Subarachnoid hemorrhage causes: Difference between revisions

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__NOTOC__
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{{Subarachnoid hemorrhage}}
{{Subarachnoid hemorrhage}}
{{CMG}}; '''Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief:''' {{CZ}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{SAH}} {{CZ}}; {{SaraM}}
==Overview==
==Overview==
Spontaneous SAH is most often due to rupture of [[cerebral aneurysm]]s (85%), which are weaknesses in the wall of the [[artery|arteries]] of the brain that enlarge. While most cases of SAH are due to bleeding from small aneurysms, there is evidence from research that larger aneurysms (which are rarer) are still more likely to rupture. A further 10% of cases is due to non-aneurysmal perimesencephalic hemorrhage, in which the blood is limited to the area of the midbrain. No aneurysms are generally found. The remaining 5% are due to [[vasculitis|vasculitic]] damage to arteries, other disorders affecting the vessels, disorders of the [[spinal cord]] blood vessels, and bleeding into various [[tumor]]s.
Subarachnoid hemorrhages may be caused by trauma or may occur spontaneously. Spontaneous SAH is most often due to rupture of [[cerebral aneurysm]]s (85%), which are weaknesses in the wall of the [[artery|arteries]] of the brain that enlarge.  
Beside aneurysmal rupture, other common causes of spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhages include vascular events (such as [[arteriovenous malformation]], [[dural arteriovenous fistula]], perimesencephalic, [[arterial dissection|Intracranial arterial dissection]], and [[amyloid angiopathy]]), cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome after carotid endarterectomy, brain or cervical tumors, and illicit drug use (such as [[cocaine]] and[[amphetamines]]).<ref name="pmid20231664">{{cite journal| author=Kumar S, Goddeau RP, Selim MH, Thomas A, Schlaug G, Alhazzani A et al.| title=Atraumatic convexal subarachnoid hemorrhage: clinical presentation, imaging patterns, and etiologies. | journal=Neurology | year= 2010 | volume= 74 | issue= 11 | pages= 893-9 | pmid=20231664 | doi=10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181d55efa | pmc=2836868 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20231664  }} </ref><ref name="pmid14087271">{{cite journal| author=STEHBENS WE| title=ANEURYSMS AND ANATOMICAL VARIATION OF CEREBRAL ARTERIES. | journal=Arch Pathol | year= 1963 | volume= 75 | issue=  | pages= 45-64 | pmid=14087271 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14087271  }} </ref><ref name="pmid7681275">{{cite journal| author=Austin G, Fisher S, Dickson D, Anderson D, Richardson S| title=The significance of the extracellular matrix in intracranial aneurysms. | journal=Ann Clin Lab Sci | year= 1993 | volume= 23 | issue= 2 | pages= 97-105 | pmid=7681275 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7681275  }} </ref><ref name="pmid2675363">{{cite journal| author=Schievink WI, Karemaker JM, Hageman LM, van der Werf DJ| title=Circumstances surrounding aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. | journal=Surg Neurol | year= 1989 | volume= 32 | issue= 4 | pages= 266-72 | pmid=2675363 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2675363  }} </ref><ref name="pmid1774755">{{cite journal| author=Patel RL, Richards P, Chambers DJ, Venn G| title=Infective endocarditis complicated by ruptured cerebral mycotic aneurysm. | journal=J R Soc Med | year= 1991 | volume= 84 | issue= 12 | pages= 746-7 | pmid=1774755 | doi= | pmc=1295527 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1774755  }} </ref><ref name="pmid11117973">{{cite journal| author=Kernan WN, Viscoli CM, Brass LM, Broderick JP, Brott T, Feldmann E et al.| title=c and the risk of hemorrhagic stroke. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2000 | volume= 343 | issue= 25 | pages= 1826-32 | pmid=11117973 | doi=10.1056/NEJM200012213432501 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11117973  }} </ref><ref name="pmid1866000">{{cite journal| author=Levine SR, Brust JC, Futrell N, Brass LM, Blake D, Fayad P et al.| title=A comparative study of the cerebrovascular complications of cocaine: alkaloidal versus hydrochloride--a review. | journal=Neurology | year= 1991 | volume= 41 | issue= 8 | pages= 1173-7 | pmid=1866000 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1866000  }} </ref><ref name="pmid3572505">{{cite journal| author=Scotti G, Filizzolo F, Scialfa G, Tampieri D, Versari P| title=Repeated subarachnoid hemorrhages from a cervical meningioma. Case report. | journal=J Neurosurg | year= 1987 | volume= 66 | issue= 5 | pages= 779-81 | pmid=3572505 | doi=10.3171/jns.1987.66.5.0779 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3572505  }} </ref>
 
==Causes==
Subarachnoid hemorrhages may be caused by trauma or may occur spontaneously.
 
