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{{Alopecia}} | {{Alopecia}} | ||
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} [[Ogechukwu Hannah Nnabude, MD]] | |||
==Overview== | |||
Age, medications, sex, family history, and illness are all risk factors for [[alopecia]]. [[Androgenetic alopecia]] is more common in males and [[prevalence]] increases with age. People with a family history of hair loss are at a greater predisposition to developing [[alopecia]] compared to individuals who do not have a family history. Psychosocial stress, hormonal imbalance, and illness also increase the risk of [[alopecia]]. | |||
==Risk Factors== | |||
Some of the specific risk factors for alopecia are as follows: | *Some of the specific risk factors for [[alopecia]] are as follows: | ||
*[[Drugs]] | **[[Drugs]] | ||
**[[Anticoagulants]] | ***[[Anticoagulants]] such as [[heparin]], [[warfarin]] <ref name="pmid27747798">{{cite journal| author=Watras MM, Patel JP, Arya R| title=Traditional Anticoagulants and Hair Loss: A Role for Direct Oral Anticoagulants? A Review of the Literature. | journal=Drugs Real World Outcomes | year= 2016 | volume= 3 | issue= 1 | pages= 1-6 | pmid=27747798 | doi=10.1007/s40801-015-0056-z | pmc=4819463 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27747798 }} </ref> | ||
**[[Anticonvulsants]] | ***[[Anticonvulsants]] such as [[valproic acid <ref name="pmid29207731">{{cite journal| author=Thomson SR, Mamulpet V, Adiga S| title=Sodium Valproate Induced Alopecia: A Case Series. | journal=J Clin Dia]]gn Res | year= 2017 | volume= 11 | issue= 9 | pages= FR01-FR02 | pmid=29207731 | doi=10.7860/JCDR/2017/28564.10658 | pmc=5713753 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29207731 }} </ref> and [[trimethadione]]. <ref name="pmid13715510">{{cite journal| author=HOLOWACH J, SANDEN HV| title=Alopecia as a side effect of treatment of epilepsy with trimethadione. Report of two cases. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1960 | volume= 263 | issue= | pages= 1187 | pmid=13715510 | doi=10.1056/NEJM196012082632308 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=13715510 }} </ref> | ||
**[[Antidepressants]] | ***[[Antidepressants]] such as [[fluvoxamine]] and [[bupropion]] <ref name="pmid28763345">{{cite journal| author=Etminan M, Sodhi M, Procyshyn RM, Guo M, Carleton BC| title=Risk of hair loss with different antidepressants: a comparative retrospective cohort study. | journal=Int Clin Psychopharmacol | year= 2018 | volume= 33 | issue= 1 | pages= 44-48 | pmid=28763345 | doi=10.1097/YIC.0000000000000191 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28763345 }} </ref> | ||
**[[Beta-blockers]] | ***[[Beta-blockers]] such as [[nadolol]] <ref name="pmid3979099">{{cite journal| author=Shelley ED, Shelley WB| title=Alopecia and drug eruption of the scalp associated with a new beta-blocker, nadolol. | journal=Cutis | year= 1985 | volume= 35 | issue= 2 | pages= 148-9 | pmid=3979099 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3979099 }} </ref> | ||
*[[Medical illness]] | **[[Medical illness]] | ||
**[[Connective tissue]] | ***[[Connective tissue disorders]]: [[SLE]] <ref name="pmid32699719">{{cite journal| author=Forouzan P, Cohen PR| title=Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Presenting as Alopecia Areata. | journal=Cureus | year= 2020 | volume= 12 | issue= 6 | pages= e8724 | pmid=32699719 | doi=10.7759/cureus.8724 | pmc=7372242 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=32699719 }} </ref>, [[dermatomyositis]] <ref name="pmid10615903">{{cite journal| author=Callen JP| title=Dermatomyositis. | journal=Lancet | year= 2000 | volume= 355 | issue= 9197 | pages= 53-7 | pmid=10615903 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(99)05157-0 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10615903 }} </ref> | ||
**[[Hyperthyroidism|Hyper]]/[[hypothyroidism]] | ***[[Hyperthyroidism|Hyper]]/[[hypothyroidism]] <ref name="pmid23960405">{{cite journal| author=Vincent M, Yogiraj K| title=A Descriptive Study of Alopecia Patterns and their Relation to Thyroid Dysfunction. | journal=Int J Trichology | year= 2013 | volume= 5 | issue= 1 | pages= 57-60 | pmid=23960405 | doi=10.4103/0974-7753.114701 | pmc=3746235 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23960405 }} </ref> | ||
**[[Nutritional deficiencies]]: | ***[[Nutritional deficiencies]]: [[iron]], [[zinc]], [[protein]] <ref name="pmid28243487">{{cite journal| author=Guo EL, Katta R| title=Diet and hair loss: effects