Cystitis causes: Difference between revisions

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__NOTOC__
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{{Cystitis}}
{{Cystitis}}
{{SCC}}
{{CMG}}{{SCC}} {{AE}} {{Maliha}}, {{USAMA}}
==Overview==
[[Infection|Infections]] are the most common cause of cystitis. More than 80% of cases of cystitis are caused by ''[[Escherichia coli]] ([[Escherichia coli|E. Coli]])'', a [[Bacteria|bacterium]] found in the [[Gastrointestinal tract|lower gastrointestinal tract]].  Some [[Virus|viruses]], [[Fungus|fungi]] and [[Parasitism|parasites]] can rarely cause cystitis. Other causes of cystitis include certain [[Medication|medications]], iatrogenic causes, [[pelvic inflammatory disease]], [[Physical trauma|trauma]], and [[radiation therapy]].


==Causes==
==Causes==
===Common Causes===
===Common Causes===
More than 85% of cases of cystitis are caused by ''[[escherichia coli]] ("E. coli")'', a bacterium found in the lower gastrointestinal tract.
[[Infection|Infections]] are the most common cause of cystitis. More than 80% of cases of cystitis are caused by ''[[Escherichia coli]] ([[Escherichia coli|E. Coli]])'', a [[Bacteria|bacterium]] found in the [[Gastrointestinal tract|lower gastrointestinal tract]]. Pathogens causing cystitis include: <ref name="pmid12113867">{{cite journal| author=Ronald A| title=The etiology of urinary tract infection: traditional and emerging pathogens. | journal=Am J Med | year= 2002 | volume= 113 Suppl 1A | issue=  | pages= 14S-19S | pmid=12113867 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12113867  }} </ref><ref name="pmid11564026">{{cite journal| author=Aydos MM, Memis A, Yakupoglu YK, Ozdal OL, Oztekin V| title=The use and efficacy of the American Urological Association Symptom Index in assessing the outcome of urethroplasty for post-traumatic complete posterior urethral strictures. | journal=BJU Int | year= 2001 | volume= 88 | issue= 4 | pages= 382-4 | pmid=11564026 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11564026  }} </ref><ref name="pmid11505545">{{cite journal| author=Bilichenko SV, Maĭzel's IG, Golovina EI, Arkhipov VV| title=[Bladder foreign body in a 4-year-old girl]. | journal=Urologiia | year= 2001 | volume=  | issue= 3 | pages= 42-3 | pmid=11505545 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11505545  }} </ref><ref name="pmid510344">{{cite journal| author=Cox PJ| title=Cyclophosphamide cystitis and bladder cancer. A hypothesis. | journal=Eur J Cancer | year= 1979 | volume= 15 | issue= 8 | pages= 1071-2 | pmid=510344 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=510344  }} </ref><ref name="pmid10864217">{{cite journal| author=Russo P| title=Urologic emergencies in the cancer patient. | journal=Semin Oncol | year= 2000 | volume= 27 | issue= 3 | pages= 284-98 | pmid=10864217 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10864217  }} </ref>
 
*Gram negative bacteria
**[[Escherichia Coli|''Escherichia Coli'']]
**[[Klebsiella|''Klebsiella'']]
**[[Enterobacter|''Enterobacter'']]
**[[Proteus|''Proteus'']] species
 
*Gram positive bacteria
**[[Enterococci|''Enterococci'']]
**[[Staphylococcus saprophyticus|''Staphylococcus saprophyticus'']]
===Less Common/Rare Causes===
Some less common or rare causes of cystitis may include:<ref name="pmid21349389">{{cite journal| author=Ples R, Méchaï F, Champiat B, Droupy S, Huerre M, Guettier C et al.| title=[Pseudotumoral toxoplasmic cystitis revealing acquired immunodeficiency syndrome]. | journal=Ann Pathol | year= 2011 | volume= 31 | issue= 1 | pages= 46-9 | pmid=21349389 | doi=10.1016/j.annpat.2010.11.001 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21349389  }} </ref><ref name="pmid28001179">{{cite journal| author=Teles F, Santos LG, Tenório CE, Marinho MR, Moraes SR, Câmara DB et al.| title=Lupus cystitis presenting with hidronephrosis and gastrointestinal involvement. | journal=J Bras Nefrol | year= 2016 | volume= 38 | issue= 4 | pages= 478-482 | pmid=28001179 | doi=10.5935/0101-2800.20160077 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28001179  }} </ref>
*[[HIV]]
*[[Ketamine]]
*Tranilast
*[[Physical trauma|Trauma]]
 
