Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase: Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox_Disease |
__NOTOC__
  Name          = {{PAGENAME}} |
  Image          = |
  Caption        = |
  DiseasesDB    = |
  ICD10          = |
  ICD9          = |
  ICDO          = |
  OMIM          = |
  MedlinePlus    = |
  eMedicineSubj  = |
  eMedicineTopic = |
  MeshID        = |
}}
{{SI}}
{{SI}}
{{CMG}}; {{VR}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{VR}}


{{SK}} LAP
{{SK}} LAP


== Overview ==   
== Overview ==   
'''Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase''' is a test that tests the level of an enzyme within the white blood cells.
Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase is an [[enzyme]] found within [[white blood cells]].  The blood level of leukocyte alkaline phosphatase is measured in order to help in the diagnosis of certain conditions.  Higher levels of the enzyme are seen in [[polycythemia vera]], [[essential thrombocytosis]], [[myelofibrosis|primary myelofibrosis]] and [[leukemoid reaction]]. Lower levels are found in [[chronic myelogenous leukemia]], [[aplastic anemia]], [[paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria]] and [[acute myelogenous leukemia]].


==Causes of increased leukocyte alkaline phosphatase<ref>Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:77 ISBN 1591032016</ref><ref>Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:68 ISBN 140510368X</ref>==
==Causes of Increased Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase==
===Life Threatening Causes===
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.


===Common causes===
*[[Appendicitis]]
* [[Acute leukemia]]
*[[Blood transfusion]]
* [[Aplastic Anemia]]
*[[Burns]]
* [[Malignant lymphoma]]s
*[[Diabetic coma]]
* [[Megaloblastic anemia]]
*[[Diabetic ketoacidosis]]
* [[Multiple Myeloma]]
*[[Eclampsia]]
* [[Myelofibrosis]]
*[[Epidural hemorrhage]]
* [[Polycythemia Vera]]
*[[Hemorrhagic shock]]
* Solid [[tumors]]
*[[Fulminant hepatic necrosis|Hepatic necrosis]]
* Tissue [[necrosis]]
*[[Venom|Insect venoms]]
*[[Intracerebral hemorrhage]]
*[[Ischemic colitis]]
*[[Myocardial infarction]]
*[[Osteomyelitis]]
*[[Pelvic abscess]]
 
===Common Causes===
*[[Acute leukemia]]
*[[Essential thrombocytosis]]
*[[Leukemoid reaction]]
*[[Malignant lymphoma]]
*[[Megaloblastic anemia]]
*[[Multiple Myeloma]]<ref name="pmid406335">{{cite journal| author=Brook J, Dreisbach PB| title=Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase levels in multiple myeloma. | journal=J Lab Clin Med | year= 1977 | volume= 90 | issue= 1 | pages= 114-7 | pmid=406335 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=406335  }} </ref>
*[[Myelofibrosis]]
*[[Polycythemia Vera]]
*[[Tumor|Solid tumors]]
*[[Necrosis|Tissue necrosis]]<ref>Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:77 ISBN 1591032016</ref><ref>Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:68 ISBN 140510368X</ref>


