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==Overview==
Common causes of blepharitis include [[bacterial infections]], [[meibomian gland|dysfunctional meibomian glands]], [[allergies]], and ''[[Demodex folliculorum]]''.<ref name="pmid19383269">{{cite journal| author=Lemp MA, Nichols KK| title=Blepharitis in the United States 2009: a survey-based perspective on prevalence and treatment. | journal=Ocul Surf | year= 2009 | volume= 7 | issue= 2 Suppl | pages= S1-S14 | pmid=19383269 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19383269  }} </ref><ref name=Blepharitis-1> Blepharitis. American Academy of Ophthalmology/eyewiki (2014). http://eyewiki.org/Blepharitis Accessed on July 14, 2016 </ref>


{{CMG}}
==Causes==
==Causes==
Blepharitis is caused by an overgrowth of the bacteria that is normally found on the skin. It is usually due to seborrheic dermatitis or a bacterial infection. Both may occur at the same time.
Common causes of blepharitis include:<ref name="pmid19383269">{{cite journal| author=Lemp MA, Nichols KK| title=Blepharitis in the United States 2009: a survey-based perspective on prevalence and treatment. | journal=Ocul Surf | year= 2009 | volume= 7 | issue= 2 Suppl | pages= S1-S14 | pmid=19383269 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19383269  }} </ref><ref name=Blepharitis-1> American Academy of Ophthalmology/ eyewiki (2014) http://eyewiki.org/Blepharitis Accessed on July 14, 2016 </ref><ref name="pmid20590417">{{cite journal| author=Bernardes TF, Bonfioli AA| title=Blepharitis. | journal=Semin Ophthalmol | year= 2010 | volume= 25 | issue= 3 | pages= 79-83 | pmid=20590417 | doi=10.3109/08820538.2010.488562 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20590417  }} </ref><ref name="pmid3466455">{{cite journal| author=McCulley JP, Dougherty JM| title=Bacterial aspects of chronic blepharitis. | journal=Trans Ophthalmol Soc U K | year= 1986 | volume= 105 ( Pt 3) | issue=  | pages= 314-8 | pmid=3466455 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3466455  }} </ref><ref name="pmid8779082">{{cite journal| author=Driver PJ, Lemp MA| title=Meibomian gland dysfunction. | journal=Surv Ophthalmol | year= 1996 | volume= 40 | issue= 5 | pages= 343-67 | pmid=8779082 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8779082  }} </ref>
*[[Bacterial]] colonization
**''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]'' (most common)
**''[[Corynebacterium]]''
**''[[Staphylococcus epidermidis]]''
*[[Meibomian gland|Dysfunctional meibomian glands]]
*[[Allergies]]
*''[[Demodex folliculorum]]''
Blepharitis may be also caused by:<ref name=blepharitis-2> Blepharitis. Diseases Database. (2016). http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/relationship.asp?glngUserChoice=1455&bytRel=2&blnBW=0&strBB=RL&blnClassSort=255 Accessed on July 15, 2016 </ref>
*[[Lipoid proteinosis]] ([[autosomal recessive]] condition)
*Periorbital [[cellulitis]]
*[[Dipivefrin]]


The cause is overgrowth of the bacteria that is normally found on the skin.
===Causes by Organ System===


