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__NOTOC__
{{CMG}} {{CLG}}
==Causes==
===Life Threatening Causes===
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.


===Common Causes===
* [[Acetaminophen]]
* [[Albuterol ]]
* [[Biliary disease]]
* [[Caffeine]]
* [[Cystic fibrosis]]
* [[Clostridium difficile]]
* [[Diverticulitis]]
* [[Lisinopril]]
* [[Irritable bowel syndrome]]
* [[Intermittent bowel obstruction]]
* [[Malabsorption]]
* [[Obesity]]
===Causes by Organ System===
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Polyethylene glycol]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| Carbohydrate malabsorption, [[malabsorption ]],  [[HIV]] related malabsorption, intestinal [[tuberculosis]], [[tropical sprue]], [[whipple's disease]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Acetaminophen]], [[acarbose]], [[acamprosate calcium]], [[albuterol ]], [[bexarotene]], [[bupropion]], [[butalbital]], [[calcium carbonate ]], [[levodopa and carbidopa]], [[cevimeline]], [[cidofovir]], [[chloral hydrate]], [[citalopram ]], [[clindamycin]], [[codeine]], [[denosumab]], [[disopyramide]], [[dolutegravir]], [[dulaglutide ]], [[etodolac]], [[exenatide]], [[flurbiprofen]], [[glipizide]], [[glycopyrrolate]], [[lactulose]], [[lanreotide]], [[lisinopril]], [[lithium]], [[lovastatin]], [[medications]], [[megestrol acetate]], [[megestrol]], [[meropenem]], [[mesalazine]], [[metformin]], [[midodrine]], [[misoprostol]], [[miglitol]], [[modafinil]], [[moxifloxacin]], [[naproxen]], [[niacin]], [[nitrofurantoin]], [[norfloxacin]], [[octreotide]], [[ofloxacin]], [[oxaprozin]], [[pantoprazole]], [[pergolide]], [[polyethylene glycol]], [[piroxicam]], [[rabeprazole]], [[Human chorionic gonadotropin]], [[rifampicin]], [[ritonavir]], [[simethicone]], [[simvastatin]], [[sotalol]], [[sunitinib]], [[tacrolimus]], [[tramadol]], [[thalidomide]], [[tolcapone]], [[tolmetin]], [[varenicline]], [[vilazodone]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Pancreatic cancer]], [[pancreatic disease]], [[pancreatic insufficiency]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Abdominal surgery]], [[aerophagia]], alteration of intestinal motility, [[amebiasis]], [[biliary disease]], blastocystis, bowel fermentation, [[caffeine]], [[carcinoid tumors]], [[celiac disease]], [[cholesterolosis]], chronic constipation in adults, chronic diarrhea in developed countries, chronic functional constipation and fecal incontinence in infants and children, chronic mesenteric ischemia, [[cirrhosis of liver]], [[crohn's disease]], [[diverticulitis]], [[diverticulosis]], fecal incontinence in infants and children, [[gallbladder disease]], gallbladder disorders, [[gallbladder polyps]], [[gallstone ileus]], [[gallstones]], gastric intestinal metaplasia, [[gastroesophageal reflux disease]], gastrointestinal toxicity of radiation therapy, [[giardiasis]], [[hepatic encephalopathy in adults]], [[hypersalivation]], [[intermittent bowel obstruction]], [[human growth hormone]], [[intestinal bacterial overgrowth]], [[intestinal motility disorders]], [[intestinal obstruction]], [[irritable bowel syndrome]], [[lactase deficiency]], [[metorchis]], [[pancreatic carcinoma]], [[pancreatic insufficiency]], [[pneumatosis intestinalis]], [[postoperative ileus]], [[probiotics for gastrointestinal diseases]], [[short bowel syndrome ]], [[small bowel diverticular]], [[swallowed air]], [[lactase deficiency]], [[metorchis]], [[pancreatic carcinoma]], [[pancreatic insufficiency]], [[pneumatosis intestinalis]], [[postoperative ileus]], [[probiotics for gastrointestinal diseases]], [[short bowel syndrome]], [[small bowel diverticular ]], [[swallowed air]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease]], [[cystic fibrosis]], [[colon cancer ]], [[enteropathy-type intestinal T-cell lymphoma]], [[glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Amebiasis]], [[blastomycosis]], [[clonorchis]], [[clostridium difficile]], [[colonic bacterial fermentation]], [[cyclospora infection]], [[dientamoeba fragilis]], [[giardiasis]], [[hookworm infection]], [[metorchis]], [[opisthorchis]], [[small intestine bacterial infection]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Abdominal surgery]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Hepatic encephalopathy in adults]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acarbose]], apples, beans, bowel fermentation, brussel sprouts, cabbage, [[caffeine]], [[malabsorption]], carbonated beverages, chewing gum, chronic diarrhea in developed countries, [[crayfish]], dietary factors, eating too quickly, [[food allergies]], [[glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency]], [[gut fermentation]], herbal products, high fiber diet, high legume diet,increased intake of fructose, increased intake of lactose, increased intake of sorbitol, introducing solid foods and vitamin and mineral supplementation during infancy, [[lactase deficiency]], [[lactulose]], [[lobster]], [[tropical sprue]], [[traveler's diarrhea]], [[mixed nuts]], [[metabolic syndrome]], [[obesity]], [[onions]], [[peanut]], [[pork]], prunes, raisins, [[shellfish]], shrimp, undigestible starches in fruits, undigestible starches in vegetables, undigestible starches legumes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[ Colon cancer]], [[anal cancer]], [[carcinoid tumors]], [[cirrhosis of liver]], [[enteropathy-type intestinal T-cell lymphoma]], [[pancreatic carcinoma]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ophthalmologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Aerophagia ]], [[anxiety]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Pneumatosis intestinalis]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Sexual'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Urologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[3-month infant due immature gut]], [[aerophagia]], eating too quickly, [[fecal incontinence in infants and children]], [[habitual air swallowing]], [[normal in healthy individuals]], [[normal infant]], [[normal physical needs]], [[obesity]]
|-
|}


