Hyperchloremia (patient information): Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Hyperchloremia is a condition where the amount chloride ions (Cl<sup>-</sup>) in the body are too high. This condition can affect the transport of oxygen. | Hyperchloremia is a condition where the amount of chloride ions (Cl<sup>-</sup>) in the body are too high. This condition can affect the transport of oxygen. | ||
==What are the symptoms of Hyperchloremia?== | ==What are the symptoms of Hyperchloremia?== | ||
Often, hyperchloremia does not produce symptoms. Symptoms may include: | |||
* Excessive fluid loss ( | * Excessive fluid loss ([[Diarrhea (patient information)|Diarrhea]], [[Vomiting (patient information)|Vomiting]]) | ||
* [[Dyspnea (patient information)|Dyspnea]] (shortness of breath) | * [[Dyspnea (patient information)|Dyspnea]] ([[Dyspnea (patient information)|shortness of breath]]) | ||
* Intense thirst | * Intense [[thirst]] | ||
* Weakness | * [[Muscle weakness (patient information)|Weakness]] | ||
* Tachypnea (rapid breathing) | * [[Tachypnea]] ([[rapid breathing]]) | ||
* [[Hypertension (patient information)|Hypertension]] (high blood pressure) | * [[Hypertension (patient information)|Hypertension]] ([[Hypertension (patient information)|high blood pressure]]) | ||
* Pitting Edema (abnormal amount of fluid under the skin, causing swelling) | * [[Pitting Edema]] (abnormal amount of fluid under the skin, causing swelling) | ||
* Lowered cognitive ability | * Lowered cognitive ability | ||
* Kussmaul's breathing (deep and | * [[Kussmaul's breathing]] ([[very deep and labored breathing at a normal or reduced rate]]) | ||
* | * [[Coma (patient information)|Coma]] | ||
If the | If the sufferer is a diabetic, hyperchloremia can cause high levels of blood sugar. | ||
==What causes Hyperchloremia?== | ==What causes Hyperchloremia?== | ||
Hyperchloremia is caused by: | Hyperchloremia is caused by: | ||
# '''Low Anion Gap (when the difference in positive and negative ions in the serum is low)''' | # '''Low [[Anion Gap]] (when the difference in positive and negative ions in the serum is low)''' | ||
# '''Metabolic and Endocrine''' | # '''Metabolic and Endocrine''' | ||
#* [[ | #*[[Diabetic coma (patient information)|Diabetic coma]] | ||
#* [[Diabetes insipidus (patient information)|Diabetes insipidus]] | |||
#* [[Hyperparathyroidism (patient information)|Hyperparathyroidism]] | #* [[Hyperparathyroidism (patient information)|Hyperparathyroidism]] | ||
#* [[Metabolic acidosis (patient information)|Metabolic Acidosis]] | #* [[Metabolic acidosis (patient information)|Metabolic Acidosis]] | ||
#* Type I and II Renal Tubular Acidosis | #* Type I and II [[Renal Tubular Acidosis]] | ||
#* [[Hypernatremia (patient information)|Hypernatremia]] | #* [[Hypernatremia (patient information)|Hypernatremia]] | ||
# '''Gastorintestinal''' | # '''Gastorintestinal''' | ||
#* [[Dehydration (patient information)|Dehydration]] | #* [[Dehydration (patient information)|Dehydration]] | ||
#* Ileal | #* Ileal conduits | ||
#* Kidney diseases | #* Kidney diseases | ||
#* Loss of pancreatic secretion | #* Loss of pancreatic secretion | ||
| Line 48: | Line 48: | ||
==Who is at highest risk?== | ==Who is at highest risk?== | ||
People who are at risk are | People who are at risk are patients who have diabetes or kidney diseases. | ||
==Diagnosis== | ==Diagnosis== | ||
| Line 80: | Line 80: | ||
==Prevention== | ==Prevention== | ||
Some ways to prevent hyperchloremia include: | |||
* Supplementing magnesium in your food, under the doctor's supervision only. | |||
* Since our diet is the most common source of how we intake chloride, controlling it can keep the levels of chloride within the normal levels . | |||
* In accordance with the National Institute of Health, adults should be consumeing 2 to 2.3 grams of chloride every day. As age increases the necessity decreases; however, necessity increases during pregnancy. | |||
* Foods like celery, lettuce, olives, tomatoes etc. have a lot of chloride. These foods should be consumed less if there is higher amounts of chloride in the body. | |||
==What to expect (Outlook/Prognosis)?== | ==What to expect (Outlook/Prognosis)?== | ||
When going to the doctor you will be asked some of these question and be administered a blood test to check for abnormalities, the questions might be: | |||
* How long have you had the symptoms? | |||
* Do you have a history with diabetes, kidney disease or heart diseases? | |||
* What medicines are you currently taking (including over-the-counter, vitamins or herbal remedies)? | |||
==Possible complications== | ==Possible complications== | ||
Possible complications are related to the underlying disorder of the hyperchloremia. | |||
Neurologic complications include CNS thrombosis or hemorrhage, seizures, and hyperactivity. | |||
==Sources== | ==Sources== | ||
[http://chemocare.com/chemotherapy/side-effects/hyperchloremia-high-chloride.aspx#.Ug9NXudkz0p http://chemocare.com/chemotherapy/side-effects/hyperchloremia-high-chloride.aspx#.Ug9NXudkz0p] | |||
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperchloremia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperchloremia] | |||
[http://healthooze.com/hyperchloremia/ http://healthooze.com/hyperchloremia/] | |||
[http://users.silenceisdefeat.net/mindful/data/02080209.html http://users.silenceisdefeat.net/mindful/data/02080209.html] | |||
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23757473 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23757473] | |||
[http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003485.htm http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003485.htm] | |||
[http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-hyperchloremia.htm http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-hyperchloremia.htm] | |||
[[Category:Electrolyte disturbances]] | [[Category:Electrolyte disturbances]] | ||
| Line 92: | Line 120: | ||
[[Category:Intensive care medicine]] | [[Category:Intensive care medicine]] | ||
[[Category:Patient information]] | [[Category:Patient information]] | ||
{{WH}} | {{WH}} | ||
{{WS}} | {{WS}} | ||
Latest revision as of 13:44, 9 September 2013
For the WikiDoc page for this topic, click here
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Hyperchloremia |
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Hyperchloremia On the Web |
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Assistant Editor-In Chief: Dipen Kumar[2]
Overview
Hyperchloremia is a condition where the amount of chloride ions (Cl-) in the body are too high. This condition can affect the transport of oxygen.