Allergies and lice that affects the eyelashes may also cause blepharitis, although these causes are less common.
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" |'''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"| '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[irritation|Chemical irritants]], [[mustard gas]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Atopic dermatitis]], [[congenital erythropoietic porphyria]], [[contact dermatitis]], [[dyskeratosis congenita]], [[epidermolysis bullosa]], [[psoriasis]], [[rosacea]], [[seborrheic dermatitis]], [[skin cancer]], [[xeroderma pigmentosum]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acitretin]], [[apraclonidine]], [[atropine|atropine (systemic)]], [[betaxolol|betaxolol (systemic)]], [[bexarotene|bexarotene (systemic)]], [[brimonidine (ophthalmic)]], [[brinzolamide]], [[cetuximab]], [[clomipramine]], [[difluprednate]], [[dipivefrin]], [[Erythromycin and Benzoyl Peroxide Topical (patient information)|erythromycin and benzoyl peroxide topical (patient information)]], [[fluocinolone|fluocinolone (ophthalmic)]], [[gatifloxacin]], [[gefitinib]], [[iloperidone]], [[ipilimumab]], [[isotretinoin]], [[lansoprazole]], [[lodoxamide tromethamine]], [[loteprednol]], [[methotrexate]], [[metipranolol]], [[mirtazapine]], [[mupirocin]], [[nisoldipine]], [[nitisinone]], [[pegaptanib]], [[pentamidine|pentamidine (oral inhalation)]], [[pramipexole]], [[pregabalin]], [[quetiapine]], [[ranibizumab]], [[rasagiline]], [[saquinavir]], [[tacrolimus (topical)]], [[tiagabine]], [[timolol (ophthalmic)]], [[travoprost]], [[unoprostone]], [[venlafaxine]], [[verteporfin]], [[zaleplon]], [[ziprasidone]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Diabetes]], [[glucagonoma syndrome]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Congenital erythropoietic porphyria]], [[Crohn’s disease]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Congenital erythropoietic porphyria]], [[dyskeratosis congenita]], [[epidermolysis bullosa]], [[lipoid proteinosis]], [[myotonic dystrophy]], [[xeroderma pigmentosum]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Congenital erythropoietic porphyria]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Demodex]], [[herpes simplex virus infection]], [[HIV]], [[lice]], [[molluscum contagiosum]], [[pediculosis]], [[periorbital cellulitis]], [[phthiriasis]], [[propionibacterium acnes]], [[pseudomonas aeruginosa]], [[staphylococcus aureus]], [[syphilis]], [[varicella zoster]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Myotonic dystrophy]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Myotonic dystrophy]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Lipoid proteinosis]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Glucagonoma syndrome]], [[skin cancer]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ophthalmologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Atopic keratoconjunctivitis]], [[chalazion]], [[contact lens]], [[dry eyes]], [[meibomian gland|dysfunctional meibomian glands]], [[periorbital cellulitis]], [[vernal keratoconjunctivitis]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose/Toxicity'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Allergies]], [[atopic dermatitis]], [[atopic keratoconjunctivitis]], [[graft-versus-host disease|chronic graft-versus-host disease]], [[Sjögren's syndrome]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Sexual'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Urologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[hygiene|Poor hygiene]]
|-
|}


