Boil natural history, complications and prognosis: Difference between revisions

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==Overview==
If left untreated, patients with boils (furuncles) may progress to develop [[carbuncle]]s, [[fever]], and [[lymphadenopathy]]. The most common complications of boils include [[scar]]ring and recurrence. Other complications include [[septicemia]] leading to [[abscess]] of [[spinal cord]], [[brain]], [[kidneys]], or other organs. The prognosis is generally good, however, it varies with underlying risk factors.
 
==Natural History==
*If left untreated, patients with boils may progress to develop [[carbuncle]]s, [[fever]] and [[lymphadenopathy]]. The most common complications of boils include [[scar]]ring and recurrence. Other rare complications are [[bacteremia]], [[fever]], and [[abscess]] of [[spinal cord]], [[brain]], [[kidneys]], or other organs.
*Recurrent furunculosis is commonly caused by [[methicillin]] susceptible ''[[staphylococcus aureus]]'' however Panton-Valentine leukocidin ''[[staphylococcus aureus]]'' (PVL-SA) and community acquired [[MRSA]] (CA-[[MRSA]]) is the leading cause of severe [[infection]].<ref name="pmid27294048">{{cite journal| author=Venniyil PV, Ganguly S, Kuruvila S, Devi S| title=A study of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in patients with pyoderma. | journal=Indian Dermatol Online J | year= 2016 | volume= 7 | issue= 3 | pages= 159-63 | pmid=27294048 | doi=10.4103/2229-5178.182373 | pmc=4886585 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27294048  }} </ref><ref name="pmid24591845">{{cite journal| author=Ibler KS, Kromann CB| title=Recurrent furunculosis - challenges and management: a review. | journal=Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol | year= 2014 | volume= 7 | issue=  | pages= 59-64 | pmid=24591845 | doi=10.2147/CCID.S35302 | pmc=3934592 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24591845  }} </ref><ref name="pmid20200289">{{cite journal| author=Masiuk H, Kopron K, Grumann D, Goerke C, Kolata J, Jursa-Kulesza J et al.| title=Association of recurrent furunculosis with Panton-Valentine leukocidin and the genetic background of Staphylococcus aureus. | journal=J Clin Microbiol | year= 2010 | volume= 48 | issue= 5 | pages= 1527-35 | pmid=20200289 | doi=10.1128/JCM.02094-09 | pmc=2863926 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20200289  }} </ref>


==Complications==
==Complications==
* [[Abscess]] of the skin, spinal cord, brain, kidneys, or other organ
Common complications of furuncles include:<ref name="pmid13209110">{{cite journal| author=ROODYN L| title=Staphylococcal infections in general practice. | journal=Br Med J | year= 1954 | volume= 2 | issue= 4900 | pages= 1322-5 | pmid=13209110 | doi= | pmc=2080205 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=13209110  }} </ref><ref name="pmid24591845">{{cite journal| author=Ibler KS, Kromann CB| title=Recurrent furunculosis - challenges and management: a review. | journal=Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol | year= 2014 | volume= 7 | issue=  | pages= 59-64 | pmid=24591845 | doi=10.2147/CCID.S35302 | pmc=3934592 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24591845  }} </ref><ref name="pmid24336580">{{cite journal| author=Medows M, Sharma A| title=Lancing of a boil leading to severe invasive methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus infection in an adolescent. | journal=BMJ Case Rep | year= 2013 | volume= 2013 | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=24336580 | doi=10.1136/bcr-2013-200651 | pmc=3863041 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24336580  }} </ref><ref name=Boil(furuncle)> MedlinePlus https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001474.htm August 1,2016 Accessed on August 10,2016</ref><ref name="pmid13032475">{{cite journal| author=ANNING ST| title=Recurrent boils. | journal=Br Med J | year= 1953 | volume= 1 | issue= 4812 | pages= 721-3 | pmid=13032475 | doi= | pmc=2015621 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=13032475  }} </ref>
* [[Brain infection]]
*Permanent [[scar]]ring
* [[Endocarditis]]
*Recurrence
* [[Osteomyelitis]]
*[[Abscess]] of the [[skin]], [[spinal cord]], [[brain]], [[kidneys]], or other organ
* Permanent scarring
*[[Endocarditis]]
* [[Sepsis]]
*[[Osteomyelitis]]
* Spinal cord infection
*[[Sepsis]]
* Spread of infection to other parts of the body or skin surfaces
*[[Infection]] of [[brain]]
*[[Infection]] of [[spinal cord]]
*Spread of [[infection]] to other parts of body or [[skin]] surfaces


==Prognosis==
==Prognosis==
* For most cases, there are no serious complications and a full recovery is expected.
*Prognosis is generally good and a full recovery is expected.<ref name=Boil(furuncle)> MedlinePlus https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001474.htm August 1,2016 Accessed on August 10,2016</ref>
 
*The prognosis varies with underlying risk factors or subsequent complications.
* Some people have repeated [[abscess]]es and are unable to prevent them.
 
* Boils can be very painful if they occur in areas like the [[ear canal]] or [[nose]]. A health care provider should treat boils of the nose.
 
* Boils that form close together may expand and join, causing a condition called carbunculosis.


==References==
==References==
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Latest revision as of 20:39, 29 July 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Yamuna Kondapally, M.B.B.S[2]

Overview

If left untreated, patients with boils (furuncles) may progress to develop carbuncles, fever, and lymphadenopathy. The most common complications of boils include scarring and recurrence. Other complications include septicemia leading to abscess of spinal cord, brain, kidneys, or other organs. The prognosis is generally good, however, it varies with underlying risk factors.

Natural History

Complications

Common complications of furuncles include:[4][2][5][6][7]

Prognosis

  • Prognosis is generally good and a full recovery is expected.[6]
  • The prognosis varies with underlying risk factors or subsequent complications.

References

  1. ↑ Venniyil PV, Ganguly S, Kuruvila S, Devi S (2016). "A study of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in patients with pyoderma". Indian Dermatol Online J. 7 (3): 159–63. doi:10.4103/2229-5178.182373. PMC 4886585. PMID 27294048.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Ibler KS, Kromann CB (2014). "Recurrent furunculosis - challenges and management: a review". Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 7: 59–64. doi:10.2147/CCID.S35302. PMC 3934592. PMID 24591845.
  3. ↑ Masiuk H, Kopron K, Grumann D, Goerke C, Kolata J, Jursa-Kulesza J; et al. (2010). "Association of recurrent furunculosis with Panton-Valentine leukocidin and the genetic background of Staphylococcus aureus". J Clin Microbiol. 48 (5): 1527–35. doi:10.1128/JCM.02094-09. PMC 2863926. PMID 20200289.
  4. ↑ ROODYN L (1954). "Staphylococcal infections in general practice". Br Med J. 2 (4900): 1322–5. PMC 2080205. PMID 13209110.
  5. ↑ Medows M, Sharma A (2013). "Lancing of a boil leading to severe invasive methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus infection in an adolescent". BMJ Case Rep. 2013. doi:10.1136/bcr-2013-200651. PMC 3863041. PMID 24336580.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 MedlinePlus https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001474.htm August 1,2016 Accessed on August 10,2016
  7. ↑ ANNING ST (1953). "Recurrent boils". Br Med J. 1 (4812): 721–3. PMC 2015621. PMID 13032475.

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