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| [[Image:International Symbol of Access.svg|thumb|150px|[[International Symbol of Accessibility]]]] | | [[Image:International Symbol of Access.svg|thumb|150px|[[International Symbol of Accessibility]]]] |
| {{Disability}} | | {{Disability}} |
| {{CMG}} | | {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{Ochuko}} |
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| == Demographics == | | ==[[Disability overview|Overview]]== |
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| ===Difficulties in measuring=== | | ==[[Disability definitions and models|Definitions and Models]]== |
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| The [[demography]] of disability is difficult. Counting persons with disabilities is far more challenging than is counting males.
| | ==[[the disability rights movement|The Disability Rights Movement]]== |
| That is because disability is not just a status condition, entirely contained within the individual. Rather, it is an interaction between medical status (say, having [[low vision]] or being [[Blindness|blind]]) and the environment.
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| === Estimates worldwide=== | | ==[[Disability impairment, culture, language and labeling|Impairment, Culture, Language and Labeling]]== |
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| Estimates of worldwide and country-wide numbers of individuals with disabilities are problematic. The varying approaches taken to defining disability notwithstanding, demographers agree that the world population of individuals with disabilities is very large. The [[World Health Organization]], for example, estimates that there are as many as 600 million persons with disabilities. The [[United Nations]] estimate is 650 million. In the United States, for example, Americans with disabilities constitute the third-largest minority (after persons of Hispanic origin and African Americans); all three of those minority groups number in the 30-some millions in America. According to the U.S. Bureau of the Census, as of 2004, there were some 32 million adults (aged 18 or over) in the United States, plus another 5 million children and youth (under age 18). If one were to add impairments -- or limitations that fall short of being disabilities -- Census estimates put the figure at 51 million.
| | ==[[Disability government policies and support|Government Policies and Support]]== |
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| There is also widespread agreement among experts in the field that disability is more common in developing than in developed nations.
| | ==[[Disability demographics|Demographics]]== |
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| == Disability insurance—nationalized and private == | | ==[[Disability disability insurance|Disability Insurance]]== |
| Disability benefit, or disability pension, is the largest kind of [[disability insurance]], and is provided by government agencies to people who are unable to work due to a disability, temporarily or permanently. In the U.S., disability benefit is provided within the category of [[Supplemental Security Income]], and in Canada, within the [[Canada Pension Plan]]. In other countries, disability benefit may be provided under [[Social Security]] system.
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| Costs of disability pensions are steadily growing in Western countries, mainly European and the United States. It was reported that in the UK, expenditure on disability pensions accounted for 0.9% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 1980, but two decades later had reached 2.6% of GDP.<ref>OECD. Transforming disability into ability: Policies to promote work and income security for disabled people. Paris: OECD Publication Offices. 2003</ref><ref>Labriola M, Lund T. Self-reported sickness absence as a risk marker of future disability pension. Prospective findings from the DWECS/DREAM study 1990-2004. Int J Med Sci 2007; 4:153-158. http://www.medsci.org/v04p0153.htm</ref> Several studies have reported a link between increased sickness absence and elevated risk of future disability pension.<ref>Virtanen M, Kivimaki M, Vahtera J, Elovainio M, Sund R, Virtanen P, Ferrie JE. Sickness absence as a risk factor for job termination, unemployment, and disability pension among temporary and permanent employees. Occup Environ Med. 2006;63(3):212-7</ref> A study by Denmark researchers suggests that information on self-reported days of sickness absence can be used to effectively identify future potential groups for disability pension. [http://www.medsci.org/v04p0153.htm] These studies may provide useful information for policy makers, case managing authorities, employers, and physicians responsible for interventions aiming at reducing the cost and work disability.
| | ==[[Disability adaptations|Adaptations]]== |
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| Private, for-profit disability insurance plays a role in providing incomes to disabled people, but the nationalized programs are the safety net that catches most claimants.