===Causes by Organ System===
===Causes by Organ System===
{|style="width:82%; height:100px" border="1"
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Atrial fibrillation]],  [[Giant cell arteritis]], [[Hemorrhagic shock]], [[Ischemic colitis]], [[Myocardial infarction]], [[Pericarditis]], [[Subacute endocarditis]], [[Vasculitis]]
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Giant cell arteritis]], [[hemorrhagic shock]], [[ischemic colitis]], [[myocardial infarction]], [[pericarditis]], [[subacute endocarditis]], [[vasculitis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
| '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Camphor]], [[Lead]], [[Lithium]], [[Mercury]], [[Pyrogallol]], [[Snakebite]], [[Turpentine]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Camphor]], [[lead]], [[lithium]], [[mercury]], [[pyrogallol]], [[snakebite]], [[turpentine]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
Line 53: Line 59:
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[All-trans retinoic acid]], [[Arsphenamine]], [[Catecholamines ]], [[Corticosteroids]], [[Dapsone]], [[Digitalis]], [[Neuroleptic malignant syndrome]], [[Oral contraceptives]], [[Phenacetin]], [[Quinidine]], [[Sulfa drugs]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[All-trans retinoic acid]], [[arsphenamine]], [[catecholamines]], [[corticosteroids]], [[dapsone]], [[digitalis]], [[neuroleptic malignant syndrome]], [[oral contraceptives]], [[phenacetin]], [[quinidine]], [[sulfa drugs]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
Line 61: Line 67:
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
| '''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cushing disease]], [[Diabetes]], [[Diabetic coma]], [[Diabetic ketoacidosis]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cushing's disease]], [[diabetes]], [[diabetic coma]], [[diabetic ketoacidosis]]
|-  
|-  
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
Line 69: Line 75:
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Appendicitis]], [[Cholangitis]], [[Cholecystitis]], [[Gastric carcinoma]], [[Hepatic necrosis]], [[Ischemic colitis]], [[Liver abscess]], [[Liver fluke]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Appendicitis]], [[cholangitis]], [[cholecystitis]], [[gastric carcinoma]], [[fulminant hepatic necrosis]], [[ischemic colitis]], [[liver abscess]], [[liver fluke]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Congenital Asplenia]], [[Congenital neutropenia ]], [[Down syndrome]], [[Familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome]], [[Fanconi anemia]], [[Hereditary neutrophilia]], [[Hyposplenism]], [[Klinefelter syndrome]], [[Kostmann's syndrome]], [[Leukocyte adhesion factor deficiency]], [[Pelger-huet anomaly]], [[Rac mutation]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Asplenia|Congenital asplenia]], [[neutropenia|congenital neutropenia]], [[Down syndrome]], [[familial cold urticaria|familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome]], [[Fanconi anemia]], [[hereditary neutrophilia]], [[hyposplenism]], [[Klinefelter syndrome]], [[Kostmann syndrome]], [[Leukocyte adhesion deficiency|leukocyte adhesion factor deficiency]], [[Pelger-Huet anomaly]], [[rac|rac mutation]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
| '''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acute lymphoblastic leukemia]], [[Acute myelogenous leukemia]], [[Agnogenic myeloid metaplasia]], [[Aplastic anemia]], [[Essential thrombocytopenia]], [[Fanconi anemia]], [[Hairy cell leukemia]], [[Hemarthrosis]], [[Hemolysis]], [[Hemoperitoneum]], [[Hemorrhagic shock]], [[Hodgkin's lymphoma]], [[Infectious mononucleosis ]], [[Megaloblastic anemia]], [[Multiple myeloma]], [[Myelofibrosis]], [[Pelger-huet anomaly]], [[Polycythemia vera]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acute lymphoblastic leukemia]], [[acute myelogenous leukemia]], [[agnogenic myeloid metaplasia]], [[aplastic anemia]], [[chronic neutrophilic leukemia]], [[essential thrombocytopenia]], [[Fanconi anemia]], [[hairy cell leukemia]], [[hemarthrosis]], [[hemolysis]], [[hemoperitoneum]], [[hemorrhagic shock]], [[Hodgkin's lymphoma]], [[infectious mononucleosis]], [[megaloblastic anemia]], [[multiple myeloma]], [[myelofibrosis]], [[Pelger-Huet anomaly]], [[polycythemia vera]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
| '''Iatrogenic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Blood transfusion]], [[G-CSF]], [[GM-CSF]], [[Post spleenectomy ]], [[Vaccination ]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Blood transfusion]], [[G-CSF]], [[GM-CSF]], [[splenectomy|post spleenectomy]], [[vaccination ]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Actinomyces]], [[Burkholderia mallei ]], [[Cellulitis]], [[Cholangitis]], [[Cholecystitis]], [[Clostridium difficile]], [[Coccidioides immitis]], [[Escherichia coli]], [[Herpes zoster]], [[Infectious mononucleosis ]], [[Klebsiella pneumoniae ]], [[Liver abscess]], [[Liver fluke]], [[Malaria]], [[Mycobacterium tuberculosis ]], [[Neisseria gonorrhoeae]], [[Osteomyelitis]], [[Otitis media]], [[Pelvic abscess]], [[Pelvic inflammatory disease]], [[Perinephric abscess]], [[Pertussis]], [[Plague]], [[Poliomyelitis]],  [[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]], [[Pyelonephritis]],  [[Rabies]], [[Rheumatic disease]], [[Rickettsia]], [[Salmonella typhi]], [[Salpingitis]], [[Sepsis]], [[Septic arthritis]], [[Smallpox]], [[Spirochetes]], [[Staphylococcus aureus]], [[Staphylococcus epidermidis]], [[Streptococcus pneumoniae]], [[Streptococcus pyogenes]], [[Subacute endocarditis]], [[Tonsillitis]], [[Varicella]], [[Visceral larva migrans ]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Abscess]], [[actinomyces]], [[burkholderia mallei]], [[cellulitis]], [[cholangitis]], [[cholecystitis]], [[clostridium difficile]], [[coccidioides immitis]], [[escherichia coli]], [[herpes zoster]], [[infectious mononucleosis]], [[klebsiella pneumoniae]], [[liver abscess]], [[liver fluke]], [[malaria]], [[mycobacterium tuberculosis]], [[neisseria gonorrhoeae]], [[osteomyelitis]], [[otitis media]], [[pelvic abscess]], [[pelvic inflammatory disease]], [[pertussis]], [[plague]], [[poliomyelitis]], [[pseudomonas aeruginosa]], [[pyelonephritis]], [[rabies]], [[rickettsia]], [[salmonella typhi]], [[salpingitis]], [[sepsis]], [[septic arthritis]], [[smallpox]], [[spirochetes]], [[staphylococcus aureus]], [[staphylococcus epidermidis]], [[streptococcus pneumoniae]], [[streptococcus pyogenes]], [[subacute endocarditis]], [[tonsillitis]], [[varicella]], [[visceral larva migrans ]]
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
| '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
Line 92: Line 98:
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Eclampsia]], [[Epidural hemorrhage]], [[Intra cerebral hemorrhage]], [[Pre eclampsia]], [[Subdural hemorrhage]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Eclampsia]], [[epidural hemorrhage]], [[intracerebral hemorrhage]], [[preeclampsia]], [[subdural hemorrhage]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
| '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Diabetic coma]], [[Diabetic ketoacidosis]], [[Uremia]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Diabetic coma]], [[diabetic ketoacidosis]], [[uremia]]
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cesarean delivery]], [[Eclampsia]], [[Pelvic inflammatory disease]], [[Preeclampsia]], [[Pregnancy]], [[Salpingitis]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cesarean delivery]], [[eclampsia]], [[pelvic inflammatory disease]], [[preeclampsia]], [[pregnancy]], [[salpingitis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
| '''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acute lymphoblastic leukemia]], [[Acute myelogenous leukemia]], [[Agnogenic myeloid metaplasia]], [[Bronchogenic carcinoma ]], [[Gastric carcinoma]], [[Hairy cell leukemia]], [[Hodgkin's lymphoma]], [[Paraneoplastic phenomenon ]], [[Renal carcinoma]], [[Squamous cell carcinoma]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acute lymphoblastic leukemia]], [[acute myelogenous leukemia]], [[agnogenic myeloid metaplasia]], [[bronchogenic carcinoma]], [[gastric carcinoma]], [[hairy cell leukemia]], [[Hodgkin's lymphoma]], [[paraneoplastic phenomenon]], [[renal carcinoma]], [[squamous cell carcinoma]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
Line 115: Line 121:
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
| '''Psychiatric'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Chronic anxiety state]], [[Depression]], [[Panic disorders]], [[Posttraumatic stress disorder]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Anxiety|Chronic anxiety]], [[depression]], [[panic disorders]], [[posttraumatic stress disorder]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Bronchogenic carcinoma ]], [[Hemoperitoneum]], [[Klebsiella pneumoniae ]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Bronchogenic carcinoma]], [[hemoperitoneum]], [[klebsiella pneumoniae]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
| '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Perinephric abscess]], [[Pyelonephritis]], [[Renal carcinoma]], [[Renal insufficiency]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Abscess]], [[pyelonephritis]], [[renal carcinoma]], [[renal insufficiency]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
| '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acute gout]], [[Giant cell arteritis]], [[Rheumatic disease]], [[Rheumatoid arthritis]], [[Vasculitis]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Gout|Acute gout]], [[giant cell arteritis]], [[rheumatic disease]], [[rheumatoid arthritis]], [[vasculitis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
Line 135: Line 141:
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
| '''Trauma'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Burns]], [[Epidural hemorrhage]], [[Hemarthrosis]], [[Hemoperitoneum]], [[Intra cerebral hemorrhage]], [[Major tissue injury]], [[Subdural hemorrhage]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Burns]], [[epidural hemorrhage]], [[hemarthrosis]], [[hemoperitoneum]], [[intracerebral hemorrhage]], [[tissue|major tissue injury]], [[subdural hemorrhage]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
Line 143: Line 149:
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Chronic idiopathic neutrophilia]], [[Cigarette smoking]], [[Emotional stress]], [[Insect venoms]], [[Physical stress]], [[Vigorous exercise]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[neutrophilia|Chronic idiopathic neutrophilia]], [[cigarette smoking]], [[emotional stress]], [[Venom|insect venoms]], [[Stress|physical stress]], [[Exercise|vigorous exercise]]
|-
|-
|}
|}


