First degree AV block causes: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
VisualWikitext
 
(41 intermediate revisions by 7 users not shown)
Line 2: Line 2:
{{First degree AV block}}
{{First degree AV block}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{CZ}}; {{RT}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{CZ}}; {{RT}}
<br>{{SK}}; [[AV block]], [[atrioventricular block]], [[heart block]]


==Overview==
==Overview==
 
Common causes of [[first-degree AV block]] include [[ischemic heart disease]], [[congenital heart disease]], [[electrolyte]] abnormalities (particularly [[hypokalemia]] and [[hypomagnesemia]]), [[inflammation]], [[infections]] ([[endocarditis]], [[rheumatic fever]], [[Chagas disease]], [[Lyme disease]], [[diphtheria]]), [[drugs]] ([[antiarrhythmic ]] Ia, Ic, II, III, IV and [[digoxin]], [[β-blockers]], [[calcium channel blockers]] ), [[infiltrative diseases]] ([[sarcoidosis]]), [[collagen vascular diseases]] ([[SLE]], [[rheumatoid arthritis]], [[scleroderma]]), idiopathic degenerative diseases ([[Lenegre]] and [[Lev diseases]]) and [[neuromuscular disorders]] and increased [[vagal tone]] in younger [[patients]].
An atrioventricular block (or AV block) is a type of [[heart block]] involving an impairment of the conduction between the [[atria]] and [[ventricles]] of the heart.<ref>{{Dorlands|b_16|12188991}}</ref>  It usually involves the [[atrioventricular node]], but it can involve other structures too. AV block is categorized by degree and site of conduction block.  In first-degree AV block, all atrial impulses are conducted to the ventricle, however there is a delay within the [[AV node]] resulting in a [[prolonged PR interval]] on [[ECG]] (>200 msec or >5 small blocks). In other words, first degree block is a slowed conduction without loss of atrioventricular synchrony.


==Causes==
==Causes==
===Life Threatening Causes===
===Life Threatening Causes===
Life-threatening conditions can result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
* [[Acute myocardial infarction]]
*[[Acute myocardial infarction]]
* [[Acute rheumatic fever]]
*[[Acute rheumatic fever]]
* [[Bacterial endocarditis]]
*[[Bacterial endocarditis]]
* [[Myocarditis]]
*[[Myocarditis]]


===Common Causes===
===Common Causes===
* [[Hyperkalemia]]
*[[Hyperkalemia]]
* [[Hyperthyroidism]]
*[[Hyperthyroidism]]
* [[vagus nerve|Increased vagal tone]] (e.g. sleep, athletes)
*[[Hypothyroidism]]
* [[Ischemic heart disease]]
*[[vagus nerve|Increased vagal tone]] (e.g. [[sleep]], athletes)
* Medications ( e.g. [[adenosine]], [[amiodarone]], [[beta-blockers]], [[diltiazem]], [[procainamide]], [[verapamil]])
*[[Ischemic heart disease]]
*Medications ( e.g. [[adenosine]], [[amiodarone]], [[beta-blockers]], [[diltiazem]], [[procainamide]], [[verapamil]])


