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{{Peripheral neuropathy}}
{{Peripheral neuropathy}}


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==Overview==
Peripheral neuropathy may be classified according to the number and distribution of nerves affected into three groups: [[Mononeuropathy]], [[Mononeuritis multiplex]] and [[Polyneuropathy]].It may also be classified according to the type of nerve fiber predominantly affected into three groups: [[Motor neuron|Motor]], [[Sensory neuropathy|sensory]] and [[Autonomic]]. peripheral neuropathy may also be classified according to the process affecting the nerves into three groups: [[Neuritis|Inflammatory neuritis]], compression [[neuropathy]] and[[chemotherapy]]-induced peripheral neuropathy.
 
==Classification==
==Classification==
More than 100 types of peripheral neuropathy have been identified, each with its own characteristic set of symptoms, pattern of development, and prognosis. Impaired function and symptoms depend on the type of nerves-motor, sensory, or autonomic-that are damaged. Motor nerves control movements of all muscles under conscious control, such as those used for walking, grasping things, or talking. Sensory nerves transmit information about sensory experiences, such as the feeling of a light touch or the pain resulting from a cut. Autonomic nerves regulate biological activities that people do not control consciously, such as breathing, digesting food, and heart and gland functions. Although some neuropathies may affect all three types of nerves, others primarily affect one or two types. Therefore, physicians may use terms such as predominantly motor neuropathy, predominantly sensory neuropathy, sensory-motor neuropathy, or autonomic neuropathy to describe a patient's condition.
* Peripheral neuropathy may be classified according to the number and distribution of nerves affected into three groups:<ref name="pmid19893645">{{cite journal| author=Misra UK, Kalita J, Nair PP| title=Diagnostic approach to peripheral neuropathy. | journal=Ann Indian Acad Neurol | year= 2008 | volume= 11 | issue= 2 | pages= 89-97 | pmid=19893645 | doi=10.4103/0972-2327.41875 | pmc=2771953 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19893645  }} </ref><ref name="pmid23020902">{{cite journal| author=Brito-Zerón P, Akasbi M, Bosch X, Bové A, Pérez-De-Lis M, Diaz-Lagares C et al.| title=Classification and characterisation of peripheral neuropathies in 102 patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome. | journal=Clin Exp Rheumatol | year= 2013 | volume= 31 | issue= 1 | pages= 103-10 | pmid=23020902 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23020902  }} </ref>
 
** [[Mononeuropathy]]  
Often the form of neuropathy is further broken down as to cause (see below), or other type, such as [[small fiber peripheral neuropathy]], which is [[idiopathic]].
** [[Mononeuritis multiplex]]  
 
** [[Polyneuropathy]]  
There are other less common forms of neuropathy, for example [[Enteric Neuropathy]]
 
Peripheral neuropathy is not a disease in itself, but a symptom or a complication of other underlying conditions. Peripheral nerves, either singly or in groups, are damaged through lack of circulation, chemical imbalance, trauma, or other factors.<ref>Ruth Werner, LMP, NCTMB A Massage Therapist's Guide to Pathology; Third Edition Copyright 2005</ref>
 
Peripheral neuropathies may either be ''symmetrical'' and ''generalized'' or ''focal'' and ''multifocal'', which is usually a good indicator of the cause of the peripheral nerve disease.
 
=== Generalized Peripheral Neuropathy ===
Generalized peripheral neuropathies are symmetrical, and usually due to various systematic illnesses and disease processes that affect the [[peripheral nervous system]] in its entirety.
They are further subdivided into several categories:
 
* '''[[Distal axonopathy|Distal axonopathies]]''' are the result of some metabolic or toxic derangement of [[neuron]]s. They may be caused by metabolic diseases such as[[diabetes]], [[renal failure]], deficiency syndromes such as [[malnutrition]] and [[alcoholism]], or the effects of [[toxin]]s or [[medication|drugs]].


* '''[[Myelinopathy|Myelinopathies]]''' are due to a primary attack on [[myelin]] causing an acute failure of impulse conduction. The most common cause is [[acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy]] (AIDP; ''aka'' [[Guillain-Barré syndrome]]), though other causes include [[chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy]](CIDP), [[genetics|genetic]] metabolic disorders (''e.g.'', [[leukodystrophy]]), or toxins.
* Peripheral neuropathy may also be classified according to the type of nerve fiber predominantly affected into three groups:<ref name="pmid23642713">{{cite journal| author=Barohn RJ, Amato AA| title=Pattern-recognition approach to neuropathy and neuronopathy. | journal=Neurol Clin | year= 2013 | volume= 31 | issue= 2 | pages= 343-61 | pmid=23642713 | doi=10.1016/j.ncl.2013.02.001 | pmc=3922643 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23642713  }} </ref><ref name="pmid24210312">{{cite journal| author=Chung T, Prasad K, Lloyd TE| title=Peripheral neuropathy: clinical and electrophysiological considerations. | journal=Neuroimaging Clin N Am | year= 2014 | volume= 24 | issue= 1 | pages= 49-65 | pmid=24210312 | doi=10.1016/j.nic.2013.03.023 | pmc=4329247 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24210312  }} </ref>
** [[Motor neuron|Motor]]  
** [[Sensory neuropathy|Sensory]]  
** [[Autonomic]]  