Common causes of subarachnoid hemorrhages include:<ref name="pmid20231664">{{cite journal| author=Kumar S, Goddeau RP, Selim MH, Thomas A, Schlaug G, Alhazzani A et al.| title=Atraumatic convexal subarachnoid hemorrhage: clinical presentation, imaging patterns, and etiologies. | journal=Neurology | year= 2010 | volume= 74 | issue= 11 | pages= 893-9 | pmid=20231664 | doi=10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181d55efa | pmc=2836868 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20231664  }} </ref><ref name="pmid14087271">{{cite journal| author=STEHBENS WE| title=ANEURYSMS AND ANATOMICAL VARIATION OF CEREBRAL ARTERIES. | journal=Arch Pathol | year= 1963 | volume= 75 | issue=  | pages= 45-64 | pmid=14087271 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14087271  }} </ref><ref name="pmid7681275">{{cite journal| author=Austin G, Fisher S, Dickson D, Anderson D, Richardson S| title=The significance of the extracellular matrix in intracranial aneurysms. | journal=Ann Clin Lab Sci | year= 1993 | volume= 23 | issue= 2 | pages= 97-105 | pmid=7681275 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7681275  }} </ref><ref name="pmid2675363">{{cite journal| author=Schievink WI, Karemaker JM, Hageman LM, van der Werf DJ| title=Circumstances surrounding aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. | journal=Surg Neurol | year= 1989 | volume= 32 | issue= 4 | pages= 266-72 | pmid=2675363 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2675363  }} </ref><ref name="pmid1774755">{{cite journal| author=Patel RL, Richards P, Chambers DJ, Venn G| title=Infective endocarditis complicated by ruptured cerebral mycotic aneurysm. | journal=J R Soc Med | year= 1991 | volume= 84 | issue= 12 | pages= 746-7 | pmid=1774755 | doi= | pmc=1295527 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1774755  }} </ref><ref name="pmid11117973">{{cite journal| author=Kernan WN, Viscoli CM, Brass LM, Broderick JP, Brott T, Feldmann E et al.| title=c and the risk of hemorrhagic stroke. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2000 | volume= 343 | issue= 25 | pages= 1826-32 | pmid=11117973 | doi=10.1056/NEJM200012213432501 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11117973  }} </ref><ref name="pmid1866000">{{cite journal| author=Levine SR, Brust JC, Futrell N, Brass LM, Blake D, Fayad P et al.| title=A comparative study of the cerebrovascular complications of cocaine: alkaloidal versus hydrochloride--a review. | journal=Neurology | year= 1991 | volume= 41 | issue= 8 | pages= 1173-7 | pmid=1866000 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1866000  }} </ref><ref name="pmid3572505">{{cite journal| author=Scotti G, Filizzolo F, Scialfa G, Tampieri D, Versari P| title=Repeated subarachnoid hemorrhages from a cervical meningioma. Case report. | journal=J Neurosurg | year= 1987 | volume= 66 | issue= 5 | pages= 779-81 | pmid=3572505 | doi=10.3171/jns.1987.66.5.0779 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3572505  }} </ref><ref name="pmid20142616">{{cite journal| author=Navi BB, Reichman JS, Berlin D, Reiner AS, Panageas KS, Segal AZ et al.| title=Intracerebral and subarachnoid hemorrhage in patients with cancer. | journal=Neurology | year= 2010 | volume= 74 | issue= 6 | pages= 494-501 | pmid=20142616 | doi=10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181cef837 | pmc=2830918 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20142616  }} </ref>
 