===Hemorrhagic Causes===
Hemorrhagic cystitis can be caused by:<ref name="pmid510344">{{cite journal| author=Cox PJ| title=Cyclophosphamide cystitis and bladder cancer. A hypothesis. | journal=Eur J Cancer | year= 1979 | volume= 15 | issue= 8 | pages= 1071-2 | pmid=510344 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=510344  }} </ref><ref name="pmid27919130">{{cite journal| author=Wakamiya T, Kuramoto T, Inagaki T| title=[Two Cases of Spontaneous Rupture of the Urinary Bladder Associated with Radiation Cystitis, Repaired with Omentum Covering]. | journal=Hinyokika Kiyo | year= 2016 | volume= 62 | issue= 10 | pages= 545-548 | pmid=27919130 | doi=10.14989/ActaUrolJap_62_10_545 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27919130  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19755771">{{cite journal| author=Toma Y, Ishiki T, Nagahama K, Okumura K, Kamiyama T, Kohagura K et al.| title=Penicillin G-induced hemorrhagic cystitis with hydronephrosis. | journal=Intern Med | year= 2009 | volume= 48 | issue= 18 | pages= 1667-9 | pmid=19755771 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19755771  }} </ref><ref name="pmid10864217">{{cite journal| author=Russo P| title=Urologic emergencies in the cancer patient. | journal=Semin Oncol | year= 2000 | volume= 27 | issue= 3 | pages= 284-98 | pmid=10864217 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10864217  }} </ref>
* Medications such as:
** [[Cyclophosphamide]]
**[[Ifosfamide]]
**[[Penicillin G]]
**[[Ketamine]]
* Procedures
* [[Radiation]] therapy
*[[Adenovirus]] infection
 