* '''[[Neuronopathy|Neuronopathies]]''' are the result of destruction of [[peripheral nervous system]] (PNS) [[neuron]]s. They may be caused by [[motor neurone disease]]s, sensory neuronopathies (''e.g.'', [[Herpes zoster]]), toxins or [[autonomic nervous system|autonomic]] dysfunction. [[Neurotoxicity|Neurotoxins]] may cause neuronopathies, such as the [[chemotherapy]] agent [[vincristine]].
* Peripheral neuropathy may also be classified according to the process affecting the nerves into three groups:<ref name="pmid26437251">{{cite journal| author=Callaghan BC, Price RS, Chen KS, Feldman EL| title=The Importance of Rare Subtypes in Diagnosis and Treatment of Peripheral Neuropathy: A Review. | journal=JAMA Neurol | year= 2015 | volume= 72 | issue= 12 | pages= 1510-8 | pmid=26437251 | doi=10.1001/jamaneurol.2015.2347 | pmc=5087804 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26437251  }} </ref><ref name="pmid21286866">{{cite journal| author=Hovaguimian A, Gibbons CH| title=Diagnosis and treatment of pain in small-fiber neuropathy. | journal=Curr Pain Headache Rep | year= 2011 | volume= 15 | issue= 3 | pages= 193-200 | pmid=21286866 | doi=10.1007/s11916-011-0181-7 | pmc=3086960 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21286866  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19400724">{{cite journal| author=Costigan M, Scholz J, Woolf CJ| title=Neuropathic pain: a maladaptive response of the nervous system to damage. | journal=Annu Rev Neurosci | year= 2009 | volume= 32 | issue=  | pages= 1-32 | pmid=19400724 | doi=10.1146/annurev.neuro.051508.135531 | pmc=2768555 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19400724  }} </ref>
** [[Neuritis|Inflammatory neuritis]]
** Compression [[neuropathy]]
** [[Chemotherapy]]-induced peripheral neuropathy


==References==
==References==
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Latest revision as of 14:26, 17 August 2018

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mohamadmostafa Jahansouz M.D.[2]

Overview

Peripheral neuropathy may be classified according to the number and distribution of nerves affected into three groups: Mononeuropathy, Mononeuritis multiplex and Polyneuropathy.It may also be classified according to the type of nerve fiber predominantly affected into three groups: Motor, sensory and Autonomic. peripheral neuropathy may also be classified according to the process affecting the nerves into three groups: Inflammatory neuritis, compression neuropathy andchemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy.

Classification

  • Peripheral neuropathy may also be classified according to the type of nerve fiber predominantly affected into three groups:[3][4]

References

  1. ↑ Misra UK, Kalita J, Nair PP (2008). "Diagnostic approach to peripheral neuropathy". Ann Indian Acad Neurol. 11 (2): 89–97. doi:10.4103/0972-2327.41875. PMC 2771953. PMID 19893645.
  2. ↑ Brito-Zerón P, Akasbi M, Bosch X, Bové A, Pérez-De-Lis M, Diaz-Lagares C; et al. (2013). "Classification and characterisation of peripheral neuropathies in 102 patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome". Clin Exp Rheumatol. 31 (1): 103–10. PMID 23020902.
  3. ↑ Barohn RJ, Amato AA (2013). "Pattern-recognition approach to neuropathy and neuronopathy". Neurol Clin. 31 (2): 343–61. doi:10.1016/j.ncl.2013.02.001. PMC 3922643. PMID 23642713.
  4. ↑ Chung T, Prasad K, Lloyd TE (2014). "Peripheral neuropathy: clinical and electrophysiological considerations". Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 24 (1): 49–65. doi:10.1016/j.nic.2013.03.023. PMC 4329247. PMID 24210312.
  5. ↑ Callaghan BC, Price RS, Chen KS, Feldman EL (2015). "The Importance of Rare Subtypes in Diagnosis and Treatment of Peripheral Neuropathy: A Review". JAMA Neurol. 72 (12): 1510–8. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2015.2347. PMC 5087804. PMID 26437251.
  6. ↑ Hovaguimian A, Gibbons CH (2011). "Diagnosis and treatment of pain in small-fiber neuropathy". Curr Pain Headache Rep. 15 (3): 193–200. doi:10.1007/s11916-011-0181-7. PMC 3086960. PMID 21286866.
  7. ↑ Costigan M, Scholz J, Woolf CJ (2009). "Neuropathic pain: a maladaptive response of the nervous system to damage". Annu Rev Neurosci. 32: 1–32. doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.051508.135531. PMC 2768555. PMID 19400724.

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