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== Overview ==
== Overview ==
Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase is an [[enzyme]] found within [[white blood cells]]. The blood level of leukocyte alkaline phosphatase is measured in order to help in the diagnosis of certain conditions. Higher levels of the enzyme are seen in [[polycythemia vera]], [[essential thrombocytosis]], [[myelofibrosis|primary myelofibrosis]] and [[leukemoid reaction]]. Lower levels are found in [[chronic myelogenous leukemia]], [[aplastic anemia]], [[paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria]] and [[acute myelogenous leukemia]].
Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase is an [[enzyme]] found within [[white blood cells]]. The blood level of leukocyte alkaline phosphatase is measured in order to help in the diagnosis of certain conditions. Higher levels of the enzyme are seen in [[polycythemia vera]], [[essential thrombocytosis]], [[myelofibrosis|primary myelofibrosis]] and [[leukemoid reaction]]. Lower levels are found in [[chronic myelogenous leukemia]], [[aplastic anemia]], [[paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria]] and [[acute myelogenous leukemia]].
==Causes of Increased Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase==
==Causes of Increased Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase==
===Life Threatening Causes===
===Life Threatening Causes===
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
*[[Appendicitis]]
*[[Appendicitis]]
*[[Blood transfusion]]
*[[Blood transfusion]]
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==Causes of Decreased Leukocyte Alkaline Phosphatase==
===Life Threatening Causes===
===Life Threatening Causes===
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
*[[Burns]]
*[[Burns]]
*[[Epinephrine]]
*[[Epinephrine]]
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[[Category:Crowdiagnosis]]
[[Category:Blood tests]]
[[Category:Blood tests]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] ; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Vendhan Ramanujam M.B.B.S [2]
Synonyms and keywords:
Overview Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase is an enzyme found within white blood cells . The blood level of leukocyte alkaline phosphatase is measured in order to help in the diagnosis of certain conditions. Higher levels of the enzyme are seen in polycythemia vera , essential thrombocytosis , primary myelofibrosis and leukemoid reaction . Lower levels are found in chronic myelogenous leukemia , aplastic anemia , paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria and acute myelogenous leukemia .
Causes of Increased Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase Life Threatening Causes Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
Common Causes Causes by Organ System
Cardiovascular
Giant cell arteritis , hemorrhagic shock , ischemic colitis , myocardial infarction , pericarditis , subacute endocarditis , vasculitis
Chemical/Poisoning
Camphor , lead , lithium , mercury , pyrogallol , snakebite , turpentine
Dental
No underlying causes
Dermatologic
No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect
All-trans retinoic acid , arsphenamine , catecholamines , corticosteroids , dapsone , digitalis , neuroleptic malignant syndrome , oral contraceptives , phenacetin , quinidine , sulfa drugs
Ear Nose Throat
Tonsillitis
Endocrine
Cushing's disease , diabetes , diabetic coma , diabetic ketoacidosis
Environmental
Heatstroke
Gastroenterologic
Appendicitis , cholangitis , cholecystitis , gastric carcinoma , fulminant hepatic necrosis , ischemic colitis , liver abscess , liver fluke
Genetic
Congenital asplenia , congenital neutropenia , Down syndrome , familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome , Fanconi anemia , hereditary neutrophilia , hyposplenism , Klinefelter syndrome , Kostmann syndrome , leukocyte adhesion factor deficiency , Pelger-Huet anomaly , rac mutation
Hematologic
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia , acute myelogenous leukemia , agnogenic myeloid metaplasia , aplastic anemia , chronic neutrophilic leukemia , essential thrombocytopenia , Fanconi anemia , hairy cell leukemia , hemarthrosis , hemolysis , hemoperitoneum , hemorrhagic shock , Hodgkin's lymphoma , infectious mononucleosis , megaloblastic anemia , multiple myeloma , myelofibrosis , Pelger-Huet anomaly , polycythemia vera