===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
{{col-begin|width=84%}}
{{col-begin|width=80%}}
{{col-break|width=33%}}
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Abscess]]
*[[Actinomyces]]
*[[Actinomyces]]
*[[Acute gout]]
*[[Gout|Acute gout]]
*[[Acute lymphoblastic leukemia]]
*[[Acute lymphoblastic leukemia]]
*[[Acute myelogenous leukemia]]
*[[Acute myelogenous leukemia]]
Line 160: Line 167:
*[[Appendicitis]]
*[[Appendicitis]]
*[[Arsphenamine]]
*[[Arsphenamine]]
*[[Atrial fibrillation]]
*[[Blood transfusion]]
*[[Blood transfusion]]
*[[Bronchogenic carcinoma ]]
*[[Bronchogenic carcinoma]]
*[[Burkholderia mallei ]]
*[[Burkholderia mallei]]
*[[Burns]]
*[[Burns]]
*[[Camphor]]
*[[Camphor]]
*[[Catecholamines ]]
*[[Catecholamines]]
*[[Cellulitis]]
*[[Cellulitis]]
*[[Cesarean delivery]]
*[[Cesarean delivery]]
*[[Cholangitis]]
*[[Cholangitis]]
*[[Cholecystitis]]
*[[Cholecystitis]]
*[[Chronic anxiety state]]
*[[Anxiety|Chronic anxiety]]
*[[Chronic idiopathic neutrophilia]]
*[[Neutrophilia|Chronic idiopathic neutrophilia]]
*[[Chronic neutrophilic leukemia]]
*[[Cigarette smoking]]
*[[Cigarette smoking]]
*[[Clostridium difficile]]
*[[Clostridium difficile]]
*[[Coccidioides immitis]]
*[[Coccidioides immitis]]
*[[Congenital Asplenia]]
*[[Asplenia|Congenital asplenia]]
*[[Congenital neutropenia ]]
*[[Neutropenia|Congenital neutropenia]]
*[[Corticosteroids]]
*[[Corticosteroids]]
*[[Cushing disease]]
*[[Cushing's disease]]
*[[Dapsone]]
*[[Dapsone]]
*[[Depression]]
*[[Depression]]
Line 193: Line 200:
*[[Escherichia coli]]
*[[Escherichia coli]]
*[[Essential thrombocytopenia]]
*[[Essential thrombocytopenia]]
*[[Familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome]]
*[[Familial cold urticaria|Familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome]]
*[[Fanconi anemia]]
*[[Fanconi anemia]]
*[[G-CSF]]
*[[G-CSF]]
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Gastric carcinoma]]
*[[Gastric carcinoma]]
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Giant cell arteritis]]
*[[Giant cell arteritis]]
*[[GM-CSF]]
*[[GM-CSF]]
Line 206: Line 213:
*[[Hemoperitoneum]]
*[[Hemoperitoneum]]
*[[Hemorrhagic shock]]
*[[Hemorrhagic shock]]
*[[Hepatic necrosis]]
*[[Fulminant hepatic necrosis|Hepatic necrosis]]
*[[Hereditary neutrophilia]]
*[[Hereditary neutrophilia]]
*[[Herpes zoster]]
*[[Herpes zoster]]
*[[Hodgkin's lymphoma]]
*[[Hodgkin's lymphoma]]
*[[Hyposplenism]]
*[[Hyposplenism]]
*[[Infectious mononucleosis ]]
*[[Infectious mononucleosis]]
*[[Insect venoms]]
*[[Venom|Insect venoms]]
*[[Intra cerebral hemorrhage]]
*[[Intracerebral hemorrhage]]
*[[Ischemic colitis]]
*[[Ischemic colitis]]
*[[Klebsiella pneumoniae ]]
*[[Klebsiella pneumoniae]]
*[[Klinefelter syndrome]]
*[[Klinefelter syndrome]]
*[[Kostmann's syndrome]]
*[[Kostmann syndrome]]
*[[Lead]]
*[[Lead]]
*[[Leukocyte adhesion factor deficiency]]
*[[Leukocyte adhesion deficiency|Leukocyte adhesion factor deficiency]]
*[[Lithium]]
*[[Lithium]]
*[[Liver abscess]]
*[[Liver abscess]]
*[[Liver fluke]]
*[[Liver fluke]]
*[[Major tissue injury]]
*[[Tissue|Major tissue injury]]
*[[Malaria]]
*[[Malaria]]
*[[Megaloblastic anemia]]
*[[Megaloblastic anemia]]
*[[Mercury]]
*[[Mercury]]
*[[Multiple myeloma]]
*[[Multiple myeloma]]
*[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis ]]
*[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]
*[[Myelofibrosis]]
*[[Myelofibrosis]]
*[[Myocardial infarction]]
*[[Myocardial infarction]]
Line 238: Line 245:
*[[Otitis media]]
*[[Otitis media]]
*[[Panic disorders]]
*[[Panic disorders]]
*[[Paraneoplastic phenomenon ]]
*[[Paraneoplastic phenomenon]]
*[[Pelger-huet anomaly]]
*[[Pelger-Huet anomaly]]
*[[Pelvic abscess]]
*[[Pelvic abscess]]
*[[Pelvic inflammatory disease]]
*[[Pelvic inflammatory disease]]
*[[Pericarditis]]
*[[Pericarditis]]
*[[Perinephric abscess]]
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Peritonitis]]
*[[Peritonitis]]
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Pertussis]]
*[[Pertussis]]
*[[Phenacetin]]
*[[Phenacetin]]
*[[Physical stress]]
*[[Stress|Physical stress]]
*[[Plague]]
*[[Plague]]
*[[Poliomyelitis]]
*[[Poliomyelitis]]
*[[Polycythemia vera]]
*[[Polycythemia vera]]
*[[Post spleenectomy ]]
*[[Splenectomy|Post splenectomy]]
*[[Posttraumatic stress disorder]]
*[[Posttraumatic stress disorder]]
*[[Preeclampsia]]
*[[Preeclampsia]]
Line 261: Line 267:
*[[Quinidine]]
*[[Quinidine]]
*[[Rabies]]
*[[Rabies]]
*[[Rac mutation]]
*[[Rac|Rac mutation]]
*[[Renal carcinoma]]
*[[Renal carcinoma]]
*[[Renal insufficiency]]
*[[Renal insufficiency]]
Line 289: Line 295:
*[[Varicella]]
*[[Varicella]]
*[[Vasculitis]]
*[[Vasculitis]]
*[[Vigorous exercise]]
*[[Exercise|Vigorous exercise]]
*[[Visceral larva migrans]]
*[[Visceral larva migrans]]
{{col-end}}
{{col-end}}