=== Trauma ===
Head trauma following accident or a fall
=== Spontaneous ===
'''Rupture of an aneurysm'''
* [[Aneurysm|Saccular aneurysms]] (most common cause)
* Fusiform aneurysms
* Mycotic aneurysms
==== Vascular events ====
*[[Arteriovenous malformation]]
*[[Dural arteriovenous fistula]]
*Perimesencephalic
*[[Arterial dissection|Intracranial arterial dissection]]
*[[Amyloid angiopathy]]
*Cerebral venous thrombosis
*Cerebral vasculitis
*Reversible vasoconstriction syndrome
====Cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome after carotid endarterectomy====
====Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome====
====Brain or cervical tumors====
==== Illicit drug use ====
*[[Cocaine]]  
*[[Amphetamines]]


==References==
==References==
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{{WS}}


[[Category:Neurotrauma]]
 
[[Category:Neurosurgery]]
[[Category:Neurosurgery]]
[[Category:Intensive care medicine]]
 
[[Category:Neurology]]
[[Category:Neurology]]
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Needs causes]]

Latest revision as of 06:38, 14 November 2018

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Microchapters

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Syed Ahsan Hussain, M.D.[2] Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [3]; Sara Mehrsefat, M.D. [4]

Overview

Subarachnoid hemorrhages may be caused by trauma or may occur spontaneously. Spontaneous SAH is most often due to rupture of cerebral aneurysms (85%), which are weaknesses in the wall of the arteries of the brain that enlarge. Beside aneurysmal rupture, other common causes of spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhages include vascular events (such as arteriovenous malformation, dural arteriovenous fistula, perimesencephalic, Intracranial arterial dissection, and amyloid angiopathy), cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome after carotid endarterectomy, brain or cervical tumors, and illicit drug use (such as cocaine andamphetamines).[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]

Causes

Subarachnoid hemorrhages may be caused by trauma or may occur spontaneously.

Common causes of subarachnoid hemorrhages include:[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]

Trauma

Head trauma following accident or a fall

Spontaneous

Rupture of an aneurysm

Vascular events

Cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome after carotid endarterectomy

Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome

Brain or cervical tumors

Illicit drug use

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Kumar S, Goddeau RP, Selim MH, Thomas A, Schlaug G, Alhazzani A; et al. (2010). "Atraumatic convexal subarachnoid hemorrhage: clinical presentation, imaging patterns, and etiologies". Neurology. 74 (11): 893–9. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181d55efa. PMC 2836868. PMID 20231664.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 STEHBENS WE (1963). "ANEURYSMS AND ANATOMICAL VARIATION OF CEREBRAL ARTERIES". Arch Pathol. 75: 45–64. PMID 14087271.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Austin G, Fisher S, Dickson D, Anderson D, Richardson S (1993). "The significance of the extracellular matrix in intracranial aneurysms". Ann Clin Lab Sci. 23 (2): 97–105. PMID 7681275.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Schievink WI, Karemaker JM, Hageman LM, van der Werf DJ (1989). "Circumstances surrounding aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage". Surg Neurol. 32 (4): 266–72. PMID 2675363.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Patel RL, Richards P, Chambers DJ, Venn G (1991). "Infective endocarditis complicated by ruptured cerebral mycotic aneurysm". J R Soc Med. 84 (12): 746–7. PMC 1295527. PMID 1774755.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Kernan WN, Viscoli CM, Brass LM, Broderick JP, Brott T, Feldmann E; et al. (2000). "c and the risk of hemorrhagic stroke". N Engl J Med. 343 (25): 1826–32. doi:10.1056/NEJM200012213432501. PMID 11117973.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Levine SR, Brust JC, Futrell N, Brass LM, Blake D, Fayad P; et al. (1991). "A comparative study of the cerebrovascular complications of cocaine: alkaloidal versus hydrochloride--a review". Neurology. 41 (8): 1173–7. PMID 1866000.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Scotti G, Filizzolo F, Scialfa G, Tampieri D, Versari P (1987). "Repeated subarachnoid hemorrhages from a cervical meningioma. Case report". J Neurosurg. 66 (5): 779–81. doi:10.3171/jns.1987.66.5.0779. PMID 3572505.
  9. ↑ Navi BB, Reichman JS, Berlin D, Reiner AS, Panageas KS, Segal AZ; et al. (2010). "Intracerebral and subarachnoid hemorrhage in patients with cancer". Neurology. 74 (6): 494–501. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181cef837. PMC 2830918. PMID 20142616.

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