Phimosis epidemiology and demographics: Difference between revisions
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==Epidemiology and Demographics== | ==Epidemiology and Demographics== | ||
===Incidence=== | ===Incidence=== | ||
A number of medical reports of phimosis incidence have been published over the years. They vary widely because of the difficulties of distinguishing physiological phimosis (developmental nonretractility) from pathological phimosis, definitional differences, ascertainment problems, and the multiple additional influences on post-neonatal circumcision rates in cultures where most newborn males are circumcised. A commonly cited incidence statistic for pathological phimosis is 1% of uncircumcised males. | A number of medical reports of phimosis incidence have been published over the years. They vary widely because of the difficulties of distinguishing physiological phimosis (developmental nonretractility) from pathological phimosis, definitional differences, ascertainment problems, and the multiple additional influences on post-neonatal circumcision rates in cultures where most newborn males are circumcised. A commonly cited incidence statistic for pathological phimosis is 1% of uncircumcised males. When phimosis is simply equated with nonretractility of the foreskin after age 3 years, considerably higher incidence rates have been reported.<ref name="Imamaura1997">Imamura E. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=97462004 Phimosis of infants and young children in Japan] Acta Paediatr Jpn 39:403-5, 1997. A study of phimosis prevalence in over 4,500 Japanese children reporting that over a third of uncircumcised had a nonretractile foreskin by age 3 years. | ||
</ref><ref name="Oster1968">Øster J. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=68197098 Further fate of the foreskin. Incidence of preputial adhesions, phimosis, and smegma among Danish schoolboys] Arch Dis Child 43(228):200-3,1968</ref> | </ref><ref name="Oster1968">Øster J. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=68197098 Further fate of the foreskin. Incidence of preputial adhesions, phimosis, and smegma among Danish schoolboys] Arch Dis Child 43(228):200-3,1968</ref> | ||
Others have described incidences in adolescents and adults as high as 50%, though it is likely that many cases of physiological phimosis or partial nonretractility were included.<ref name="Ohjimi1981">Ohjimi T, Ohjimi H. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=7240535Special surgical techniques for relief of phimosis] J Dermatol Surg Oncol 7:326-30, 1981. Almost half of Japanese adolescent and adult men suffer from some degree of phimosis.</ref> | Others have described incidences in adolescents and adults as high as 50%, though it is likely that many cases of physiological phimosis or partial nonretractility were included.<ref name="Ohjimi1981">Ohjimi T, Ohjimi H. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=7240535Special surgical techniques for relief of phimosis] J Dermatol Surg Oncol 7:326-30, 1981. Almost half of Japanese adolescent and adult men suffer from some degree of phimosis.</ref> | ||
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==References== | ==References== | ||
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Steven C. Campbell, M.D., Ph.D.
Epidemiology and Demographics
Incidence
A number of medical reports of phimosis incidence have been published over the years. They vary widely because of the difficulties of distinguishing physiological phimosis (developmental nonretractility) from pathological phimosis, definitional differences, ascertainment problems, and the multiple additional influences on post-neonatal circumcision rates in cultures where most newborn males are circumcised. A commonly cited incidence statistic for pathological phimosis is 1% of uncircumcised males. When phimosis is simply equated with nonretractility of the foreskin after age 3 years, considerably higher incidence rates have been reported.[1][2] Others have described incidences in adolescents and adults as high as 50%, though it is likely that many cases of physiological phimosis or partial nonretractility were included.[3]
References
- ↑ Imamura E. Phimosis of infants and young children in Japan Acta Paediatr Jpn 39:403-5, 1997. A study of phimosis prevalence in over 4,500 Japanese children reporting that over a third of uncircumcised had a nonretractile foreskin by age 3 years.
- ↑ Øster J. Further fate of the foreskin. Incidence of preputial adhesions, phimosis, and smegma among Danish schoolboys Arch Dis Child 43(228):200-3,1968
- ↑ Ohjimi T, Ohjimi H. surgical techniques for relief of phimosis J Dermatol Surg Oncol 7:326-30, 1981. Almost half of Japanese adolescent and adult men suffer from some degree of phimosis.