__NOTOC__
{{Flatulence}}
{{CMG}}
==Causes==
Intestinal gas is composed of varying quantities of exogenous sources (air that is ingested through the nose and mouth) and endogenous sources (gas produced within the digestive tract). The exogenous gases are swallowed ([[aerophagia]]) when eating or drinking or increased swallowing during times of excessive salivation (as might occur when nauseated or as the result of [[gastroesophageal reflux]] disease). The [[endogenous]] gases are produced either as a by-product of digesting certain types of [[food]], or of incomplete [[digestion]]. Anything that causes food to be incompletely digested by the [[stomach]] and/or [[small intestine]] may cause flatulence when the material arrives in the large intestine due to [[Fermentation (biochemistry)|fermentation]] by [[yeast]] or [[bacteria]] normally or abnormally present in the [[gastrointestinal tract]].


Flatulence-producing foods are typically high in certain [[polysaccharide]]s (especially [[oligosaccharides]] such as [[inulin]]) and include [[bean]]s, [[lentil]]s, [[dairy product]]s, [[onion]]s, [[garlic]], [[scallion]]s, [[leek]]s, [[radish]]es, [[sweet potato]]es, [[cashew]]s, [[Jerusalem artichoke]]s, [[oat]]s, [[wheat]], [[yeast]] in[[bread]]s, and other [[vegetable]]s. [[Cauliflower]], [[Broccoli]], [[cabbage]] and other [[cruciferous vegetables]] that belong to the [[Brassica]] family are commonly reputed to not only increase flatulence, but to increase the pungency of the flatus. In beans, endogenous gases seem to arise from complex [[oligosaccharide]]([[carbohydrate]]s) that are particularly resistant to digestion by mammals, but which are readily digestible by [[microorganisms]] that inhabit the [[digestive tract]]. These[[oligosaccharide]]s pass through the upper [[intestine]] largely unchanged, and when they reach the lower [[intestine]], [[bacteria]] feed on them, producing copious amounts of flatus.<ref name="McGee">{{cite book| last=McGee| first=Harold| title=[[On Food and Cooking]]| publisher=Scribner| year=1984| id=ISBN 0-684-84328-5| pages=257–8}}</ref> In the case of those with [[lactose intolerance]], intestinal [[bacteria]] feeding on [[lactose]] can give rise to excessive gas production when [[milk]] or lactose-containing substances have been consumed.
===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
{{columns-list|
* 3-month infant
* Abdominal surgery
* [[Acarbose]]
* [[Acetaminophen]]
* [[Aerophagia]]
* [[Albuterol]]
* Alpha glucosidase inhibitors
* Alteration of intestinal motility
* [[Amebiasis]]
* [[Anal cancer]]
* [[Anxiety]]
* Apples
* [[Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease]]
* Beans
* [[Bexarotene]]
* [[Biliary disease]]
* [[Blastocystis]]
* Bowel fermentation
* Brussel sprouts
* [[Bupropion]]
* [[Butalbital]]
* Cabbage
* [[Caffeine]]
* [[Calcium carbonate]]
* [[Levodopa and Carbidopa]]
* Carbohydrate malabsorption
* Carbonated beverages
* [[Carcinoid tumors]]
* [[Colon cancer]]
* [[Celiac disease]]
* [[Cevimeline]]
* Chewing gum
* [[Chloral hydrate]]
* [[Cholesterolosis]]
* Chronic constipation in adults
* Chronic diarrhea in developed countries
* Chronic functional constipation and fecal incontinence in infants and children
* Chronic mesenteric ischemia
* [[Cirrhosis of liver]]
* [[Citalopram]]
* [[Clindamycin]]
* [[Clonorchis]]
* [[Clostridium difficile]]