People who have blepharitis have too much oil being produced by the glands near the eyelid. This allows bacteria normally found on the skin to overgrow.
===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
{{columns-list|
*[[Acitretin]]
*[[Allergies]]
*[[Apraclonidine]]
*[[Atopic dermatitis]] <ref name="pmid17762935">{{cite journal| author=Auw-Haedrich C, Reinhard T| title=[Chronic blepharitis. Pathogenesis, clinical features, and therapy]. | journal=Ophthalmologe | year= 2007 | volume= 104 | issue= 9 | pages= 817-26; quiz 827-8 | pmid=17762935 | doi=10.1007/s00347-007-1608-8 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17762935  }} </ref>
*[[Atopic keratoconjunctivitis]]
*[[atropine|Atropine (systemic)]]
*[[betaxolol|Betaxolol (systemic)]]
*[[bexarotene|Bexarotene (systemic)]]
*[[Brimonidine (ophthalmic)]]
*[[Brinzolamide]]
*[[Cetuximab]] <ref name="pmid17026793">{{cite journal| author=Dranko S, Kinney C, Ramanathan RK| title=Ocular toxicity related to cetuximab monotherapy in patients with colorectal cancer. | journal=Clin Colorectal Cancer | year= 2006 | volume= 6 | issue= 3 | pages= 224-5 | pmid=17026793 | doi=10.3816/CCC.2006.n.040 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17026793  }} </ref>
*[[Chalazion]]
*[[irritation|Chemical irritants]]
*[[graft-versus-host disease|Chronic graft-versus-host disease]]
*[[Clomipramine]]
*[[Congenital erythropoietic porphyria]]
*[[Contact dermatitis]]
*[[Contact lens]]
*[[Crohn’s disease]] <ref name="pmid17262200">{{cite journal| author=Yilmaz S, Aydemir E, Maden A, Unsal B| title=The prevalence of ocular involvement in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. | journal=Int J Colorectal Dis | year= 2007 | volume= 22 | issue= 9 | pages= 1027-30 | pmid=17262200 | doi=10.1007/s00384-007-0275-1 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17262200  }} </ref>
*[[Demodex]]
*[[Diabetes]]
*[[Difluprednate]]
*[[Dipivefrin]]
*[[Dry eyes]]
*[[meibomian gland|Dysfunctional meibomian glands]] <ref name="pmid8779082">{{cite journal| author=Driver PJ, Lemp MA| title=Meibomian gland dysfunction. | journal=Surv Ophthalmol | year= 1996 | volume= 40 | issue= 5 | pages= 343-67 | pmid=8779082 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8779082  }} </ref>
*[[Dyskeratosis congenita]]
*[[Epidermolysis bullosa]]
*[[Erythromycin and Benzoyl Peroxide Topical (patient information)|Erythromycin and benzoyl peroxide topical (patient information)]]
*[[fluocinolone|Fluocinolone (ophthalmic)]]
*[[Gatifloxacin]]
*[[Gefitinib]]
*[[Glucagonoma syndrome]]
*[[Herpes simplex virus infection]]
*[[HIV]] <ref name="pmid18711264">{{cite journal| author=Biswas J, Sudharshan S| title=Anterior segment manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome. | journal=Indian J Ophthalmol | year= 2008 | volume= 56 | issue= 5 | pages= 363-75 | pmid=18711264 | doi= | pmc=PMC2636142 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18711264  }} </ref>
*[[Iloperidone]]
*[[Ipilimumab]]
*[[Isotretinoin]]
*[[Lansoprazole]]
*[[Lice]]
*[[Lipoid proteinosis]]
*[[Lodoxamide tromethamine]]
*[[Loteprednol]]
*[[Methotrexate]]
*[[Metipranolol]]
*[[Mirtazapine]]
*[[Molluscum contagiosum]]
*[[Mupirocin]]
*[[sulfur mustard|Mustard gas]] <ref name="pmid21282998">{{cite journal| author=Karimian F, Zarei-Ghanavati S, A BR, Jadidi K, Lotfi-Kian A| title=Microbiological evaluation of chronic blepharitis among Iranian veterans exposed to mustard gas: a case-controlled study. | journal=Cornea | year= 2011 | volume= 30 | issue= 6 | pages= 620-3 | pmid=21282998 | doi=10.1097/ICO.0b013e3181e16f7c | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21282998  }} </ref>
*[[Myotonic dystrophy]]
*[[Nisoldipine]]
*[[Nitisinone]]
*[[Pediculosis]]
*[[Pegaptanib]]
*[[pentamidine|Pentamidine (oral inhalation)]]
*[[Periorbital cellulitis]]
*[[Phthiriasis]]
*[[hygiene|Poor hygiene]]
*[[Pramipexole]]
*[[Pregabalin]]
*[[Propionibacterium acnes]] <ref name="pmid3466455">{{cite journal| author=McCulley JP, Dougherty JM| title=Bacterial aspects of chronic blepharitis. | journal=Trans Ophthalmol Soc U K | year= 1986 | volume= 105 ( Pt 3) | issue=  | pages= 314-8 | pmid=3466455 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3466455  }} </ref>
*[[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]
*[[Psoriasis]] <ref name="pmid21550135">{{cite journal| author=Rehal B, Modjtahedi BS, Morse LS, Schwab IR, Maibach HI| title=Ocular psoriasis. | journal=J Am Acad Dermatol | year= 2011 | volume= 65 | issue= 6 | pages= 1202-12 | pmid=21550135 | doi=10.1016/j.jaad.2010.10.032 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21550135  }} </ref>
*[[Quetiapine]]
*[[Ranibizumab]]
*[[Rasagiline]]
*[[Rosacea]] <ref name="pmid17762935">{{cite journal| author=Auw-Haedrich C, Reinhard T| title=[Chronic blepharitis. Pathogenesis, clinical features, and therapy]. | journal=Ophthalmologe | year= 2007 | volume= 104 | issue= 9 | pages= 817-26; quiz 827-8 | pmid=17762935 | doi=10.1007/s00347-007-1608-8 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17762935  }} </ref>
*[[Saquinavir]]
*[[Seborrheic dermatitis]] <ref name="pmid17762935">{{cite journal| author=Auw-Haedrich C, Reinhard T| title=[Chronic blepharitis. Pathogenesis, clinical features, and therapy]. | journal=Ophthalmologe | year= 2007 | volume= 104 | issue= 9 | pages= 817-26; quiz 827-8 | pmid=17762935 | doi=10.1007/s00347-007-1608-8 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17762935  }} </ref>
*[[Sjögren's syndrome]]
*[[Skin cancer]]
*[[Staphylococcus aureus]] <ref name="pmid3466455">{{cite journal| author=McCulley JP, Dougherty JM| title=Bacterial aspects of chronic blepharitis. | journal=Trans Ophthalmol Soc U K | year= 1986 | volume= 105 ( Pt 3) | issue=  | pages= 314-8 | pmid=3466455 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3466455  }} </ref>
*[[Syphilis]]
*[[Tacrolimus (topical)]]
*[[Tiagabine]]
*[[Timolol (ophthalmic)]]
*[[Travoprost]]
*[[Unoprostone]]
*[[Varicella zoster]]
*[[Venlafaxine]]
*[[Vernal keratoconjunctivitis]]
*[[Verteporfin]]
*[[Xeroderma pigmentosum]] <ref name="pmid23601806">{{cite journal| author=Brooks BP, Thompson AH, Bishop RJ, Clayton JA, Chan CC, Tsilou ET et al.| title=Ocular manifestations of xeroderma pigmentosum: long-term follow-up highlights the role of DNA repair in protection from sun damage. | journal=Ophthalmology | year= 2013 | volume= 120 | issue= 7 | pages= 1324-36 | pmid=23601806 | doi=10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.12.044 | pmc=PMC3702678 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23601806  }} </ref>
*[[Zaleplon]]
*[[Ziprasidone]]
}}