===Causes by Organ System===
===Causes by Organ System===
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" |[[Acute myocardial infarction]], [[hypertension]], [[acute rheumatic fever]], [[dilated cardiomyopathy]], [[hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]], [[myocarditis]], [[myocardial bridging]], [[valvular heart disease]], [[transposition of the great vessels]], [[ASD]], [[Ebstein's anomaly]], [[VSD]], [[ventricular septal defect surgery|post closure of a ventricular septal defect]], [[tetralogy of Fallot]], [[endocardial cushion defect]], [[Lev's disease]], [[Carotid sinus hypersensitivity|hypersensitive carotid sinus syndrome]], idiopathic bilateral bundle  branch fibrosis, idiopathic progressive  cardiac conduction disease, [[Lev's disease]], [[Aortic valve  replacement|post aortic valve  replacement]], [[catheter ablation|post catheter ablation for arrhythmias]], [[mitral valve replacement|post mitral valve replacement]]
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Acute myocardial infarction]], [[acute rheumatic fever]], [[ASD]], [[dilated cardiomyopathy]],  [[Ebstein's anomaly]], [[Carotid sinus hypersensitivity|hypersensitive carotid sinus syndrome]], [[hypertension]], [[hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]], [[Lev's disease]], [[myocardial bridging]], [[myocarditis]], [[Aortic valve  replacement|post aortic valve  replacement]], [[catheter ablation|post catheter ablation for arrhythmias]], [[ventricular septal defect surgery|post closure of a ventricular septal defect]], [[mitral valve replacement|post mitral valve replacement]], [[tetralogy of Fallot]], [[endocardial cushion defect]], [[transposition of the great vessels]],  [[valvular heart disease]], [[VSD]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
Line 39: Line 37:
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Calcium channel blockers]], [[beta-blockers]], [[digitalis]], [[donepezil]], [[cholinesterase inhibitor|cholinesterase inhibitors]], [[dolasetron]], [[eslicarbazepine acetate]], [[quinidine]], [[procainamide]], [[disopyramide]], [[flecainide]], [[propafenone]], [[amiodarone]], [[sotalol]], [[dofetilide]], [[ibutilide]], [[magnesium]], [[fesoterodine]], [[fingolimod]], [[lacosamide]], [[paliperidone]], [[propoxyphene]], [[terodiline]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Amiodarone]], [[beta-blockers]], [[digitalis]], [[calcium channel blockers]], [[cholinesterase inhibitor|cholinesterase inhibitors]], [[disopyramide]], [[dofetilide]], [[dolasetron]], [[donepezil]], [[eslicarbazepine acetate]], [[fesoterodine]], [[fingolimod]], [[flecainide]], [[ibutilide]], [[lacosamide]], [[magnesium]], [[paliperidone]], [[pramipexole]], [[procainamide]], [[propafenone]], [[propoxyphene]], [[quinidine]], [[sotalol]], [[terodiline]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
Line 47: Line 45:
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
| '''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Hyperthyroidism]], [[myxedema]], [[periodic  paralysis|thyrotoxic periodic paralysis]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Hyperthyroidism]], [[myxedema]], [[periodic  paralysis|thyrotoxic periodic paralysis]], [[hypothyroidism]]
|-  
|-  
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
Line 59: Line 57:
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy]], [[Fabry disease]], [[glycogenosis type 2b]], hereditary neuromuscular heredodegenerative disease, [[Kearns-Sayre syndrome]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy]], [[Fabry disease]], [[glycogenosis type 2b]], [[Neuromuscular disease|hereditary neuromuscular disease]], [[Kearns-Sayre syndrome]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
Line 71: Line 69:
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acute rheumatic fever]], [[Chagas disease]], [[diphtheria]], [[Lyme disease]], [[myocarditis]], [[tuberculosis]], neonatal lupus syndrome, [[protozoa|protozoal infection]], [[sarcoidosis]], [[SLE]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acute rheumatic fever]], [[Chagas disease]], [[diphtheria]], [[Lyme disease]], [[myocarditis]], [[neonatal lupus erythematosus]], [[protozoa|protozoal infection]], [[sarcoidosis]], [[SLE]], [[tuberculosis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Ankylosing spondylitis]], [[muscular dystrophy]], hereditary neuromuscular heredodegenerative disease, [[Kearns-Sayre syndrome]], [[mitochondrial DNA|Mitochondrial genome inherited conditions]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Ankylosing spondylitis]], [[Neuromuscular disease|hereditary neuromuscular disease]], [[Kearns-Sayre syndrome]], [[mitochondrial disease|mitochondrial genome inherited conditions]],  [[muscular dystrophy]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
Line 111: Line 109:
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Hyperkalaemia]], [[hypokalaemia]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Hyperkalemia]], [[hypokalemia]]


|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Ankylosing spondylitis]], [[dermatomyositis]], [[scleroderma]] ([[systemic sclerosis]]), [[SLE]], [[rheumatoid arthritis]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Ankylosing spondylitis]], [[dermatomyositis]], [[rheumatoid arthritis]], [[scleroderma]], [[SLE]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
Line 135: Line 133:
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|  [[Amyloidosis]], [[degenerative diseases]], enhanced [[vagus nerve|vagal tone]] (for example in athletes), normal variants, [[pain]], [[sleep ]], [[trauma]]
|bgcolor="Beige"|  [[Amyloidosis]], [[degenerative diseases]], [[vagus nerve|enhanced  vagal tone]], [[PR interval|normal variants]]
|-
|-
|}
|}
Line 142: Line 140:
{{col-begin|width=80%}}
{{col-begin|width=80%}}
{{col-break|width=33%}}
{{col-break|width=33%}}
* [[Acute myocardial infarction]]
*[[Acute myocardial infarction]]
 