* [[Codeine]]
* Colonic bacterial fermentation
* [[Crayfish]]
* [[Crohn's disease]]
* [[Cyclosporiasis]]
* [[Cystic fibrosis]]
* [[Denosumab]]
* [[Dientamoeba fragilis]]
* Dietary factors
* [[Disopyramide]]
* [[Diverticulitis]]
* [[Diverticulosis]]
* Dulaglutide
* Eating too quickly
* [[Eluxadoline]]
* [[Enteropathy-type intestinal T-cell lymphoma]]
* [[Etodolac]]
* [[Exenatide]]
* Fecal incontinence in infants and children
* [[Food allergies]]
* [[Gallbladder disease]]
* [[Gallbladder polyps]]
* [[Gallstone ileus]]
* [[Gallstones]]
* Gas-containing sodas
* Gastric intestinal metaplasia
* [[Gastroesophageal reflux disease]]
* Gastrointestinal toxicity of radiation therapy
* [[Giardiasis]]
* [[Glipizide]]
* [[Glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency]]
* [[Glycopyrrolate]]
* Gut fermentation
* Habitual air swallowing
* [[Hepatic Encephalopathy]]
* Herbal products
* High fibre diet
* High legume diet
* High-fiber diet
* [[Human chorionic gonadotropin]]
* [[Hookworm]]
* [[Hypersalivation]]
* Increased intake of fructose
* Increased intake of lactose
* Increased intake of sorbitol
* Intermittent bowel obstruction
* Intestinal bacterial overgrowth
* Intestinal motility disorders
* Intestinal obstruction
* Introducing solid foods and vitamin and mineral supplementation during infancy
* [[Irritable bowel syndrome]]
* Lactose intolerance
* [[Lactulose]]
* Lipase inhibitors
* [[Lisinopril]]
* [[Lithium]]
* [[Lobster]]
* [[Lovastatin]]
* Malabsorption
* [[Megestrol acetate]]
* [[Mesenteric ischemia]]
* [[Mesalazine]]
* [[Metformin]]
* Metorchis
* [[Midodrine]]
* [[Miglitol]]
* [[Modafinil]]
* [[Moxifloxacin]]
* [[Naproxen]]
* [[Nitrofurantoin]]
* [[Norfloxacin]]
* Normal in healthy individuals
* Normal infant
* Normal physical needs
* [[Nuts]]
* [[Obesity]]
* [[Octreotide]]
* [[Ofloxacin]]
* Onions
* [[Opisthorchiasis]]
* [[Pancreatic cancer]]
* [[Pancreatic disease]]
* [[Pancreatic insufficiency]]
* Peanuts
* [[Pneumatosis intestinalis]]
* [[Polyethylene glycol]]
* [[Pork]]
* Postoperative ileus
* [[Probiotics]]
* Prunes
* Raisins
* [[Human chorionic gonadotropin]]
* [[Human growth hormone]]
* [[Rifampicin]]
* [[Ritonavir]]
* Shellfish
* [[Short bowel syndrome]]
* Shrimp
* [[Simethicone]]
* [[Simvastatin]]
* Small bowel diverticular
* Small intestine bacterial infection
* [[Sotalol]]
* Stomach infection
* [[Sunitinib]]
* Swallowed air
* [[Tacrolimus]]
* [[Thalidomide]]
* [[Tolcapone]]
* [[Tramadol]]
* undigestible starches in fruits
* undigestible starches legumes
* [[Wallnuts]]
* Undigestible starches in vegetables
}}


Interest in the causes of flatulence was spurred by high-altitude [[flight]] and the [[space program]]; the low [[atmospheric pressure]], confined conditions, and stresses peculiar to those endeavours were cause for concern.<ref name="McGee"/>
==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
{{WH}}
{{WS}}


[[Category:Reflexes]]
[[Category:Reflexes]]
[[Category:primary care]]
[[Category:Gastroenterology]]
[[Category:Gastroenterology]]
[[Category:Methane]]
[[Category:Methane]]
[[Category:Signs and symptoms]]
[[Category:Needs overview]]
[[Category:Needs overview]]
 
[[Category:Needs content]]
{{WH}}
[[Category:Needs causes]]
 
{{WS}}

Latest revision as of 21:46, 29 July 2020

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Carlos A Lopez, M.D. [2]