===Causes by Organ System===
===Causes by Organ System===
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
The causes of cystitis with rest to organ system can be classified as:<ref name="pmid28001179">{{cite journal| author=Teles F, Santos LG, Tenório CE, Marinho MR, Moraes SR, Câmara DB et al.| title=Lupus cystitis presenting with hidronephrosis and gastrointestinal involvement. | journal=J Bras Nefrol | year= 2016 | volume= 38 | issue= 4 | pages= 478-482 | pmid=28001179 | doi=10.5935/0101-2800.20160077 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28001179  }} </ref><ref name="pmid9378923">{{cite journal| author=Hooton TM, Stamm WE| title=Diagnosis and treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infection. | journal=Infect Dis Clin North Am | year= 1997 | volume= 11 | issue= 3 | pages= 551-81 | pmid=9378923 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9378923  }} </ref><ref name="pmid22233286">{{cite journal| author=Friedlander JI, Shorter B, Moldwin RM| title=Diet and its role in interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) and comorbid conditions. | journal=BJU Int | year= 2012 | volume= 109 | issue= 11 | pages= 1584-91 | pmid=22233286 | doi=10.1111/j.1464-410X.2011.10860.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22233286  }} </ref><ref name="pmid15838790">{{cite journal| author=Leutscher PD, Pedersen M, Raharisolo C, Jensen JS, Hoffmann S, Lisse I et al.| title=Increased prevalence of leukocytes and elevated cytokine levels in semen from Schistosoma haematobium-infected individuals. | journal=J Infect Dis | year= 2005 | volume= 191 | issue= 10 | pages= 1639-47 | pmid=15838790 | doi=10.1086/429334 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15838790  }} </ref><ref name="pmid25602481">{{cite journal| author=Okazaki S, Hori J, Kita M, Yamaguchi S, Kawakami N, Kakizaki H| title=[A case of eosinophilic cystitis mimicking an invasive bladder cancer]. | journal=Hinyokika Kiyo | year= 2014 | volume= 60 | issue= 12 | pages= 635-9 | pmid=25602481 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25602481  }} </ref><ref name="pmid510344">{{cite journal| author=Cox PJ| title=Cyclophosphamide cystitis and bladder cancer. A hypothesis. | journal=Eur J Cancer | year= 1979 | volume= 15 | issue= 8 | pages= 1071-2 | pmid=510344 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=510344  }} </ref><ref name="pmid10864217">{{cite journal| author=Russo P| title=Urologic emergencies in the cancer patient. | journal=Semin Oncol | year= 2000 | volume= 27 | issue= 3 | pages= 284-98 | pmid=10864217 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10864217  }} </ref><ref name="pmid27919130">{{cite journal| author=Wakamiya T, Kuramoto T, Inagaki T| title=[Two Cases of Spontaneous Rupture of the Urinary Bladder Associated with Radiation Cystitis, Repaired with Omentum Covering]. | journal=Hinyokika Kiyo | year= 2016 | volume= 62 | issue= 10 | pages= 545-548 | pmid=27919130 | doi=10.14989/ActaUrolJap_62_10_545 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27919130  }} </ref><ref name="pmid25004793">{{cite journal| author=Cunha BA, Lee P, Kaouris N, Raza M| title=The safety of nitrofurantoin for the treatment of nosocomial catheter-associated bacteriuria (CAB) and cystitis. | journal=J Chemother | year= 2015 | volume= 27 | issue= 2 | pages= 122-3 | pmid=25004793 | doi=10.1179/1973947814Y.0000000202 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25004793  }} </ref><ref name="pmid16449153">{{cite journal| author=Teal SB, Craven WM| title=Inadvertent vesicular placement of a vaginal contraceptive ring presenting as persistent cystitis. | journal=Obstet Gynecol | year= 2006 | volume= 107 | issue= 2 Pt 2 | pages= 470-2 | pmid=16449153 | doi=10.1097/01.AOG.0000164072.91339.9e | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16449153  }} </ref><ref name="pmid11505545">{{cite journal| author=Bilichenko SV, Maĭzel's IG, Golovina EI, Arkhipov VV| title=[Bladder foreign body in a 4-year-old girl]. | journal=Urologiia | year= 2001 | volume=  | issue= 3 | pages= 42-3 | pmid=11505545 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11505545  }} </ref><ref name="pmid24917712">{{cite journal| author=Grimsby GM, Tyson MD, Salevitz B, Smith ML, Castle EP| title=Bladder Outlet Obstruction Secondary to a Brunn's Cyst. | journal=Curr Urol | year= 2012 | volume= 6 | issue= 1 | pages= 50-2 | pmid=24917712 | doi=10.1159/000338871 | pmc=3783323 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24917712  }} </ref><ref name="pmid27806219">{{cite journal| author=Tzou KY, Chiang YT| title=Emphysematous Cystitis. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2016 | volume= 375 | issue= 18 | pages= 1779 | pmid=27806219 | doi=10.1056/NEJMicm1509543 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27806219  }} </ref><ref name="pmid10433573">{{cite journal| author=Echols RM, Tosiello RL, Haverstock DC, Tice AD| title=Demographic, clinical, and treatment parameters influencing the outcome of acute cystitis. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 1999 | volume= 29 | issue= 1 | pages= 113-9 | pmid=10433573 | doi=10.1086/520138 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10433573  }} </ref><ref name="pmid28017477">{{cite journal| author=de Cueto M, Aliaga L, Alós JI, Canut A, Los-Arcos I, Martínez JA et al.| title=Executive summary of the diagnosis and treatment of urinary tract infection: Guidelines of the Spanish Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (SEIMC). | journal=Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin | year= 2016 | volume=  | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=28017477 | doi=10.1016/j.eimc.2016.11.005 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28017477  }} </ref>
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
 