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}


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Latest revision as of 20:38, 29 July 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ogheneochuko Ajari, MB.BS, MS [2], Sara Mehrsefat, M.D. [3]

Overview

Common causes of blepharitis include bacterial infections, dysfunctional meibomian glands, allergies, and Demodex folliculorum.[1][2]

Causes

Common causes of blepharitis include:[1][2][3][4][5]

Blepharitis may be also caused by:[6]

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular No underlying causes
Chemical/Poisoning Chemical irritants, mustard gas
Dental No underlying causes
Dermatologic Atopic dermatitis, congenital erythropoietic porphyria, contact dermatitis, dyskeratosis congenita, epidermolysis bullosa, psoriasis, rosacea, seborrheic dermatitis, skin cancer, xeroderma pigmentosum
Drug Side Effect Acitretin, apraclonidine, atropine (systemic), betaxolol (systemic), bexarotene (systemic), brimonidine (ophthalmic), brinzolamide, cetuximab, clomipramine, difluprednate, dipivefrin, erythromycin and benzoyl peroxide topical (patient information), fluocinolone (ophthalmic), gatifloxacin, gefitinib, iloperidone, ipilimumab, isotretinoin, lansoprazole, lodoxamide tromethamine, loteprednol, methotrexate, metipranolol, mirtazapine, mupirocin, nisoldipine, nitisinone, pegaptanib, pentamidine (oral inhalation), pramipexole, pregabalin, quetiapine, ranibizumab, rasagiline, saquinavir, tacrolimus (topical), tiagabine, timolol (ophthalmic), travoprost, unoprostone, venlafaxine, verteporfin, zaleplon, ziprasidone
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine Diabetes, glucagonoma syndrome
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic Congenital erythropoietic porphyria, Crohn’s disease
Genetic Congenital erythropoietic porphyria, dyskeratosis congenita, epidermolysis bullosa, lipoid proteinosis, myotonic dystrophy, xeroderma pigmentosum
Hematologic Congenital erythropoietic porphyria
Iatrogenic No underlying causes
Infectious Disease Demodex, herpes simplex virus infection, HIV, lice, molluscum contagiosum, pediculosis, periorbital cellulitis, phthiriasis, propionibacterium acnes, pseudomonas aeruginosa, staphylococcus aureus, syphilis, varicella zoster
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic Myotonic dystrophy
Neurologic Myotonic dystrophy
Nutritional/Metabolic Lipoid proteinosis
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic Glucagonoma syndrome, skin cancer
Ophthalmologic Atopic keratoconjunctivitis, chalazion, contact lens, dry eyes, dysfunctional meibomian glands, periorbital cellulitis, vernal keratoconjunctivitis
Overdose/Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary No underlying causes
Renal/Electrolyte No underlying causes
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy Allergies, atopic dermatitis, atopic keratoconjunctivitis, chronic graft-versus-host disease, Sjögren's syndrome
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma No underlying causes
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous Poor hygiene

Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Lemp MA, Nichols KK (2009). "Blepharitis in the United States 2009: a survey-based perspective on prevalence and treatment". Ocul Surf. 7 (2 Suppl): S1–S14. PMID 19383269.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Blepharitis. American Academy of Ophthalmology/eyewiki (2014). http://eyewiki.org/Blepharitis Accessed on July 14, 2016
  3. ↑ Bernardes TF, Bonfioli AA (2010). "Blepharitis". Semin Ophthalmol. 25 (3): 79–83. doi:10.3109/08820538.2010.488562. PMID 20590417.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 McCulley JP, Dougherty JM (1986). "Bacterial aspects of chronic blepharitis". Trans Ophthalmol Soc U K. 105 ( Pt 3): 314–8. PMID 3466455.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Driver PJ, Lemp MA (1996). "Meibomian gland dysfunction". Surv Ophthalmol. 40 (5): 343–67. PMID 8779082.
  6. ↑ Blepharitis. Diseases Database. (2016). http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/relationship.asp?glngUserChoice=1455&bytRel=2&blnBW=0&strBB=RL&blnClassSort=255 Accessed on July 15, 2016
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Auw-Haedrich C, Reinhard T (2007). "[Chronic blepharitis. Pathogenesis, clinical features, and therapy]". Ophthalmologe. 104 (9): 817–26, quiz 827-8. doi:10.1007/s00347-007-1608-8. PMID 17762935.
  8. ↑ Dranko S, Kinney C, Ramanathan RK (2006). "Ocular toxicity related to cetuximab monotherapy in patients with colorectal cancer". Clin Colorectal Cancer. 6 (3): 224–5. doi:10.3816/CCC.2006.n.040. PMID 17026793.
  9. ↑ Yilmaz S, Aydemir E, Maden A, Unsal B (2007). "The prevalence of ocular involvement in patients with inflammatory bowel disease". Int J Colorectal Dis. 22 (9): 1027–30. doi:10.1007/s00384-007-0275-1. PMID 17262200.
  10. ↑ Biswas J, Sudharshan S (2008). "Anterior segment manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome". Indian J Ophthalmol. 56 (5): 363–75. PMC 2636142. PMID 18711264.
  11. ↑ Karimian F, Zarei-Ghanavati S, A BR, Jadidi K, Lotfi-Kian A (2011). "Microbiological evaluation of chronic blepharitis among Iranian veterans exposed to mustard gas: a case-controlled study". Cornea. 30 (6): 620–3. doi:10.1097/ICO.0b013e3181e16f7c. PMID 21282998.
  12. ↑ Rehal B, Modjtahedi BS, Morse LS, Schwab IR, Maibach HI (2011). "Ocular psoriasis". J Am Acad Dermatol. 65 (6): 1202–12. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2010.10.032. PMID 21550135.
  13. ↑ Brooks BP, Thompson AH, Bishop RJ, Clayton JA, Chan CC, Tsilou ET; et al. (2013). "Ocular manifestations of xeroderma pigmentosum: long-term follow-up highlights the role of DNA repair in protection from sun damage". Ophthalmology. 120 (7): 1324–36. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.12.044. PMC 3702678. PMID 23601806.
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