Iatrogenic
Blood transfusion , G-CSF , GM-CSF , post spleenectomy , vaccination
Infectious Disease
Abscess , actinomyces , burkholderia mallei , cellulitis , cholangitis , cholecystitis , clostridium difficile , coccidioides immitis , escherichia coli , herpes zoster , infectious mononucleosis , klebsiella pneumoniae , liver abscess , liver fluke , malaria , mycobacterium tuberculosis , neisseria gonorrhoeae , osteomyelitis , otitis media , pelvic abscess , pelvic inflammatory disease , pertussis , plague , poliomyelitis , pseudomonas aeruginosa , pyelonephritis , rabies , rickettsia , salmonella typhi , salpingitis , sepsis , septic arthritis , smallpox , spirochetes , staphylococcus aureus , staphylococcus epidermidis , streptococcus pneumoniae , streptococcus pyogenes , subacute endocarditis , tonsillitis , varicella , visceral larva migrans
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic
Septic arthritis
Neurologic
Eclampsia , epidural hemorrhage , intracerebral hemorrhage , preeclampsia , subdural hemorrhage
Nutritional/Metabolic
Diabetic coma , diabetic ketoacidosis , uremia
Obstetric/Gynecologic
Cesarean delivery , eclampsia , pelvic inflammatory disease , preeclampsia , pregnancy , salpingitis
Oncologic
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia , acute myelogenous leukemia , agnogenic myeloid metaplasia , bronchogenic carcinoma , gastric carcinoma , hairy cell leukemia , Hodgkin's lymphoma , paraneoplastic phenomenon , renal carcinoma , squamous cell carcinoma
Ophthalmologic
No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity
No underlying causes
Psychiatric
Chronic anxiety , depression , panic disorders , posttraumatic stress disorder
Pulmonary
Bronchogenic carcinoma , hemoperitoneum , klebsiella pneumoniae
Renal/Electrolyte
Abscess , pyelonephritis , renal carcinoma , renal insufficiency
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy
Acute gout , giant cell arteritis , rheumatic disease , rheumatoid arthritis , vasculitis
Sexual
No underlying causes
Trauma
Burns , epidural hemorrhage , hemarthrosis , hemoperitoneum , intracerebral hemorrhage , major tissue injury , subdural hemorrhage
Urologic
No underlying causes
Miscellaneous
Chronic idiopathic neutrophilia , cigarette smoking , emotional stress , insect venoms , physical stress , vigorous exercise
Causes in Alphabetical Order Causes of Decreased Leukocyte Alkaline Phosphatase Life Threatening Causes Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
Common Causes Causes by Organ System
Cardiovascular
Histoplasmosis endocarditis , tricuspid atresia
Chemical/Poisoning
Mustard gas
Dental
No underlying causes
Dermatologic
Atopic dermatitis
Drug Side Effect
Acetazolamide , albuterol , dopamine , epinephrine , glucagon , granulocyte colony-stimulating factor , insulin , salicylate , systemic corticosteroids , terbutaline
Ear Nose Throat
No underlying causes
Endocrine
Addison's disease , calcitonin , diabetes mellitus , hungry bone syndrome , hyperparathyroidism , hyperthyroidism , hypoparathyroidism , hypothyroidism
Environmental
No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic
Bacterial overgrowth , bariatric surgery , blind loop syndrome , carcinoid syndrome , carcinoma of pancreas , celiac disease , chronic pancreatitis , Crohn's disease , cystic fibrosis , eosinophilic gastroenteritis , fish tapeworm , giardia lamblia , hepatic failure , hookworm , intestinal tuberculosis , lactose intolerance , primary bile acid diarrhea , radiation enteritis , refeeding syndrome , roundworm , short bowel syndrome , sucrose intolerance , traveler's diarrhea , tropical sprue , Whipple's disease
Genetic
Abetalipoproteinemia , beta thalassemia , cystic fibrosis , hereditary hyperphosphatasia , hereditary hypophosphatemia , hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets , hereditary vitamin D-resistant rickets , IgG monoclonal gammopathy , malignant histiocytosis , myeloproliferative variants of hypereosinophilic syndrome , paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria , primary myelofibrosis , trilineage dysplasia