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
{| style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
| style="width:25%" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" ; border="1" | '''Cardiovascular'''
| style="width:75%" bgcolor="Beige" ; border="1" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Artificial sweeteners]], [[benzidine]], bubble baths, [[chemical cystitis]], [[diaphragm]], [[feminine hygeine sprays]], perfumed soap, [[spermicidal jellies]], [[talcum powder]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | Chemical cystitis
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
| '''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Allopurinol]], [[Cetrizine]], [[Cyclophosphamide]], [[Danazol]], [[Doxorubicin]], [[drug induced cystitis]], [[Ifosfamide]], [[Methotrexate]], [[NSAIDs]], [[Tiaprofenic acid]], [[Ticarcilline]], [[Tranilast]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Allopurinol]], [[BCG vaccine]], [[Cetirizine]], [[Cyclophosphamide]], [[Cytarabine]], [[Danazol]], [[Doxorubicin]], [[drug induced cystitis]], [[hexaminolevulinate]], [[Ifosfamide]], [[Leflunomide]], [[Methotrexate]], [[NSAIDs]], [[Oxaprozin]], [[Pramipexole]], [[Sertraline]], [[Tiagabine]], [[Tiaprofenic acid]], [[Ticarcillin]], [[Topiramate]], Tranilast
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-  
|-  
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
| '''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Diabetes]], [[diabetic neuropathy]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-  
|-  
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
| '''Environmental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Crohn's disease]], [[diarrhea]], [[diverticulitis]], [[vescicoenteric fistula]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Urofacial syndrome]], [[adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
| '''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
| '''Iatrogenic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cystoscopy]], [[radiotherapy]], [[urinary catheter]], [[episiotomy scar infection]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Cystoscopy]], [[radiotherapy]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Candida]], [[chlamydia]], [[E. coli]], [[enterobacter]], [[episiotomy scar infection]], [[gonorrhea]], [[klebsiella]], [[prostatitis]], [[pseudomonas aeruginosa]], [[schistosomiasis]], [[serratia]], [[sexually transmitted diseases]], [[staphyloccus saprophyticus]], [[trichomoniasis]], [[tuberculosis]], [[urinary tract infection]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | ''[[Candida]], [[chlamydia]], [[E. coli]], [[enterobacter]], [[gonorrhea]], [[klebsiella]],'' [[prostatitis]]'', [[pseudomonas aeruginosa]], [[schistosomiasis]], [[serratia]], [[staphylococcus saprophyticus]], [[trichomoniasis]],'' [[tuberculosis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Diabetic neuropathy]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency]], [[alcohol]], [[caffeine]], [[chocolate]], [[poor nutrition]], [[tomatoes]], [[xanthinuria]], [[artificial sweeteners]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Endometriosis]], [[gynecological cancers]], [[menopause]], [[PID]], [[pregnancy]], [[episiotomy scar infection]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
| '''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Gynecological cancers]], [[Urachal cancer]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Opthalmologic'''
| '''Opthalmologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
| '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
| '''Psychiatric'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Behcet's disease]], [[lupus]], [[Crohn's disease]], [[autoimmune interstitial cystitis]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | Autoimmune interstitial cystitis
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Sexual'''
| '''Sexual'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Frequent sex]], men having sex with men, [[vigorous sex]], [[honeymoon cystitis]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
| '''Trauma'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Spinal cord injury]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Physical trauma]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Urologic'''
| '''Urologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Autoimmune interstitial cystitis]], [[benign prostate hyperplasia]], [[bladder incontinence]], [[congenital abnormalities of the urinary tract]], [[enlarged prostate]], [[honeymoon cystitis]], [[Hunner's ulcer]], [[interstitial cystitis]], [[narrowing of the urethral opening]], [[posterior urethral valve]], [[urachal cancer]], [[urachal cyst]], [[urethral syndrome]], [[urethritis]], [[urinary obstruction]], [[urinary stones]], [[vescicoenteric fistula]], [[urinary tract infection]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | Autoimmune interstitial cystitis, [[interstitial cystitis]], [[urethritis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dental'''
| '''Dental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Dehydration]], [[female gender]], [[foreign body cystitis]], [[immobility]], Not wiping from front to back (women), [[old age]], [[poor hygeine]], [[tampons]], [[tight fitting underwear]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | Foreign body cystitis
|-
|-
|}
|}