of nutrient deficiency and supplement use. | journal=Dermatol Pract Concept | year= 2017 | volume= 7 | issue= 1 | pages= 1-10 | pmid=28243487 | doi=10.5826/dpc.0701a01 | pmc=5315033 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28243487 }} </ref> | ||
** Poor hygiene which can predispose to [[tinea capitis]] <ref name="pmid28299118">{{cite journal| author=Ayanlowo O, Akinkugbe A, Oladele R, Balogun M| title=Prevalence of Tinea Capitis Infection Among Primary School Children in a Rural Setting in South-West Nigeria. | journal=J Public Health Afr | year= 2014 | volume= 5 | issue= 1 | pages= 349 | pmid=28299118 | doi=10.4081/jphia.2014.349 | pmc=5345463 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28299118 }} </ref> | |||
** Physiological and psychological stress which are associated with [[telogen effluvium]] <ref name="pmid32607303">{{cite journal| author=Asghar F, Shamim N, Farooque U, Sheikh H, Aqeel R| title=Telogen Effluvium: A Review of the Literature. | journal=Cureus | year= 2020 | volume= 12 | issue= 5 | pages= e8320 | pmid=32607303 | doi=10.7759/cureus.8320 | pmc=7320655 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=32607303 }} </ref> | |||
** Mechanical stressors such as tight braids which is associated with [[traction alopecia]] <ref name="pmid29670386">{{cite journal| author=Billero V, Miteva M| title=Traction alopecia: the root of the problem. | journal=Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol | year= 2018 | volume= 11 | issue= | pages= 149-159 | pmid=29670386 | doi=10.2147/CCID.S137296 | pmc=5896661 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29670386 }} </ref> | |||
** Chemicals and hair care products <ref name="pmid8504045">{{cite journal| author=Nicholson AG, Harland CC, Bull RH, Mortimer PS, Cook MG| title=Chemically induced cosmetic alopecia. | journal=Br J Dermatol | year= 1993 | volume= 128 | issue= 5 | pages= 537-41 | pmid=8504045 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2133.1993.tb00231.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8504045 }} </ref> | |||
**Male sex which is at increased risk of [[androgenetic alopecia]] <ref name="pmid28403384">{{cite journal| author=Kische H, Arnold A, Gross S, Wallaschofski H, Völzke H, Nauck M | display-authors=etal| title=Sex Hormones and Hair Loss in Men From the General Population of Northeastern Germany. | journal=JAMA Dermatol | year= 2017 | volume= 153 | issue= 9 | pages= 935-937 | pmid=28403384 | doi=10.1001/jamadermatol.2017.0297 | pmc=5817427 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28403384 }} </ref> | |||
**Age of an individual is also a risk factor. For example, [[tinea capitis]] is more common in pediatric populations while the [[prevalence]] of [[androgenetic alopecia]] increases with age <ref name="pmid30034191">Mahmoudi H, Salehi M, Moghadas S, Ghandi N, Teimourpour A, Daneshpazhooh M (2018) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30034191 Dermoscopic Findings in 126 Patients with Alopecia Areata: A Cross-Sectional Study.] ''Int J Trichology'' 10 (3):118-123. [http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijt.ijt_102_17 DOI:10.4103/ijt.ijt_102_17] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/30034191 30034191]</ref> | |||
**Family history of [[alopecia]] increases an individual's predisposition to developing [[alopecia]]. <ref name="pmid30677822">{{cite journal| author=Wang S, Ratnaparkhi R, Piliang M, Bergfeld WF| title=Role of family history in patchy alopecia areata. | journal=Dermatol Online J | year= 2018 | volume= 24 | issue= 10 | pages= | pmid=30677822 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30677822 }} </ref> | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist|2}} | {{Reflist|2}} | ||
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[[Category:Disease]] | [[Category:Disease]] | ||
[[Category:Dermatology]] | [[Category:Dermatology]] | ||
[[Category:Needs overview]] | [[Category:Needs overview]] | ||
Latest revision as of 01:33, 29 January 2021
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ogechukwu Hannah Nnabude, MD
Overview
Age, medications, sex, family history, and illness are all risk factors for alopecia. Androgenetic alopecia is more common in males and prevalence increases with age. People with a family history of hair loss are at a greater predisposition to developing alopecia compared to individuals who do not have a family history. Psychosocial stress, hormonal imbalance, and illness also increase the risk of alopecia.