==Causes of decreased leukocyte alkaline phosphatase<ref>Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:77 ISBN 1591032016</ref><ref>Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:68 ISBN 140510368X</ref>==
==Causes of Decreased Leukocyte Alkaline Phosphatase==
===Life Threatening Causes===
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.


===Common causes===
*[[Burns]]
* [[Anemia]]
*[[Epinephrine]]
* [[Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia]]
*[[Respiratory alkalosis]]
* [[Hemolysis]]
*[[Salicylate|Salicylate toxicity]]
*[[Terbutaline|Terbutaline toxicity]]
 
===Common Causes===
* [[Aplastic anemia]]
* [[Chronic myelogenous leukemia]]
* [[Hypophosphatemia]]<ref name="Gaasbeek-2005">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Gaasbeek | first1 = A. | last2 = Meinders | first2 = AE. | title = Hypophosphatemia: an update on its etiology and treatment. | journal = Am J Med | volume = 118 | issue = 10 | pages = 1094-101 | month = Oct | year = 2005 | doi = 10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.02.014 | PMID = 16194637 }}</ref>
* [[Iron deficiency anemia]]
* [[Iron deficiency anemia]]
* [[Sideroachrestic anemia]] (SA)
* [[Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria]]
* [[Systemic lupus erythematosus]]<ref name="TANAKA-1960">{{Cite journal  | last1 = TANAKA | first1 = KR. | last2 = VALENTINE | first2 = WN. | last3 = FREDRICKS | first3 = RE. | title = Diseases or clinical conditions associated with low leukocyte alkaline phosphatase. | journal = N Engl J Med | volume = 262 | issue =  | pages = 912-8 | month = May | year = 1960 | doi = 10.1056/NEJM196005052621804 | PMID = 13836802 }}</ref><ref>Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:77 ISBN 1591032016</ref><ref>Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:68 ISBN 140510368X</ref><ref name="Sharma-1980">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Sharma | first1 = SC. | title = Leucocyte alkaline phosphatase in neonatal infections. | journal = Postgrad Med J | volume = 56 | issue = 657 | pages = 485-7 | month = Jul | year = 1980 | doi =  | PMID = 7443603 }}</ref><ref name="Lokich-1977">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Lokich | first1 = JJ. | title = Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase activity in patients with malignant disease. | journal = Cancer | volume = 40 | issue = 3 | pages = 1202-5 | month = Sep | year = 1977 | doi =  | PMID = 902237 }}</ref>