===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
{{MultiCol}}
<div style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;">
*[[Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency]]
*Autoimmune interstitial cystitis
*[[Alcohol]]
*[[Candida|''Candida'']]
*[[Allopurinol]]
*Chemical cystitis
*[[Artificial sweeteners]]
*[[Chlamydia|''Chlamydia'']]
*[[Autoimmune interstitial cystitis]]
*[[Behcet's disease]]
*[[Benign prostate hyperplasia]]
*[[Benzidine]]
*[[Bladder incontinence]]
*[[Bubble bath]]
*[[Caffeine]]
*[[Candida]]
*[[Cetrizine]]
*[[Chemical cystitis]]
*[[Chlamydia]]
*[[Chocolate]]
*[[Congenital abnormalities of the urinary tract]]
*[[Crohn's disease]]
*[[Cyclophosphamide]]
*[[Cyclophosphamide]]
*[[Cystoscopy]]
*[[Cystoscopy]]
*[[Cytarabine]]
*[[Danazol]]
*[[Danazol]]
*[[Dehydration]]
*[[Diabetes]]
*[[Diabetic neuropathy]]
*[[Diaphragm]]
*[[Diarrhea]]
*[[Diverticulitis]]
*[[Doxorubicin]]
*[[Doxorubicin]]
*[[Drug induced cystitis]]
*[[Drug induced cystitis]]
*[[E. coli]]
*[[E. coli|''E. coli'']]
*[[Endometriosis]]
*[[Enterobacter|''Enterobacter'']]
*[[Enlarged prostate]]
*Foreign body cystitis
*[[Enterobacter]]
*[[Episiotomy scar infection]]
*[[Female gender]]
*[[Feminine hygeine sprays]]
*[[Foreign body cystitis]]
*[[Frequent sex]]
*[[Gonorrhea]]
*[[Gonorrhea]]
*[[Gynecological cancers]]
*[[Honeymoon cystitis]]
*[[Hunner's ulcer]]
*[[Ifosfamide]]
*[[Ifosfamide]]
*[[Immobility]]
*[[Interstitial cystitis]]
*[[Interstitial cystitis]]
{{ColBreak}}
*[[Klebsiella]]
*[[Klebsiella]]
*[[Lupus]]
*[[Men having sex with men]]
*[[Menopause]]
*[[Methotrexate]]
*[[Methotrexate]]
*[[Narrowing of the urethral opening]]
*[[Not wiping from front to back (women)]]
*[[NSAIDs]]
*[[NSAIDs]]
*[[Old age]]
*[[Oxaprozin]]
*[[Perfumed soap]]
*[[Physical trauma]]
*[[PID]]
*[[Poor hygeine]]
*[[Poor nutrition]]
*[[Posterior urethral valve]]
*[[Pregnancy]]
*[[Prostatitis]]
*[[Prostatitis]]
*[[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]
*[[Pseudomonas aeruginosa|''Pseudomonas aeruginosa'']]
*[[Radiotherapy]]
*[[Radiotherapy]]
*[[Schistosomiasis]]
*[[Schistosomiasis|''Schistosomiasis'']]
*[[Serratia]]
*[[Serratia|''Serratia'']]
*[[Sexually transmitted diseases]]
*[[Sexually transmitted diseases]]
*[[Spermicidal jellies]]
*[[Staphylococcus saprophyticus|''Staphylococcus saprophyticus'']]
*[[Spinal cord injury]]
*[[Staphyloccus saprophyticus]]
*[[Talcum powder]]
*[[Tampons]]
*[[Tiaprofenic acid]]
*[[Tiaprofenic acid]]
*[[Ticarcilline]]
*[[Tiagabine]]
*[[Tight fitting underwear]]
*Ticarcillin
*[[Tomatoes]]
*Tranilast
*[[Tranilast]]
*[[Trichomoniasis|''Trichomoniasis'']]<ref name="pmid27793272">{{cite journal| author=Chang PC, Hsu YC, Hsieh ML, Huang ST, Huang HC, Chen Y| title=A pilot study on Trichomonas vaginalis in women with recurrent urinary tract infections. | journal=Biomed J | year= 2016 | volume= 39 | issue= 4 | pages= 289-294 | pmid=27793272 | doi=10.1016/j.bj.2015.11.005 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27793272  }} </ref>
*[[Trichomoniasis]]
*[[Tuberculosis]]
*[[Tuberculosis]]
*[[Urachal cancer]]
*[[Urachal cyst]]
*[[Urethral syndrome]]
*[[Urethritis]]
*[[Urethritis]]
*[[Urinary catheter]]
</div>
*[[Urinary obstruction]]
 