*[[Acute rheumatic fever]]
* [[Acute rheumatic fever]]
*[[Amyloidosis]]
 
*[[Ankylosing spondylitis]]
* [[Amyloidosis]]
*[[ASD]]
 
*[[Bacterial endocarditis]]
* [[Ankylosing spondylitis]]
*[[Beta-blockers]]
 
*[[Calcific aortic stenosis]]
* [[ASD]]
*[[Calcium channel blockers]]
 
*[[Cardiac glycosides]]
* [[Bacterial endocarditis]]
*[[Cardiac tumors]]
 
*[[Chagas disease]]
* [[Beta-blockers]]
*[[Cholinesterase inhibitors]]
 
*[[Clonidine]]
* [[Calcific aortic stenosis]]
*[[Degenerative diseases]]
 
*[[Dermatomyositis]]
* [[Calcium channel blockers]]
*[[Digitalis]]
 
*[[Digoxin]]
* [[Cardiac glycosides]]
*[[Dilated cardiomyopathy]]
 
*[[Diltiazem]]
* [[Cardiac tumors]]
*[[Diphtheria]]
 
*[[Disopyramide]]
* [[Chagas disease]]
*[[Dolasetron]]
 
*[[Donepezil]]
* [[Cholinesterase inhibitors]]
*[[Ebstein anomaly]]
 
*[[Ebstein's anomaly]]
* [[Clonidine]]
*[[Electrolyte disturbances]]
 
*[[Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy]]
* [[Degenerative diseases]]
*[[vagus nerve|Enhanced vagal tone in athletes]]  
 
* [[Dermatomyositis]]
 
* [[Digitalis]]
 
* [[Digoxin]]
 
* [[Dilated cardiomyopathy]]
 
* [[Diltiazem]]
 
* [[Diphtheria]]
 
* [[Disopyramide]]
 
* [[Dolasetron]]
 
* [[Donepezil]]
 
* [[Drugs]]
 
* [[Ebstein anomaly]]
 
* [[Ebstein's anomaly]]
 
* [[Electrolyte disturbances]]
 
* [[Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy]], [[sex linkage|x-linked]]
 
* [[Endocarditis]]
 
* Enhanced [[vagus nerve|vagal tone]] in athletes
 
* [[Eslicarbazepine acetate]]
{{col-break|width=33%}}
{{col-break|width=33%}}
* [[Fabry disease]]
*[[Eslicarbazepine acetate]]
 
*[[Fabry disease]]
* [[Fesoterodine]]
*[[Fesoterodine]]
 
*[[Fingolimod]]
* [[Fingolimod]]
*[[Glycogenosis type 2b]]
 
*[[HCM]]
* [[Glycogenosis type 2b]]
* [[Neuromuscular disease|Hereditary neuromuscular disease]]
 
*[[Hodgkin lymphoma]]
* [[HCM]]
*[[Hyperkalaemia]]
 
*[[Carotid sinus hypersensitivity|Hypersensitive carotid sinus syndrome]]
* Hereditary neuromuscular neurodegenerative disease
*[[Hyperthyroidism]]
 
*[[Hypokalaemia]]
* [[Hodgkin lymphoma]]
*[[Hypothermia]]
 
*[[Ibutilide]]
* [[Hyperkalaemia]]
*[[Ischaemic heart disease]]
 
*[[Kearns-Sayre syndrome]]
* [[Carotid sinus hypersensitivity|Hypersensitive carotid sinus syndrome]]
*[[Labetalol]]
 
*[[Lacosamide]]
* [[Hyperthyroidism]]
*[[Lanatoside C]]
 