===Causes by Organ System===
===Causes by Organ System===
{|style="width:82%; height:100px" border="1"
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Histoplasmosis | Histoplasmosis endocarditis]],  [[tricuspid atresia]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
| '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Mustard gas]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
Line 317: Line 332:
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
| '''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Atopic dermatitis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acetazolamide]],  [[albuterol]],  [[dopamine]],  [[epinephrine]],  [[glucagon]],  [[granulocyte colony-stimulating factor]],  [[insulin]], [[salicylate]], [[corticosteroids|systemic corticosteroids]],  [[terbutaline]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
Line 329: Line 344:
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
| '''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Addison's disease]],  [[calcitonin]],  [[diabetes mellitus]],  [[Parathyroidectomy|hungry bone syndrome]],  [[hyperparathyroidism]],  [[hyperthyroidism]],  [[hypoparathyroidism]],  [[hypothyroidism]]
|-  
|-  
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
Line 337: Line 352:
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Bacterial overgrowth]], [[bariatric surgery]], [[blind loop syndrome]], [[carcinoid syndrome]],  [[carcinoma of pancreas]],  [[celiac disease]],  [[chronic pancreatitis]],  [[Crohn's disease]],  [[cystic fibrosis]],  [[eosinophilic gastroenteritis]],  [[Diphyllobothrium | fish tapeworm]],  [[giardia lamblia]],  [[hepatic failure]],  [[hookworm]],  [[Tuberculosis | intestinal tuberculosis]],  [[lactose intolerance]],  [[Bile acid malabsorption|primary bile acid diarrhea]],  [[radiation enteritis]],  [[refeeding syndrome]],  [[roundworm]],  [[short bowel syndrome]],  [[sucrose intolerance]],  [[traveler's diarrhea]],  [[tropical sprue]],  [[Whipple's disease]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Abetalipoproteinemia]],  [[beta thalassemia]],  [[cystic fibrosis]],  [[hyperphosphatasia|hereditary hyperphosphatasia]],  [[X-linked_hypophosphatemia | hereditary hypophosphatemia]],  [[Autosomal dominant hypophosphatemic rickets | hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets]],  [[Vitamin D resistant rickets|hereditary vitamin D-resistant rickets]],  [[Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance | IgG monoclonal gammopathy]],  [[malignant histiocytosis]],  [[hypereosinophilic syndrome|myeloproliferative variants of hypereosinophilic syndrome]],  [[paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria]],  [[Myelofibrosis | primary myelofibrosis]],  [[dysplasia|trilineage dysplasia]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
| '''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acute myelogenous leukemia]],  [[aplastic anemia]],  [[Chronic myelogenous leukemia |atypical chronic myeloid leukemia]],  [[beta thalassemia]],  [[blood transfusion]],  [[chronic eosinophilic leukemia]],  [[chronic myelogenous leukemia]],  [[chronic myelomonocytic leukemia]],  [[erythroblastosis fetalis]],  [[essential thrombocythemia]],  [[fanconi syndrome]],  [[hemolysis]],  [[idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome]],  [[idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura]],  [[iron deficiency anemia]],  [[hypereosinophilic syndrome|myeloproliferative variants of hypereosinophilic syndrome]],  [[non-Hodgkin lymphoma]],  [[paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria]],  [[pernicious anemia]],  [[Myelofibrosis | primary myelofibrosis]], [[Thrombocytopenia | refractory thrombocytopenia]],  [[sickle cell disease]],  [[sideroachrestic anemia]],  [[sideroblastic anemia]],  [[thrombocytopenic purpura]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
| '''Iatrogenic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Bariatric surgery]],  [[blood transfusion]],  [[gastrectomy]],  [[vagotomy]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Diphyllobothrium |fish tapeworm]],  [[giardia lamblia]],  [[Histoplasmosis |histoplasmosis endocarditis]],  [[HIV]],  [[hookworm]],  [[infectious mononucleosis]],  [[Tuberculosis | intestinal tuberculosis]],  [[roundworm]], [[traveler's diarrhea]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
| '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Osteoarthritis | degenerative arthritis]],  [[Autosomal dominant hypophosphatemic rickets |hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets]],  [[oncogenic osteomalacia]],  [[osteoarthritis]],  [[osteomalacia]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Dementia]],  [[ganglioneuroma |thoracic ganglioneuroma]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
| '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Bacterial overgrowth]],  [[bariatric surgery]],  [[blind loop syndrome]],  [[celiac disease]],  [[chronic pancreatitis]],  [[chronic renal failure]],  [[Crohn's disease]],  [[gastrectomy]],  [[X-linked_hypophosphatemia |hereditary hypophosphatemia]], [[vitamin D resistant rickets|hereditary vitamin D-resistant rickets]],  [[Parathyroidectomy|hungry bone syndrome]],  [[hypophosphatemia]],  [[Bile acid malabsorption|primary bile acid diarrhea]],  [[radiation enteritis]],  [[refeeding syndrome]],  [[respiratory alkalosis]],  [[short bowel syndrome]],  [[sucrose intolerance]],  [[tropical sprue]],  [[Whipple's disease]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
| '''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acute myelogenous leukemia]],  [[Chronic myelogenous leukemia |atypical chronic myelogenous leukemia]],  [[carcinoid syndrome]],  [[carcinoma of pancreas]],  [[chronic eosinophilic leukemia]],  [[chronic myelogenous leukemia]],  [[chronic myelomonocytic leukemia]],  [[malignant diseases]],  [[malignant lymphoma]],  [[non-Hodgkin lymphoma]],  [[oncogenic osteomalacia]],  [[ganglioneuroma|thoracic ganglioneuroma]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
Line 385: Line 399:
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
| '''Psychiatric'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Chronic fatigue syndrome]],  [[dementia]],  [[panic attacks]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cystic fibrosis]],  [[Respiratory alkalosis |respiratory alkalosis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
| '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Chronic renal failure]],  [[renal transplant]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
| '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Blood transfusion]],  [[collagen vascular diseases]],  [[fibromyalgia]],  [[pernicious anemia]],  [[renal transplant]],  [[sarcoidosis]],  [[systemic lupus erythematosus]],  [[systemic sclerosis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
| '''Trauma'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Burns]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Alcohol]],  [[amyloidosis]],  [[citrate|citrated blood sample]],  [[EDTA |EDTA blood sample]],  [[fluoride|fluoride treated blood sample]],  [[phosphate|inadequate phosphate intake]],  [[blood|old blood samples]],  [[oxalate|oxalate blood sample]]
|-
|-
|}
|}


