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==Overview==
[[Bacterial tracheitis]] is most often caused by the [[bacteria]] [[Staphylococcus aureus]]. It frequently follows a recent [[viral]] [[upper respiratory infection]]. Common causes include [[Streptococcus Group A|Streptococcus Pyogenes]], [[Haemophilus Influenzae B|Haemophilus Influenza]], [[Moraxella|Moraxella Catarrhalis]], [[Mycoplasma pneumonia|Mycoplasma Pneumonia]], [[Echovirus|Echoviruses]],  [[Klebsiella|Klebsiella Pneumonia,]] [[Adenoviridae|Adenovirus]], [[Rhinovirus]], [[Coxsackievirus|Coxsakievirus]] and [[Influenza]] [[Virus (biology)|virus.]] <ref name="pmid29262085">{{cite journal| author=| title=StatPearls | journal= | year= 2021 | volume=  | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=29262085 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref>
 
==Causes==
[[Bacterial tracheitis]] is most often caused by the [[bacteria]] [[Staphylococcus aureus]]. It frequently follows a recent [[viral]] [[upper respiratory infection]]. Common causes include [[Staphylococcus aureus|Staphylococcus Aureus]], [[Streptococcus Group A|Streptococcus Pyogenes]], [[Haemophilus Influenzae B|Haemophilus Influenza]], [[Moraxella|Moraxella Catarrhalis]], [[Mycoplasma pneumonia|Mycoplasma Pneumonia]], [[Echovirus|Echoviruses,]] [[Klebsiella|Klebsiella Pneumonia,]] [[Adenoviridae|Adenovirus]], [[Rhinovirus]], Coxsakievirus and [[Influenza]] virus. <ref name="pmid10">{{cite journal |vauthors=Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G, Nissenbaum A, Kenyon DH, Oro J, Worathumrong N, Grimes AJ, Lefkowitz RJ, Cannon JG, O'Donnell JP, Lee T, Hoppin CR, Long JP, Ilhan M, Costall B, Naylor RJ |title=Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes |journal=Biochem. Pharmacol. |volume=24 |issue=17 |pages=1639–41 |date=September 1975 |pmid=10 |doi=10.1007/BF01794634 |url=}}</ref>
 
===Life-threatening Causes===
Life-threatening causes include conditions that may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated. There are no life-threatening causes of tracheitis itself, however, complications resulting from untreated tracheitis can occur. Acute airway obstruction can occur due to rapidly developing [[Exudate|exudates]] and thick membranes in the trachea which requires emergency [[intubation]] to maintain [[airway.]] <ref name="DonnellyMcMillan1990">{{cite journal|last1=Donnelly|first1=B. W.|last2=McMillan|first2=J. A.|last3=Weiner|first3=L. B.|title=Bacterial Tracheitis: Report of Eight New Cases and Review|journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|volume=12|issue=5|year=1990|pages=729–735|issn=1058-4838|doi=10.1093/clinids/164.5.729}}</ref>
 
===Common Causes===
Common causes of tracheitis may include: <ref name="pmid10">{{cite journal |vauthors=Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G, Nissenbaum A, Kenyon DH, Oro J, Worathumrong N, Grimes AJ, Lefkowitz RJ, Cannon JG, O'Donnell JP, Lee T, Hoppin CR, Long JP, Ilhan M, Costall B, Naylor RJ |title=Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes |journal=Biochem. Pharmacol. |volume=24 |issue=17 |pages=1639–41 |date=September 1975 |pmid=10 |doi=10.1007/BF01794634 |url=}}</ref> <ref name="DonnellyMcMillan1990">{{cite journal|last1=Donnelly|first1=B. W.|last2=McMillan|first2=J. A.|last3=Weiner|first3=L. B.|title=Bacterial Tracheitis: Report of Eight New Cases and Review|journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|volume=12|issue=5|year=1990|pages=729–735|issn=1058-4838|doi=10.1093/clinids/164.5.729}}</ref> <ref name="pmid31205923">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lee YH, Seo H, Cha SI, Kim CH, Lee J |title=A case of pseudomembranous tracheitis caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae in an immunocompetent patient |journal=Ann Transl Med |volume=7 |issue=9 |pages=205 |date=May 2019 |pmid=31205923 |pmc=6545313 |doi=10.21037/atm.2019.03.70 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Staphylococcus|Staphylococcus Aureus]], this is the most common.
*[[Haemophilus Influenzae B|Haemophilus Influenza]]
*[[Streptococcus viridans|Streptococcus Viridans]]
*[[Streptococcus]] [[Pyogenes]]
*[[Moraxella|Moraxella Catarrhalis]]
*[[Mycoplasma|Mycoplasma Pneumonia]]
*[[Parainfluenza virus type 1|Parainfluenza 1]]
*[[Influenza A|Influenza A and B]]
*[[RSV]]
*[[Adenovirus]]
*[[Rhinovirus]]
*[[Coxsackievirus]]
*[[Paramyxovirus]]