*[[Lenegre's disease]]
* [[Hypokalaemia]]
*[[Lev's disease]]
 
*[[Lyme disease]]
* [[Hypothermia]]
*[[Mitochondrial DNA|Mitochondrial genome inherited conditions]]
 
*[[Multiple myeloma]]
* [[Ibutilide]]
*[[Muscular dystrophy]]
 
*[[Myocardial bridging]]
* Idiopathic bilateral bundle  branch fibrosis
*[[Myocarditis]]
 
*[[Myotonic dystrophy]]
* Idiopathic progressive  cardiac conduction disease
*[[Myxedema]]
 
* [[Ischaemic heart disease]]
 
* [[Kearns-Sayre syndrome]]
 
* [[Labetalol]]
 
* [[Lacosamide]]
 
* [[Lanatoside C]]
 
* [[Lenegre's disease]]
 
* [[Lev's disease]]
 
* [[Lyme disease]]
 
* [[Mitochondrial DNA|Mitochondrial genome inherited conditions]]
 
* [[Multiple myeloma]]
 
* [[Muscular dystrophy]]
 
* [[Myocardial bridging]]
 
* [[Myocarditis]]
 
* [[Myotonic dystrophy]]
 
* [[Myxedema]]
 
* Neonatal lupus syndrome
 
{{col-break|width=33%}}
{{col-break|width=33%}}
 
*[[Neonatal lupus erythematosus]]
* Normal variants of PR  prolongation
*[[prolonged PR interval|Normal variants of PR  prolongation]]
 
*[[Paliperidone]]
* [[Paget disease]]
*[[aortic valve  replacement|Post aortic valve replacement ]]
 
*[[catheter ablation|Post catheter ablation for  arrhythmias]]
* [[Pain]]
*[[Ventricular septal defect surgery|Post closure of a  ventricular septal defect]]
 
*[[mitral valve  replacement|Post mitral valve  replacement]]
* [[Paliperidone]]
*[[Procainamide]]
 
*[[Propoxyphene]]
* [[aortic valve  replacement|Post aortic valve replacement ]]
*[[Propranolol]]
 
*[[Protozoa|Protozoal infection]]
* [[catheter ablation|Post catheter ablation for  arrhythmias]]
*[[Quinidine]]
 
*[[Quinine]]
* [[Ventricular septal defect surgery|Post closure of a  ventricular septal defect]]
*[[Rheumatic fever|Rheumatic mitral valve disease]]
 
*[[Sarcoidosis]]
* [[mitral valve  replacement|Post mitral valve  replacement]]
*[[SLE]]
 
*[[Systemic sclerosis]]
* [[Procainamide ]]
*[[Terodiline]]
 
*[[Tetralogy of Fallot]]
* [[Propoxyphene]]
*[[periodic  paralysis|Thyrotoxic periodic  paralysis]]
 
*[[Tolterodine]]
* [[Propranolol]]
*[[Transposition of the great  vessels]]
 
*[[vagus nerve|Vagal maneuvers]]
* [[Protozoa|Protozoal infection]]
*[[Valsalva maneuver]]
 
*[[Valvular heart disease]]
* [[Quinidine]]
*[[Verapamil]]
 
*[[VSD]]
* [[Quinine]]
*[[sex linkage|X-linked inherited  conditions]]
 
* [[Rheumatic fever|Rheumatic mitral valve disease]]
 
* [[Sarcoidosis]]
 
* [[SLE]]
 
* [[Sleep ]]
 
* [[Systemic sclerosis]]
 
* [[Terodiline]]
 
* [[Tetralogy of fallot]]
 
* [[periodic  paralysis|Thyrotoxic periodic  paralysis]]
 
* [[Tolterodine]]
 
* [[Transposition of the great  vessels]]
 
* [[Trauma]]
 
* [[vagus nerve|Vagal maneuvers]]
 
* [[Valsalva manouevre]]
 
* [[Valvular heart disease]]
 
* [[Verapamil]]
 
* [[VSD]]
 