===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
{{col-begin|width=85%}}
{{col-begin|width=80%}}
{{col-break|width=33%}}
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Disease]] A
*[[Abetalipoproteinemia]]
*[[Disease]] B
*[[Acetazolamide]]
*[[Disease]] C
*[[Acquired hemolytic anemia]]
*[[Disease]] ...
*[[Acute myelogenous leukemia]]
*[[Addison's disease]]
*[[Albuterol]]
*[[Alcohol]]
*[[Amyloidosis]]
*[[Aplastic anemia]]
*[[Atherosclerotic heart disease]]
*[[Atopic dermatitis]]
*[[Chronic myelogenous leukemia |Atypical chronic myelogenous leukemia]]
*[[Bacterial overgrowth]]
*[[Bariatric surgery]]
*[[Beta thalassemia]]
*[[Blind loop syndrome]]
*[[Blood transfusion]]
*[[Burns]]
*[[Calcitonin]]
*[[Carcinoid syndrome]]
*[[Carcinoma of pancreas]]
*[[Celiac disease]]
*[[Chronic eosinophilic leukemia]]
*[[Chronic fatigue syndrome]]
*[[Chronic myelogenous leukemia]]
*[[Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia]]
*[[Chronic pancreatitis]]
*[[Chronic renal failure]]
*[[Citrate|Citrated blood sample]]
*[[Collagen vascular diseases]]
*[[Crohn's disease]]
*[[Cystic fibrosis]]
*[[Osteoarthritis | Degenerative arthritis]]
*[[Dementia]]
*[[Diabetes mellitus]]
*[[Dopamine]]
*[[EDTA | EDTA blood sample]]
*[[Eosinophilic gastroenteritis]]
*[[Epinephrine]]
*[[Erythroblastosis fetalis]]
*[[Essential thrombocythemia]]
{{col-break|width=33%}}
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Disease]] P
*[[Fanconi syndrome]]
*[[Disease]] Q
*[[Fibromyalgia]]
*[[Disease]] R
*[[Diphyllobothrium |Fish tapeworm]]
*[[Disease]] ...
*[[Fluoride|Fluoride treated blood sample]]
*[[Gastrectomy]]
*[[Giardia lamblia]]
*[[Glucagon]]
*[[Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor]]
*[[Hepatic failure]]
*[[Hyperphosphatemia|Hereditary hyperphosphatasia]]
*[[X-linked_hypophosphatemia|Hereditary hypophosphatemia]]
*[[Autosomal dominant hypophosphatemic rickets|Hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets]]
*[[Vitamin D resistant rickets|Hereditary vitamin D-resistant rickets]]
*[[Histoplasmosis|Histoplasmosis endocarditis]]
*[[HIV]]
*[[Hookworm]]
*[[Parathyroidectomy|Hungry bone syndrome]]
*[[Hyperparathyroidism]]
*[[Hypertension]]
*[[Hyperthyroidism]]
*[[Hypoparathyroidism]]
*[[Hypophosphatemia]]
*[[Hypothyroidism]]
*[[Idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome]]
*[[Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura]]
*[[Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance | IgG monoclonal gammopathy]]
*[[Phosphate|Inadequate phosphate intake]]
*[[Infectious mononucleosis]]
*[[Insulin]]
*[[Tuberculosis | Intestinal tuberculosis]]
*[[Iron deficiency anemia]]
*[[Lactose intolerance]]
*[[Lead]]
*[[Malignant diseases]]<ref name="Lokich-1977">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Lokich | first1 = JJ. | title = Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase activity in patients with malignant disease. | journal = Cancer | volume = 40 | issue = 3 | pages = 1202-5 | month = Sep | year = 1977 | doi =  | PMID = 902237 }}</ref>
*[[Malignant histiocytosis]]
*[[Malignant lymphoma]]
*[[Mustard gas]]
*[[Myeloid metaplasia]]
*[[Hypereosinophilic syndrome|Myeloproliferative variants of hypereosinophilic syndrome]]
*[[Infection|Neonatal infection]]<ref name="Sharma-1980">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Sharma | first1 = SC. | title = Leucocyte alkaline phosphatase in neonatal infections. | journal = Postgrad Med J | volume = 56 | issue = 657 | pages = 485-7 | month = Jul | year = 1980 | doi =  | PMID = 7443603 }}</ref>
*[[Niacin]]
{{col-break|width=33%}}
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Disease]] X
*[[Non-Hodgkin lymphoma]]
*[[Disease]] Y
*[[Blood|Old blood samples]]
*[[Disease]] Z
*[[Oncogenic osteomalacia]]
*[[Osteoarthritis]]
*[[Osteomalacia]]
*[[Oxalate|Oxalate treated blood sample]]
*[[Paget's disease]]
*[[Panic attacks]]
*[[Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria]]
*[[Pernicious anemia]]
*[[Bile acid malabsorption|Primary bile acid diarrhea]]
*[[Myelofibrosis | Primary myelofibrosis]]
*[[Radiation enteritis]]
*[[Neutropenia|Recurrent neutropenia]]
*[[Refeeding syndrome]]
*[[Thrombocytopenia | Refractory thrombocytopenia]]
*[[Respiratory alkalosis]]
*[[Renal transplant]]
*[[Rheumatoid arthritis]]
*[[Roundworm]]
*[[Salicylate]]
*[[Sarcoidosis]]
*[[Short bowel syndrome]]
*[[Sickle cell disease]]
*[[Sideroachrestic anemia]]
*[[Sideroblastic anemia]]
*[[Myeloid leukemia|Subacute myeloid leukemia]]
*[[Sucrose intolerance]]
*[[Corticosteroids| Systemic corticosteroids]]
*[[Systemic lupus erythematosus]]
*[[Systemic sclerosis]]
*[[Terbutaline]]
*[[ganglioneuroma| Thoracic ganglioneuroma]]
*[[Thrombocytopenic purpura]]
*[[Traveller's diarrhoea]]
*[[Tricuspid atresia]]
*[[Dysplasia|Trilineage dysplasia]]
*[[Tropical sprue]]
*[[Uremia]]
*[[Vagotomy]]
*[[Whipple's disease]]
{{col-end}}
{{col-end}}