==Overview==
===Less Common Causes===
[[Bacterial tracheitis]] is most often caused by the [[bacteria]] [[Staphylococcus aureus]]. It frequently follows a recent [[viral]] [[upper respiratory infection]].
Less common causes of [[tracheitis]] include: <ref name="pmid28757125">{{cite journal |vauthors=Blot M, Bonniaud-Blot P, Favrolt N, Bonniaud P, Chavanet P, Piroth L |title=Update on childhood and adult infectious tracheitis |journal=Med Mal Infect |volume=47 |issue=7 |pages=443–452 |date=November 2017 |pmid=28757125 |pmc=7125831 |doi=10.1016/j.medmal.2017.06.006 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Pseudomonas|Pseudomonas Aureginosa]]
*[[Acinetobacter baumannii|Acinetobacter baumannii,]]
*[[Klebsiella|Klebsiella Pneumonia]]
*[[Escherichia coli]]
*[[Enterobacter cloacae]]
*[[Aspergillus nidulans|Aspergillus]]
*[[Histoplasma capsulatum|Histoplasma]]
*[[Cryptococcus]] [[Neoformans]]
 
===Genetic Causes===
*There are no known [[genetic]] causes for [[tracheitis]].


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
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[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
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[[Category:Thorax]]
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Latest revision as of 20:02, 2 May 2021

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Dushka Riaz, MD

Overview

Bacterial tracheitis is most often caused by the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. It frequently follows a recent viral upper respiratory infection. Common causes include Streptococcus Pyogenes, Haemophilus Influenza, Moraxella Catarrhalis, Mycoplasma Pneumonia, Echoviruses, Klebsiella Pneumonia, Adenovirus, Rhinovirus, Coxsakievirus and Influenza virus. [1]

Causes

Bacterial tracheitis is most often caused by the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. It frequently follows a recent viral upper respiratory infection. Common causes include Staphylococcus Aureus, Streptococcus Pyogenes, Haemophilus Influenza, Moraxella Catarrhalis, Mycoplasma Pneumonia, Echoviruses, Klebsiella Pneumonia, Adenovirus, Rhinovirus, Coxsakievirus and Influenza virus. [2]

Life-threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions that may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated. There are no life-threatening causes of tracheitis itself, however, complications resulting from untreated tracheitis can occur. Acute airway obstruction can occur due to rapidly developing exudates and thick membranes in the trachea which requires emergency intubation to maintain airway. [3]

Common Causes

Common causes of tracheitis may include: [2] [3] [4]

Less Common Causes

Less common causes of tracheitis include: [5]

Genetic Causes

References

  1. ↑ "StatPearls". 2021. PMID 29262085.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G, Nissenbaum A, Kenyon DH, Oro J, Worathumrong N, Grimes AJ, Lefkowitz RJ, Cannon JG, O'Donnell JP, Lee T, Hoppin CR, Long JP, Ilhan M, Costall B, Naylor RJ (September 1975). "Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes". Biochem. Pharmacol. 24 (17): 1639–41. doi:10.1007/BF01794634. PMID 10.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Donnelly, B. W.; McMillan, J. A.; Weiner, L. B. (1990). "Bacterial Tracheitis: Report of Eight New Cases and Review". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 12 (5): 729–735. doi:10.1093/clinids/164.5.729. ISSN 1058-4838.
  4. ↑ Lee YH, Seo H, Cha SI, Kim CH, Lee J (May 2019). "A case of pseudomembranous tracheitis caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae in an immunocompetent patient". Ann Transl Med. 7 (9): 205. doi:10.21037/atm.2019.03.70. PMC 6545313 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 31205923.
  5. ↑ Blot M, Bonniaud-Blot P, Favrolt N, Bonniaud P, Chavanet P, Piroth L (November 2017). "Update on childhood and adult infectious tracheitis". Med Mal Infect. 47 (7): 443–452. doi:10.1016/j.medmal.2017.06.006. PMC 7125831 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 28757125.

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