* [[sex linkage|X-linked inherited  conditions]]
{{col-end}}
{{col-end}}


Line 336: Line 233:
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}


{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
{{WikiDoc Sources}}
[[Category:Electrophysiology]]
[[Category:Cardiology]]
[[Category:Cardiology]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date cardiology]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date cardiology]]
[[Category:Arrhythmia]]
[[Category:Arrhythmia]]
 
[[Category:Electrophysiology]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Disease]]


[[Category:Primary care]]
{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
{{WikiDoc Sources}}

Latest revision as of 04:51, 22 July 2021

First degree AV block Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Pathophysiology

Classification

Causes

Differentiating First degree AV block from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Electrocardiogram

EKG Examples

Chest X Ray

Echocardiography

Other Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

First degree AV block causes On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

slides

Images

American Roentgen Ray Society Images of First degree AV block causes

All Images
X-rays
Echo & Ultrasound
CT Images
MRI

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on First degree AV block causes

CDC on First degree AV block causes

First degree AV block causes in the news

Blogs on First degree AV block causes

Directions to Hospitals Treating First degree AV block

Risk calculators and risk factors for First degree AV block causes

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2]; Raviteja Guddeti, M.B.B.S. [3]

Overview

Common causes of first-degree AV block include ischemic heart disease, congenital heart disease, electrolyte abnormalities (particularly hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia), inflammation, infections (endocarditis, rheumatic fever, Chagas disease, Lyme disease, diphtheria), drugs (antiarrhythmic Ia, Ic, II, III, IV and digoxin, β-blockers, calcium channel blockers ), infiltrative diseases (sarcoidosis), collagen vascular diseases (SLE, rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma), idiopathic degenerative diseases (Lenegre and Lev diseases) and neuromuscular disorders and increased vagal tone in younger patients.

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Acute myocardial infarction, acute rheumatic fever, ASD, dilated cardiomyopathy, Ebstein's anomaly, hypersensitive carotid sinus syndrome, hypertension, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, Lev's disease, myocardial bridging, myocarditis, post aortic valve replacement, post catheter ablation for arrhythmias, post closure of a ventricular septal defect, post mitral valve replacement, tetralogy of Fallot, endocardial cushion defect, transposition of the great vessels, valvular heart disease, VSD
Chemical / poisoning No underlying causes
Dermatologic No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect Amiodarone, beta-blockers, digitalis, calcium channel blockers, cholinesterase inhibitors, disopyramide, dofetilide, dolasetron, donepezil, eslicarbazepine acetate, fesoterodine, fingolimod, flecainide, ibutilide, lacosamide, magnesium, paliperidone, pramipexole, procainamide, propafenone, propoxyphene, quinidine, sotalol, terodiline
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine Hyperthyroidism, myxedema, thyrotoxic periodic paralysis, hypothyroidism
Environmental Hypothermia
Gastroenterologic Hemochromatosis
Genetic Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, Fabry disease, glycogenosis type 2b, hereditary neuromuscular disease, Kearns-Sayre syndrome
Hematologic Multiple myeloma
Iatrogenic Post aortic valve replacement, post catheter ablation for arrhythmias, post closure of a ventricular septal defect, post mitral valve replacement
Infectious Disease Acute rheumatic fever, Chagas disease, diphtheria, Lyme disease, myocarditis, neonatal lupus erythematosus, protozoal infection, sarcoidosis, SLE, tuberculosis
Musculoskeletal / Ortho Ankylosing spondylitis, hereditary neuromuscular disease, Kearns-Sayre syndrome, mitochondrial genome inherited conditions, muscular dystrophy
Neurologic No underlying causes
Nutritional / Metabolic Fabry disease, glycogenosis type 2b
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic Multiple myeloma
Opthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary Sarcoidosis
Renal / Electrolyte Hyperkalemia, hypokalemia
Rheum / Immune / Allergy Ankylosing spondylitis, dermatomyositis, rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, SLE
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma No underlying causes
Urologic No underlying causes
Dental No underlying causes
Miscellaneous Amyloidosis, degenerative diseases, enhanced vagal tone, normal variants

Causes in Alphabetical Order

References


Template:WikiDoc Sources

Retrieved from "https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=First_degree_AV_block_causes&oldid=1708073"