*[[Urinary stones]]
*[[Urinary tract infection]]
*[[Urofacial syndrome]]
*[[Vescicoenteric fistula]]
*[[Vigorous sex]]
*[[Xanthinuria]]
{{EndMultiCol}}
==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
{{WH}}
{{WS}}


[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Medicine]]
[[Category:Inflammations]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Renal Disease]]
[[Category:Nephrology]]
[[Category:Nephrology]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Urology]]
[[Category:Primary care]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Needs causes]]
[[Category:Needs overview]]
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Latest revision as of 21:12, 29 July 2020

Urinary Tract Infections Main Page

Cystitis Microchapters

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Steven C. Campbell, M.D., Ph.D. Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Maliha Shakil, M.D. [2], Usama Talib, BSc, MD [3]

Overview

Infections are the most common cause of cystitis. More than 80% of cases of cystitis are caused by Escherichia coli (E. Coli), a bacterium found in the lower gastrointestinal tract. Some viruses, fungi and parasites can rarely cause cystitis. Other causes of cystitis include certain medications, iatrogenic causes, pelvic inflammatory disease, trauma, and radiation therapy.

Causes

Common Causes

Infections are the most common cause of cystitis. More than 80% of cases of cystitis are caused by Escherichia coli (E. Coli), a bacterium found in the lower gastrointestinal tract. Pathogens causing cystitis include: [1][2][3][4][5]

Less Common/Rare Causes

Some less common or rare causes of cystitis may include:[6][7]

Hemorrhagic Causes

Hemorrhagic cystitis can be caused by:[4][8][9][5]

Causes by Organ System

The causes of cystitis with rest to organ system can be classified as:[7][10][11][12][13][4][5][8][14][15][3][16][17][18][19]

Cardiovascular No underlying causes
Chemical / poisoning Chemical cystitis
Dermatologic No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect Allopurinol, BCG vaccine, Cetirizine, Cyclophosphamide, Cytarabine, Danazol, Doxorubicin, drug induced cystitis, hexaminolevulinate, Ifosfamide, Leflunomide, Methotrexate, NSAIDs, Oxaprozin, Pramipexole, Sertraline, Tiagabine, Tiaprofenic acid, Ticarcillin, Topiramate, Tranilast
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine No underlying causes
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic No underlying causes
Genetic No underlying causes
Hematologic No underlying causes
Iatrogenic Cystoscopy, radiotherapy
Infectious Disease Candida, chlamydia, E. coli, enterobacter, gonorrhea, klebsiella, prostatitis, pseudomonas aeruginosa, schistosomiasis, serratia, staphylococcus saprophyticus, trichomoniasis, tuberculosis
Musculoskeletal / Ortho No underlying causes
Neurologic No underlying causes
Nutritional / Metabolic No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic No underlying causes
Opthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary No underlying causes
Renal / Electrolyte No underlying causes
Rheum / Immune / Allergy Autoimmune interstitial cystitis
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma Physical trauma
Urologic Autoimmune interstitial cystitis, interstitial cystitis, urethritis
Dental No underlying causes
Miscellaneous Foreign body cystitis

Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

  1. ↑ Ronald A (2002). "The etiology of urinary tract infection: traditional and emerging pathogens". Am J Med. 113 Suppl 1A: 14S–19S. PMID 12113867.
  2. ↑ Aydos MM, Memis A, Yakupoglu YK, Ozdal OL, Oztekin V (2001). "The use and efficacy of the American Urological Association Symptom Index in assessing the outcome of urethroplasty for post-traumatic complete posterior urethral strictures". BJU Int. 88 (4): 382–4. PMID 11564026.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Bilichenko SV, Maĭzel's IG, Golovina EI, Arkhipov VV (2001). "[Bladder foreign body in a 4-year-old girl]". Urologiia (3): 42–3. PMID 11505545.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Cox PJ (1979). "Cyclophosphamide cystitis and bladder cancer. A hypothesis". Eur J Cancer. 15 (8): 1071–2. PMID 510344.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Russo P (2000). "Urologic emergencies in the cancer patient". Semin Oncol. 27 (3): 284–98. PMID 10864217.
  6. ↑ Ples R, Méchaï F, Champiat B, Droupy S, Huerre M, Guettier C; et al. (2011). "[Pseudotumoral toxoplasmic cystitis revealing acquired immunodeficiency syndrome]". Ann Pathol. 31 (1): 46–9. doi:10.1016/j.annpat.2010.11.001. PMID 21349389.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Teles F, Santos LG, Tenório CE, Marinho MR, Moraes SR, Câmara DB; et al. (2016). "Lupus cystitis presenting with hidronephrosis and gastrointestinal involvement". J Bras Nefrol. 38 (4): 478–482. doi:10.5935/0101-2800.20160077. PMID 28001179.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Wakamiya T, Kuramoto T, Inagaki T (2016). "[Two Cases of Spontaneous Rupture of the Urinary Bladder Associated with Radiation Cystitis, Repaired with Omentum Covering]". Hinyokika Kiyo. 62 (10): 545–548. doi:10.14989/ActaUrolJap_62_10_545. PMID 27919130.
  9. ↑ Toma Y, Ishiki T, Nagahama K, Okumura K, Kamiyama T, Kohagura K; et al. (2009). "Penicillin G-induced hemorrhagic cystitis with hydronephrosis". Intern Med. 48 (18): 1667–9. PMID 19755771.
  10. ↑ Hooton TM, Stamm WE (1997). "Diagnosis and treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infection". Infect Dis Clin North Am. 11 (3): 551–81. PMID 9378923.
  11. ↑ Friedlander JI, Shorter B, Moldwin RM (2012). "Diet and its role in interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) and comorbid conditions". BJU Int. 109 (11): 1584–91. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2011.10860.x. PMID 22233286.
  12. ↑ Leutscher PD, Pedersen M, Raharisolo C, Jensen JS, Hoffmann S, Lisse I; et al. (2005). "Increased prevalence of leukocytes and elevated cytokine levels in semen from Schistosoma haematobium-infected individuals". J Infect Dis. 191 (10): 1639–47. doi:10.1086/429334. PMID 15838790.
  13. ↑ Okazaki S, Hori J, Kita M, Yamaguchi S, Kawakami N, Kakizaki H (2014). "[A case of eosinophilic cystitis mimicking an invasive bladder cancer]". Hinyokika Kiyo. 60 (12): 635–9. PMID 25602481.
  14. ↑ Cunha BA, Lee P, Kaouris N, Raza M (2015). "The safety of nitrofurantoin for the treatment of nosocomial catheter-associated bacteriuria (CAB) and cystitis". J Chemother. 27 (2): 122–3. doi:10.1179/1973947814Y.0000000202. PMID 25004793.
  15. ↑ Teal SB, Craven WM (2006). "Inadvertent vesicular placement of a vaginal contraceptive ring presenting as persistent cystitis". Obstet Gynecol. 107 (2 Pt 2): 470–2. doi:10.1097/01.AOG.0000164072.91339.9e. PMID 16449153.
  16. ↑ Grimsby GM, Tyson MD, Salevitz B, Smith ML, Castle EP (2012). "Bladder Outlet Obstruction Secondary to a Brunn's Cyst". Curr Urol. 6 (1): 50–2. doi:10.1159/000338871. PMC 3783323. PMID 24917712.
  17. ↑ Tzou KY, Chiang YT (2016). "Emphysematous Cystitis". N Engl J Med. 375 (18): 1779. doi:10.1056/NEJMicm1509543. PMID 27806219.
  18. ↑ Echols RM, Tosiello RL, Haverstock DC, Tice AD (1999). "Demographic, clinical, and treatment parameters influencing the outcome of acute cystitis". Clin Infect Dis. 29 (1): 113–9. doi:10.1086/520138. PMID 10433573.
  19. ↑ de Cueto M, Aliaga L, Alós JI, Canut A, Los-Arcos I, Martínez JA; et al. (2016). "Executive summary of the diagnosis and treatment of urinary tract infection: Guidelines of the Spanish Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (SEIMC)". Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. doi:10.1016/j.eimc.2016.11.005. PMID 28017477.
  20. ↑ Chang PC, Hsu YC, Hsieh ML, Huang ST, Huang HC, Chen Y (2016). "A pilot study on Trichomonas vaginalis in women with recurrent urinary tract infections". Biomed J. 39 (4): 289–294. doi:10.1016/j.bj.2015.11.005. PMID 27793272.

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