== References ==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}


[[Category:Crowdiagnosis]]
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[[Category:Up-To-Date]]


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Latest revision as of 14:35, 20 August 2013

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Vendhan Ramanujam M.B.B.S [2]

Synonyms and keywords: LAP

Overview

Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase is an enzyme found within white blood cells. The blood level of leukocyte alkaline phosphatase is measured in order to help in the diagnosis of certain conditions. Higher levels of the enzyme are seen in polycythemia vera, essential thrombocytosis, primary myelofibrosis and leukemoid reaction. Lower levels are found in chronic myelogenous leukemia, aplastic anemia, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria and acute myelogenous leukemia.

Causes of Increased Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Giant cell arteritis, hemorrhagic shock, ischemic colitis, myocardial infarction, pericarditis, subacute endocarditis, vasculitis
Chemical/Poisoning Camphor, lead, lithium, mercury, pyrogallol, snakebite, turpentine
Dental No underlying causes
Dermatologic No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect All-trans retinoic acid, arsphenamine, catecholamines, corticosteroids, dapsone, digitalis, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, oral contraceptives, phenacetin, quinidine, sulfa drugs
Ear Nose Throat Tonsillitis
Endocrine Cushing's disease, diabetes, diabetic coma, diabetic ketoacidosis
Environmental Heatstroke
Gastroenterologic Appendicitis, cholangitis, cholecystitis, gastric carcinoma, fulminant hepatic necrosis, ischemic colitis, liver abscess, liver fluke
Genetic Congenital asplenia, congenital neutropenia, Down syndrome, familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome, Fanconi anemia, hereditary neutrophilia, hyposplenism, Klinefelter syndrome, Kostmann syndrome, leukocyte adhesion factor deficiency, Pelger-Huet anomaly, rac mutation
Hematologic Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia, agnogenic myeloid metaplasia, aplastic anemia, chronic neutrophilic leukemia, essential thrombocytopenia, Fanconi anemia, hairy cell leukemia, hemarthrosis, hemolysis, hemoperitoneum, hemorrhagic shock, Hodgkin's lymphoma, infectious mononucleosis, megaloblastic anemia, multiple myeloma, myelofibrosis, Pelger-Huet anomaly, polycythemia vera
Iatrogenic Blood transfusion, G-CSF, GM-CSF, post spleenectomy, vaccination
Infectious Disease Abscess, actinomyces, burkholderia mallei, cellulitis, cholangitis, cholecystitis, clostridium difficile, coccidioides immitis, escherichia coli, herpes zoster, infectious mononucleosis, klebsiella pneumoniae, liver abscess, liver fluke, malaria, mycobacterium tuberculosis, neisseria gonorrhoeae, osteomyelitis, otitis media, pelvic abscess, pelvic inflammatory disease, pertussis, plague, poliomyelitis, pseudomonas aeruginosa, pyelonephritis, rabies, rickettsia, salmonella typhi, salpingitis, sepsis, septic arthritis, smallpox, spirochetes, staphylococcus aureus, staphylococcus epidermidis, streptococcus pneumoniae, streptococcus pyogenes, subacute endocarditis, tonsillitis, varicella, visceral larva migrans
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic Septic arthritis
Neurologic Eclampsia, epidural hemorrhage, intracerebral hemorrhage, preeclampsia, subdural hemorrhage
Nutritional/Metabolic Diabetic coma, diabetic ketoacidosis, uremia
Obstetric/Gynecologic Cesarean delivery, eclampsia, pelvic inflammatory disease, preeclampsia, pregnancy, salpingitis
Oncologic Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia, agnogenic myeloid metaplasia, bronchogenic carcinoma, gastric carcinoma, hairy cell leukemia, Hodgkin's lymphoma, paraneoplastic phenomenon, renal carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma
Ophthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric Chronic anxiety, depression, panic disorders, posttraumatic stress disorder
Pulmonary Bronchogenic carcinoma, hemoperitoneum, klebsiella pneumoniae
Renal/Electrolyte Abscess, pyelonephritis, renal carcinoma, renal insufficiency
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy Acute gout, giant cell arteritis, rheumatic disease, rheumatoid arthritis, vasculitis
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma Burns, epidural hemorrhage, hemarthrosis, hemoperitoneum, intracerebral hemorrhage, major tissue injury, subdural hemorrhage
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous Chronic idiopathic neutrophilia, cigarette smoking, emotional stress, insect venoms, physical stress, vigorous exercise

