WBR0135

Author	PageAuthor::Gonzalo Romero
Exam Type	ExamType::USMLE Step 2 CK
Main Category	MainCategory::Internal medicine
Sub Category	SubCategory::Allergy/Immunology, SubCategory::Cardiovascular, SubCategory::Respiratory
Prompt	[[Prompt::A 50 year-old African American woman comes due to a 6-month history of dry cough. At first she thought it was an allergic reaction considering her daughter’s boyfriend recently gave a cat to her daughter. Despite intensive cleaning methods in the house, avoiding touching the cat and staying away from the cat, the cough persisted; therefore she decided to go to her primary care physician. Upon interrogation the patient states that she has been feeling fatigued during the last 4 months. She has had red and painful nodules on her shins for the last 4 weeks. Her family history is significant for autoimmune disease on her maternal side. Upon physical examination her vitals are WNL. Upon chest auscultation she has dry rales. Her lower extremities show multiple bluish-erythematous nodules, tender to palpation on her shins, varying from 3 to 5 cm in diameter. The physician orders CXR shown down below. The physician orders a blood tests in order to confirm the clinical suspicion. Which of the following is a direct function of the substance increased in this patient’s serum? ]]
Answer A	AnswerA::Angiotensinogen transformation
Answer A Explanation	[[AnswerAExp::Incorrect. Renin, secreted by the kidney JG cells, transforms Angiotensinogen (secreted by the liver) into Angiotensinogen I.]]
Answer B	AnswerB::ADH secretion
Answer B Explanation	[[AnswerBExp::Incorrect. Angiotensin II increases the ADH secretion directly.]]
Answer C	AnswerC::Bradykinin degradation
Answer C Explanation	[[AnswerCExp::Correct. ACE degrades Bradykinin, which is a potent vasodilator.]]
Answer D	AnswerD::Angiotensin II degradation
Answer D Explanation	[[AnswerDExp::Incorrect. Angiotensin II is degraded to angiotensin III by angiotensinases located in red blood cells and the vascular beds of most tissues. It has a half-life in circulation of around 30 seconds, whereas, in tissue, it may be as long as 15–30 minutes.]]
Answer E	AnswerE::Angiotensin I formation
Answer E Explanation	[[AnswerEExp::Incorrect. Renin, secreted by the kidney JG cells, transforms Angiotensinogen (secreted from the liver) into Angiotensinogen I.]]
Right Answer	RightAnswer::C
Explanation	[[Explanation::This 50 year-old African American woman is presenting with classical clinical symptoms and signs of sarcoidosis (persistent dry cough, fatigue and bilateral hilar enlargement), which is an autoimmune chronic granulomatous disease. This patient on physical exam has erythema nodosum, which is associated with sarcoidosis. The CXR demonstrates a bilateral hiliar lymphadenopathy with minor increase in interstitial markings. She has been complaining of fatigue due to the increased levels of TNF. Non caseating granulomas in sarcoidosis Short pathophysiology: increased TH1 cytokines(IL-2 and IFN-γ ) → T-cell expansion & macrophage activation, respectively → local environment: IL-8, TNF (released at high levels from alveolar macrophages → additional T cells and monocytes recruitment → non caseating granulomas → in pulmonary hilium, skin, joints and other systems. Characteristically these patients present with elevated [Angiotensin-converting enzyme Educational Objective: References: ]]
Approved	Approved::Yes
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