Hematologic
Acute myelogenous leukemia , aplastic anemia , atypical chronic myeloid leukemia , beta thalassemia , blood transfusion , chronic eosinophilic leukemia , chronic myelogenous leukemia , chronic myelomonocytic leukemia , erythroblastosis fetalis , essential thrombocythemia , fanconi syndrome , hemolysis , idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome , idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura , iron deficiency anemia , myeloproliferative variants of hypereosinophilic syndrome , non-Hodgkin lymphoma , paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria , pernicious anemia , primary myelofibrosis , refractory thrombocytopenia , sickle cell disease , sideroachrestic anemia , sideroblastic anemia , thrombocytopenic purpura
Iatrogenic
Bariatric surgery , blood transfusion , gastrectomy , vagotomy
Infectious Disease
fish tapeworm , giardia lamblia , histoplasmosis endocarditis , HIV , hookworm , infectious mononucleosis , intestinal tuberculosis , roundworm , traveler's diarrhea
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic
degenerative arthritis , hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets , oncogenic osteomalacia , osteoarthritis , osteomalacia
Neurologic
Dementia , thoracic ganglioneuroma
Nutritional/Metabolic
Bacterial overgrowth , bariatric surgery , blind loop syndrome , celiac disease , chronic pancreatitis , chronic renal failure , Crohn's disease , gastrectomy , hereditary hypophosphatemia , hereditary vitamin D-resistant rickets , hungry bone syndrome , hypophosphatemia , primary bile acid diarrhea , radiation enteritis , refeeding syndrome , respiratory alkalosis , short bowel syndrome , sucrose intolerance , tropical sprue , Whipple's disease
Obstetric/Gynecologic
No underlying causes
Oncologic
Acute myelogenous leukemia , atypical chronic myelogenous leukemia , carcinoid syndrome , carcinoma of pancreas , chronic eosinophilic leukemia , chronic myelogenous leukemia , chronic myelomonocytic leukemia , malignant diseases , malignant lymphoma , non-Hodgkin lymphoma , oncogenic osteomalacia , thoracic ganglioneuroma
Ophthalmologic
No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity
No underlying causes
Psychiatric
Chronic fatigue syndrome , dementia , panic attacks
Pulmonary
Cystic fibrosis , respiratory alkalosis
Renal/Electrolyte
Chronic renal failure , renal transplant
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy
Blood transfusion , collagen vascular diseases , fibromyalgia , pernicious anemia , renal transplant , sarcoidosis , systemic lupus erythematosus , systemic sclerosis
Sexual
No underlying causes
Trauma
Burns
Urologic
No underlying causes
Miscellaneous
Alcohol , amyloidosis , citrated blood sample , EDTA blood sample , fluoride treated blood sample , inadequate phosphate intake , old blood samples , oxalate blood sample
Causes in Alphabetical Order References
↑ Brook J, Dreisbach PB (1977). "Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase levels in multiple myeloma" . J Lab Clin Med . 90 (1): 114–7. PMID 406335 . ↑ Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:77 ISBN 1591032016
↑ Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:68 ISBN 140510368X
↑ Gaasbeek, A.; Meinders, AE. (2005). "Hypophosphatemia: an update on its etiology and treatment". Am J Med . 118 (10): 1094–101. doi :10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.02.014 . PMID 16194637 . ↑ TANAKA, KR.; VALENTINE, WN.; FREDRICKS, RE. (1960). "Diseases or clinical conditions associated with low leukocyte alkaline phosphatase". N Engl J Med . 262 : 912–8. doi :10.1056/NEJM196005052621804 . PMID 13836802 . ↑ Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:77 ISBN 1591032016
↑ Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:68 ISBN 140510368X
↑ 8.0 8.1 Sharma, SC. (1980). "Leucocyte alkaline phosphatase in neonatal infections". Postgrad Med J . 56 (657): 485–7. PMID 7443603 . ↑ 9.0 9.1 Lokich, JJ. (1977). "Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase activity in patients with malignant disease". Cancer . 40 (3): 1202–5. PMID 902237 .
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