| | ==[[Disability screening|Screening]]== |
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| == Adaptations == | | ==Diagnosis== |
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| [[Assistive Technology]] (AT) is a generic term for devices and modifications (for a person or within a society) that help overcome or remove a disability. The first recorded example of the use of a [[prosthesis]] dates to at least 1800 BC.<ref>[http://www.disabilityhistory.org/timeline_new.html Disability Social History Project]</ref> A more recent notable example is the [[wheelchair]], dating from the [[17th Century]]. The [[curb cut]] is a related structural innovation. Other modern examples are [[standing frames]], text [[telephones]], accessible [[keyboards]], [[large print]], [[Braille]], & [[speech recognition]] [[Computer software]]. Individuals with disabilities often develop personal or community adaptations, such as strategies to suppress tics in public (for example in [[Tourette's syndrome]]), or [[sign language]] in [[deaf]] communities. Assistive technology or interventions are sometimes controversial or rejected, for example in the controversy over [[cochlear implants]] for children. A number of symbols are in use to indicate whether certain accessibility adaptations have been made[http://www.gag.org/resources/das.php]. | | [[Disability physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Disability CT|CT]] | [[Disability other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] | [[Disability other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]] |
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| ===Accessible computing=== | | ==Treatment== |
| As the [[personal computer]] has become more [[ubiquity|ubiquitous]], various organisations have been founded which [[software development|develop]] [[software]] and [[hardware]] which make a computer more accessible for people with disabilities. Some software and hardware, such as [[SmartboxAT]]'s ''[[The Grid (software)|The Grid]]'', and [[Freedom Scientific]]'s ''[[JAWS (screen reader)|JAWS]]'' has been specifically designed for people with disabilities; other pieces of software and hardware, such as [[Nuance Communications|Nuance]]'s [[Dragon NaturallySpeaking]], was not developed specifically for people with disabilities, but can be used to increase accessibility.
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| Further organisations, such as [[AbilityNet]] and [[U Can Do IT]], have been established to provide assessment services which determine which assistive technologies would best assist an individual client, and also to train people with disabilities in how to use computer-based assistive technology.
| | [[Disability medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Disability surgery|Surgery]] | [[Disability primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Disability secondary prevention|Secondary Prevention]] | [[Disability cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Disability future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]] |
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| | ==Case Studies== |
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| | [[Disability case study one|Case #1]] |
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| ==Related Chapters== | | ==Related Chapters== |
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| *[[Developmental disability]] | | *[[Developmental disability]] |
| *[[Disability etiquette]] | | *[[Disability etiquette]] |
| *[[Disability Discrimination Act]]
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| *Disability rights movement
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| *[[Disabled robotics]]
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| * [[Disabled sports]] | | * [[Disabled sports]] |
| *[[Disability studies]]
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| *[[Ergonomy]] | | *[[Ergonomy]] |
| *[[Easter Seals]]
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| *[[Extremity Games]]
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| {{ColBreak}} | | {{ColBreak}} |
| *[[Human variability]] | | *[[Human variability]] |
| *[[Inclusive development]]
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| *[[Independent living]]
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| *[[International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health]] | | *[[International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health]] |
| *[[Invisible disability]] | | *[[Invisible disability]] |
| *[[Learning disability]] | | *[[Learning disability]] |
| * [[List of disability rights organizations]]
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| *[[Orthopedics]] | | *[[Orthopedics]] |
| *[[Post Secondary Transition For High School Students with Disabilities]]
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| *[[Passing (disability)|Passing]] | | *[[Passing (disability)|Passing]] |
| *[[Special education]] | | *[[Special education]] |
| {{EndMultiCol}} | | {{EndMultiCol}} |
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| ==Footnotes==
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| <div class="references-small"> {{reflist|2}} </div>
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| == References ==
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| * Frank Bowe, ''Handicapping America:Barriers to disabled people'', Harper & Row, 1978 ISBN 0-06-010422-8
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| * ''Encyclopedia of disability'', general ed. Gary L. Albrecht, Thousand Oaks, Calif. [u.a.] : SAGE Publ., 2005
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| * David Johnstone, ''An Introduction to Disability Studies'', 2001, 2nd edition, ISBN 1-85346-726-X
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| * Michael Oliver, ''The Politics of Disablement'', St. Martin's Press 1997, ISBN 0-333-43293-2
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| * Tom Shakespeare, ''Genetic Politics: from Eugenics to Genome'', with Anne Kerr , New Clarion Press, 1999, ISBN 1-873797-25-7
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| * Kaushik, R.,1999, " Access Denied: Can we overcome disabling attitudes ," Museum International (UNESCO) , Vol. 51, No. 3, p. 48-52.