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular No underlying causes
Chemical / poisoning Polyethylene glycol
Dermatologic Carbohydrate malabsorption, malabsorption , HIV related malabsorption, intestinal tuberculosis, tropical sprue, whipple's disease
Drug Side Effect Acetaminophen, acarbose, acamprosate calcium, albuterol , bexarotene, bupropion, butalbital, calcium carbonate , levodopa and carbidopa, cevimeline, cidofovir, chloral hydrate, citalopram , clindamycin, codeine, denosumab, disopyramide, dolutegravir, dulaglutide , etodolac, exenatide, flurbiprofen, glipizide, glycopyrrolate, lactulose, lanreotide, lisinopril, lithium, lovastatin, medications, megestrol acetate, megestrol, meropenem, mesalazine, metformin, midodrine, misoprostol, miglitol, modafinil, moxifloxacin, naproxen, niacin, nitrofurantoin, norfloxacin, octreotide, ofloxacin, oxaprozin, pantoprazole, pergolide, polyethylene glycol, piroxicam, rabeprazole, Human chorionic gonadotropin, rifampicin, ritonavir, simethicone, simvastatin, sotalol, sunitinib, tacrolimus, tramadol, thalidomide, tolcapone, tolmetin, varenicline, vilazodone
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine Pancreatic cancer, pancreatic disease, pancreatic insufficiency
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic Abdominal surgery, aerophagia, alteration of intestinal motility, amebiasis, biliary disease, blastocystis, bowel fermentation, caffeine, carcinoid tumors, celiac disease, cholesterolosis, chronic constipation in adults, chronic diarrhea in developed countries, chronic functional constipation and fecal incontinence in infants and children, chronic mesenteric ischemia, cirrhosis of liver, crohn's disease, diverticulitis, diverticulosis, fecal incontinence in infants and children, gallbladder disease, gallbladder disorders, gallbladder polyps, gallstone ileus, gallstones, gastric intestinal metaplasia, gastroesophageal reflux disease, gastrointestinal toxicity of radiation therapy, giardiasis, hepatic encephalopathy in adults, hypersalivation, intermittent bowel obstruction, human growth hormone, intestinal bacterial overgrowth, intestinal motility disorders, intestinal obstruction, irritable bowel syndrome, lactase deficiency, metorchis, pancreatic carcinoma, pancreatic insufficiency, pneumatosis intestinalis, postoperative ileus, probiotics for gastrointestinal diseases, short bowel syndrome , small bowel diverticular, swallowed air, lactase deficiency, metorchis, pancreatic carcinoma, pancreatic insufficiency, pneumatosis intestinalis, postoperative ileus, probiotics for gastrointestinal diseases, short bowel syndrome, small bowel diverticular , swallowed air
Genetic Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, cystic fibrosis, colon cancer , enteropathy-type intestinal T-cell lymphoma, glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency
Hematologic No underlying causes
Iatrogenic No underlying causes
Infectious Disease Amebiasis, blastomycosis, clonorchis, clostridium difficile, colonic bacterial fermentation, cyclospora infection, dientamoeba fragilis, giardiasis, hookworm infection, metorchis, opisthorchis, small intestine bacterial infection
Musculoskeletal / Ortho Abdominal surgery
Neurologic Hepatic encephalopathy in adults
Nutritional / Metabolic Acarbose, apples, beans, bowel fermentation, brussel sprouts, cabbage, caffeine, malabsorption, carbonated beverages, chewing gum, chronic diarrhea in developed countries, crayfish, dietary factors, eating too quickly, food allergies, glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency, gut fermentation, herbal products, high fiber diet, high legume diet,increased intake of fructose, increased intake of lactose, increased intake of sorbitol, introducing solid foods and vitamin and mineral supplementation during infancy, lactase deficiency, lactulose, lobster, tropical sprue, traveler's diarrhea, mixed nuts, metabolic syndrome, obesity, onions, peanut, pork, prunes, raisins, shellfish, shrimp, undigestible starches in fruits, undigestible starches in vegetables, undigestible starches legumes
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic Colon cancer, anal cancer, carcinoid tumors, cirrhosis of liver, enteropathy-type intestinal T-cell lymphoma, pancreatic carcinoma
Ophthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric Aerophagia , anxiety
Pulmonary Pneumatosis intestinalis
Renal / Electrolyte Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
Rheum / Immune / Allergy No underlying causes
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma No underlying causes
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous 3-month infant due immature gut, aerophagia, eating too quickly, fecal incontinence in infants and children, habitual air swallowing, normal in healthy individuals, normal infant, normal physical needs, obesity


Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

Template:WH Template:WS

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