Causes in Alphabetical Order

Causes of Decreased Leukocyte Alkaline Phosphatase

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Histoplasmosis endocarditis, tricuspid atresia
Chemical/Poisoning Mustard gas
Dental No underlying causes
Dermatologic Atopic dermatitis
Drug Side Effect Acetazolamide, albuterol, dopamine, epinephrine, glucagon, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, insulin, salicylate, systemic corticosteroids, terbutaline
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine Addison's disease, calcitonin, diabetes mellitus, hungry bone syndrome, hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, hypoparathyroidism, hypothyroidism
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic Bacterial overgrowth, bariatric surgery, blind loop syndrome, carcinoid syndrome, carcinoma of pancreas, celiac disease, chronic pancreatitis, Crohn's disease, cystic fibrosis, eosinophilic gastroenteritis, fish tapeworm, giardia lamblia, hepatic failure, hookworm, intestinal tuberculosis, lactose intolerance, primary bile acid diarrhea, radiation enteritis, refeeding syndrome, roundworm, short bowel syndrome, sucrose intolerance, traveler's diarrhea, tropical sprue, Whipple's disease
Genetic Abetalipoproteinemia, beta thalassemia, cystic fibrosis, hereditary hyperphosphatasia, hereditary hypophosphatemia, hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets, hereditary vitamin D-resistant rickets, IgG monoclonal gammopathy, malignant histiocytosis, myeloproliferative variants of hypereosinophilic syndrome, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, primary myelofibrosis, trilineage dysplasia
Hematologic Acute myelogenous leukemia, aplastic anemia, atypical chronic myeloid leukemia, beta thalassemia, blood transfusion, chronic eosinophilic leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, chronic myelomonocytic leukemia, erythroblastosis fetalis, essential thrombocythemia, fanconi syndrome, hemolysis, idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, iron deficiency anemia, myeloproliferative variants of hypereosinophilic syndrome, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, pernicious anemia, primary myelofibrosis, refractory thrombocytopenia, sickle cell disease, sideroachrestic anemia, sideroblastic anemia, thrombocytopenic purpura
Iatrogenic Bariatric surgery, blood transfusion, gastrectomy, vagotomy
Infectious Disease fish tapeworm, giardia lamblia, histoplasmosis endocarditis, HIV, hookworm, infectious mononucleosis, intestinal tuberculosis, roundworm, traveler's diarrhea
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic degenerative arthritis, hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets, oncogenic osteomalacia, osteoarthritis, osteomalacia
Neurologic Dementia, thoracic ganglioneuroma
Nutritional/Metabolic Bacterial overgrowth, bariatric surgery, blind loop syndrome, celiac disease, chronic pancreatitis, chronic renal failure, Crohn's disease, gastrectomy, hereditary hypophosphatemia, hereditary vitamin D-resistant rickets, hungry bone syndrome, hypophosphatemia, primary bile acid diarrhea, radiation enteritis, refeeding syndrome, respiratory alkalosis, short bowel syndrome, sucrose intolerance, tropical sprue, Whipple's disease
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic Acute myelogenous leukemia, atypical chronic myelogenous leukemia, carcinoid syndrome, carcinoma of pancreas, chronic eosinophilic leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, chronic myelomonocytic leukemia, malignant diseases, malignant lymphoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, oncogenic osteomalacia, thoracic ganglioneuroma
Ophthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric Chronic fatigue syndrome, dementia, panic attacks
Pulmonary Cystic fibrosis, respiratory alkalosis
Renal/Electrolyte Chronic renal failure, renal transplant
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy Blood transfusion, collagen vascular diseases, fibromyalgia, pernicious anemia, renal transplant, sarcoidosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma Burns
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous Alcohol, amyloidosis, citrated blood sample, EDTA blood sample, fluoride treated blood sample, inadequate phosphate intake, old blood samples, oxalate blood sample

Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

  1. ↑ Brook J, Dreisbach PB (1977). "Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase levels in multiple myeloma". J Lab Clin Med. 90 (1): 114–7. PMID 406335.
  2. ↑ Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:77 ISBN 1591032016
  3. ↑ Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:68 ISBN 140510368X
  4. ↑ Gaasbeek, A.; Meinders, AE. (2005). "Hypophosphatemia: an update on its etiology and treatment". Am J Med. 118 (10): 1094–101. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.02.014. PMID 16194637. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  5. ↑ TANAKA, KR.; VALENTINE, WN.; FREDRICKS, RE. (1960). "Diseases or clinical conditions associated with low leukocyte alkaline phosphatase". N Engl J Med. 262: 912–8. doi:10.1056/NEJM196005052621804. PMID 13836802. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  6. ↑ Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:77 ISBN 1591032016
  7. ↑ Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:68 ISBN 140510368X
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Sharma, SC. (1980). "Leucocyte alkaline phosphatase in neonatal infections". Postgrad Med J. 56 (657): 485–7. PMID 7443603. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Lokich, JJ. (1977). "Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase activity in patients with malignant disease". Cancer. 40 (3): 1202–5. PMID 902237. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

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