What are the symptoms of Hyperchloremia?
Often, hyperchloremia does not produce symptoms. Symptoms may include:
- Excessive fluid loss (Diarrhea, Vomiting)
- Dyspnea (shortness of breath)
- Intense thirst
- Weakness
- Tachypnea (rapid breathing)
- Hypertension (high blood pressure)
- Pitting Edema (abnormal amount of fluid under the skin, causing swelling)
- Lowered cognitive ability
- Kussmaul's breathing (very deep and labored breathing at a normal or reduced rate)
- Coma
If the sufferer is a diabetic, hyperchloremia can cause high levels of blood sugar.
What causes Hyperchloremia?
Hyperchloremia is caused by:
- Low Anion Gap (when the difference in positive and negative ions in the serum is low)
- Metabolic and Endocrine
- Gastorintestinal
- Dehydration
- Ileal conduits
- Kidney diseases
- Loss of pancreatic secretion
- Prolonged Diarrhea
- Ureteral colonic anastomosis
- Vomiting
- Brain stem injury causing neurogenic hyperventilation
- Medications
- Androgens
- Corticosteroids
- Diuretics
- Estrogens
Who is at highest risk?
People who are at risk are patients who have diabetes or kidney diseases.
Diagnosis
Tests can be done to check your serum:
- If your serum chloride levels are greater than 106 mEq/L you have hyperchloremia
- Serum pH is under 7.35
- Serum carbon dioxide levels less than 22 mEq/L.
A chloride test can be done on a sample of the total urine collected over a 24-hour period (24-hour urine sample) to find out how much chloride is excreted.
When to seek urgent medical care?
Consult a doctor immediately if you have any of these:
- Drowsiness or confusion
- Extreme nausea that interferes with eating and not relieved by medicines
- Having diarrhea 4 to 6 times in a day that is not relieved by diet modification or anti-diarrhea drugs
- Irritability and muscle twitching
- Poor appetite and increased urination
- Severe constipation for 2 to 3 days, and not relieved by laxatives
- Vomiting more than 4 to 5 times in a day
Treatment options
Since hyperchloremia is just an ion imbalance, the usual treatment is correcting the cause of the hyperchloremia. If caused by:
- Dehydration- therapy to maintaining enough hydration
- Dysfunctional endocrine/hormone system- refer to an endocrinologist
- Kidney diseases- refer to a nephrologist
- Medications- if they are caused or made worse by drugs, stop or alter the treatment
Where to find medical care for Hyperchloremia?
Directions to Hospitals Treating Hyperchloremia
Prevention
Some ways to prevent hyperchloremia include:
- Supplementing magnesium in your food, under the doctor's supervision only.
- Since our diet is the most common source of how we intake chloride, controlling it can keep the levels of chloride within the normal levels .
- In accordance with the National Institute of Health, adults should be consumeing 2 to 2.3 grams of chloride every day. As age increases the necessity decreases; however, necessity increases during pregnancy.
- Foods like celery, lettuce, olives, tomatoes etc. have a lot of chloride. These foods should be consumed less if there is higher amounts of chloride in the body.
What to expect (Outlook/Prognosis)?
When going to the doctor you will be asked some of these question and be administered a blood test to check for abnormalities, the questions might be:
- How long have you had the symptoms?
- Do you have a history with diabetes, kidney disease or heart diseases?
- What medicines are you currently taking (including over-the-counter, vitamins or herbal remedies)?
Possible complications
Possible complications are related to the underlying disorder of the hyperchloremia.
Neurologic complications include CNS thrombosis or hemorrhage, seizures, and hyperactivity.
Sources
http://chemocare.com/chemotherapy/side-effects/hyperchloremia-high-chloride.aspx#.Ug9NXudkz0p
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperchloremia
http://healthooze.com/hyperchloremia/
http://users.silenceisdefeat.net/mindful/data/02080209.html
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23757473
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003485.htm