have suffered with OCD in more recent times who was the twentieth century American aviator, engineer, industrialist, film producer, film director, philanthropist, and one of the wealthiest people in the world,  whose story was told in the 2004 film, ‘The Aviator’.


==References==
==References==


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Latest revision as of 16:23, 23 April 2021

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Priyanka Kumari, M.B.B.S[2] Sonya Gelfand, Abhishek Reddy

Overview

Obsessive-compulsive disorder is an anxiety disorder. In obsessive-compulsive disorder people have unwanted and repeated thoughts, feelings, and ideas which are intrusive and unwanted, and are called obsessions. They also display behaviors called compulsions which are also unwanted, and negatively interfere with the sufferers life. The person often carries out these compulsions in order to rid themselves of the obsessive thoughts, but this only provides temporary relief. Not performing the obsessive rituals or tasks can cause the sufferer great anxiety.

Historical Perspective

Discovery

  • In the 19th century, ideas of what compulsions and personal obsessions were became a main area of study and analysis.[1]
  • The start of the 20th century brought the largest advancement in the study of obsessions and compulsions as more psychiatrists started to link the two symptoms to one another.
  • Sigmund Freud and Pierre Janet were the two most influential people in bringing OCD to the modern level of understanding and diagnosis. Freud’s concept combined the idea of cause and effect, meaning that the obsessions created a need for the compulsions or repetitive behaviors. Janet however, put forth the idea that the cause of the obsessions stemmed from the inability of the person to use a particular type of nervous energy to complete high level of cognitive tasks.
  • The generic term "obsessive compulsive disorder" is not a term that was created in the traditional sense. No one person discovered "obsessive compulsive disorder" rather it was a collective effort of many mental health professionals over a period of many years.

Famous Cases

  • Martin Luther (1483-1546), the first and most important leader of the Protestant Reformation in Europe suffered from OCD.
  • Dr. Samuel Johnson (1709-1784), accredited with compiling the first dictionary of the English language, suffered from a compulsion of "odd movements".
  • Eminent evolutionist Charles Darwin (1809-1882) is now also a well-known historical figure who suffered from OCD.
  • Howard Hughes (1905 -1976) is perhaps the most famous person known to have suffered with OCD in more recent times. He was the twentieth century American aviator, engineer, industrialist, film producer, film director, philanthropist, and one of the wealthiest people in the world, whose story was told in the 2004 film, "The Aviator".
  • Engineer Nikola Tesla (1856-1943) displayed a number of characteristics that indicate that he suffered from OCD.
  • American Civil War general Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson's (1824-1863) odd behaviors suggest that, despite his prominent achievements, he suffered from OCD.
  • Lawyer Ernst Lanzer (1878-1914) was given the nickname "Rat Man" by Sigmund Freud due to his odd compulsion of having an obsession with nightmarish fantasies about rats.

Overview

Historical Perspective

Discovery

  • There is limited information about the historical perspective of [disease name].

OR

  • [Disease name] was first discovered by [name of scientist], a [nationality + occupation], in [year]/during/following [event].
  • The association between [important risk factor/cause] and [disease name] was made in/during [year/event].
  • In [year], [scientist] was the first to discover the association between [risk factor] and the development of [disease name].
  • In [year], [gene] mutations were first implicated in the pathogenesis of [disease name].

Landmark Events in the Development of Treatment Strategies

Impact on Cultural History

Famous Cases

The following are a few famous cases of [disease name]:

References

  1. ↑ Sources used include Stanford School of Medicine and the National Institute of Mental Health.

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