Risk Factors
- Some of the specific risk factors for alopecia are as follows:
- Drugs
- Anticoagulants such as heparin, warfarin [1]
- Anticonvulsants such as [[valproic acid [2] and trimethadione. [3]
- Antidepressants such as fluvoxamine and bupropion [4]
- Beta-blockers such as nadolol [5]
- Medical illness
- Poor hygiene which can predispose to tinea capitis [10]
- Physiological and psychological stress which are associated with telogen effluvium [11]
- Mechanical stressors such as tight braids which is associated with traction alopecia [12]
- Chemicals and hair care products [13]
- Male sex which is at increased risk of androgenetic alopecia [14]
- Age of an individual is also a risk factor. For example, tinea capitis is more common in pediatric populations while the prevalence of androgenetic alopecia increases with age [15]
- Family history of alopecia increases an individual's predisposition to developing alopecia. [16]
- Drugs
References
- ↑ Watras MM, Patel JP, Arya R (2016). "Traditional Anticoagulants and Hair Loss: A Role for Direct Oral Anticoagulants? A Review of the Literature". Drugs Real World Outcomes. 3 (1): 1–6. doi:10.1007/s40801-015-0056-z. PMC 4819463. PMID 27747798.
- ↑ Thomson SR, Mamulpet V, Adiga S (2017). "Sodium Valproate Induced Alopecia: A Case Series". J Clin Dia]]gn Res. 11 (9): FR01–FR02. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2017/28564.10658. PMC 5713753. PMID 29207731.
- ↑ HOLOWACH J, SANDEN HV (1960). "Alopecia as a side effect of treatment of epilepsy with trimethadione. Report of two cases". N Engl J Med. 263: 1187. doi:10.1056/NEJM196012082632308. PMID 13715510.
- ↑ Etminan M, Sodhi M, Procyshyn RM, Guo M, Carleton BC (2018). "Risk of hair loss with different antidepressants: a comparative retrospective cohort study". Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 33 (1): 44–48. doi:10.1097/YIC.0000000000000191. PMID 28763345.
- ↑ Shelley ED, Shelley WB (1985). "Alopecia and drug eruption of the scalp associated with a new beta-blocker, nadolol". Cutis. 35 (2): 148–9. PMID 3979099.
- ↑ Forouzan P, Cohen PR (2020). "Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Presenting as Alopecia Areata". Cureus. 12 (6): e8724. doi:10.7759/cureus.8724. PMC 7372242 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 32699719 Check|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Callen JP (2000). "Dermatomyositis". Lancet. 355 (9197): 53–7. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(99)05157-0. PMID 10615903.
- ↑ Vincent M, Yogiraj K (2013). "A Descriptive Study of Alopecia Patterns and their Relation to Thyroid Dysfunction". Int J Trichology. 5 (1): 57–60. doi:10.4103/0974-7753.114701. PMC 3746235. PMID 23960405.
- ↑ Guo EL, Katta R (2017). "Diet and hair loss: effects of nutrient deficiency and supplement use". Dermatol Pract Concept. 7 (1): 1–10. doi:10.5826/dpc.0701a01. PMC 5315033. PMID 28243487.
- ↑ Ayanlowo O, Akinkugbe A, Oladele R, Balogun M (2014). "Prevalence of Tinea Capitis Infection Among Primary School Children in a Rural Setting in South-West Nigeria". J Public Health Afr. 5 (1): 349. doi:10.4081/jphia.2014.349. PMC 5345463. PMID 28299118.
- ↑ Asghar F, Shamim N, Farooque U, Sheikh H, Aqeel R (2020). "Telogen Effluvium: A Review of the Literature". Cureus. 12 (5): e8320. doi:10.7759/cureus.8320. PMC 7320655 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 32607303 Check|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Billero V, Miteva M (2018). "Traction alopecia: the root of the problem". Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 11: 149–159. doi:10.2147/CCID.S137296. PMC 5896661. PMID 29670386.
- ↑ Nicholson AG, Harland CC, Bull RH, Mortimer PS, Cook MG (1993). "Chemically induced cosmetic alopecia". Br J Dermatol. 128 (5): 537–41. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1993.tb00231.x. PMID 8504045.
- ↑ Kische H, Arnold A, Gross S, Wallaschofski H, Völzke H, Nauck M; et al. (2017). "Sex Hormones and Hair Loss in Men From the General Population of Northeastern Germany". JAMA Dermatol. 153 (9): 935–937. doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2017.0297. PMC 5817427. PMID 28403384.
- ↑ Mahmoudi H, Salehi M, Moghadas S, Ghandi N, Teimourpour A, Daneshpazhooh M (2018) Dermoscopic Findings in 126 Patients with Alopecia Areata: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int J Trichology 10 (3):118-123. DOI:10.4103/ijt.ijt_102_17 PMID: 30034191
- ↑ Wang S, Ratnaparkhi R, Piliang M, Bergfeld WF (2018). "Role of family history in patchy alopecia areata". Dermatol Online J. 24 (10). PMID 30677822.