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| * [http://www.disabilitynow.org.uk/ Disability Now]
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| * Glenn, Eddie. March 20, 1997. "African American Women with Disabilities: An Overview."
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| == External Links == | | == External Links == |
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| * [http://www.disabilities-online.com: Disabilities Online Database] | | * [http://www.disabilities-online.com: Disabilities Online Database] |
| * [http://www.disability247.co.uk: Disability 247: Information and resources for disabled people in the United Kingdom] | | * [http://www.disability247.co.uk: Disability 247: Information and resources for disabled people in the United Kingdom] |
| * [http://www.pdrater.com PDRater.com: Online Calculator for Worker's Compensation Benefits in California]
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| * [http://www.sadiesshack.com Sadie's Shack] – An online community for people with disabilities
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| *[http://www.disapedia.com Disapedia] – A Wiki for everything disability related
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| *[http://osha.europa.eu/good_practice/person/disability People with disabilities], [[EU-OSHA]]
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| *[http://hwi.osha.europa.eu/topic_integration_disabilities/ Integration and retention of people with disabilities], [[EU-OSHA]]
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| *[http://www.disabilityhelpsite.com/ Disability Help Site] – A disability resource site
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| *[http://www.disabilitynow.org.uk/ Disability Now] | | *[http://www.disabilitynow.org.uk/ Disability Now] |
| *[http://www.enableamerica.org/ Enable America - a disability resource site] | | *[http://www.enableamerica.org/ Enable America - a disability resource site] |
| *[http://www.dppi.org.uk/ Disability, Pregnancy & Parenthood International] | | *[http://www.dppi.org.uk/ Disability, Pregnancy & Parenthood International] |
| *[http://www.aapd-dc.org/index.php American Association of People with Disabilities]
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| *[http://www.disabilityhistory.org/ The Disability Social History Project] | | *[http://www.disabilityhistory.org/ The Disability Social History Project] |
| *[http://www.independentliving.org/ Independent Living Institute] | | *[http://www.independentliving.org/ Independent Living Institute] |
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| *[http://www.socialsecurity.gov/disability Social Security Administration page on disability] | | *[http://www.socialsecurity.gov/disability Social Security Administration page on disability] |
| *[http://www.stopguardianabuse.org/ National Association to Stop Guardian Abuse (NASGA) USA] | | *[http://www.stopguardianabuse.org/ National Association to Stop Guardian Abuse (NASGA) USA] |
| *[http://www.disability.gi/ Gibraltar Local Disability Movement (G.L.D.M.)]
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| *[http://www.disabledparents.net/ Parents with Disabilities Online]
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| *[http://www.disabilitysecrets.com Applying for disability]
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| *[http://lookingglass.org/index.php Through the Looking Glass] | | *[http://lookingglass.org/index.php Through the Looking Glass] |
| *[http://www.bipolar-lives.com/bipolar-disability.html Applying for Bipolar Disability]
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| <br> | | <br> |
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| [[Category:Disability]]
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| [[Category:Educational psychology]]
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| [[Category:Elderly and disabled]]
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| [[Category:Primary care]]
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| {{WH}} | | {{WH}} |
| {{WS}} | | {{WS}} |
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| [[zh:残疾]] | | [[zh:残疾]] |
| [[el:Αναπηρία]] | | [[el:Αναπηρία]] |
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| | [[Category:Disability]] |
| | [[Category:Educational psychology]] |
| | [[Category:Elderly and disabled]] |
