High cholesterol causes: Difference between revisions

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Latest revision as of 15:44, 25 September 2013

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mohamed Moubarak, M.D. [2]

Overview

Elevated cholesterol level can be caused by a wide variety of factors which include: genetic (e.g. familial hypercholesterolemia); endocrine (e.g. diabetes mellitus ); drug side effect (e.g. beta blockers, thiazide diuretics); kidney disease (e.g. nephrotic syndrome, chronic kidney disease), and many other factors.

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated. High cholesterol in itself is not a life threatening condition.

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular	Alagille syndrome, familial hypercholesterolemia
Chemical/Poisoning	No underlying causes
Dental	No underlying causes
Dermatologic	No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect	Estrogens, everolimus, olanzapine, sirolimus, temsirolimus, thiazide diuretics , tofacitinib
Ear Nose Throat	No underlying causes
Endocrine	Diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism, metabolic syndrome, polycystic ovary syndrome
Environmental	No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic	Glycogenosis type 3, glycogenosis type 6, Niemann-Pick disease type B , primary biliary cirrhosis, Stauffer syndrome, Zieve's syndrome
Genetic	Analbuminaemia, apolipoprotein B deficiency, Apolipoprotein C2 deficiency, apoliprotein E deficiency, autosomal recessive hypercholesterolemia, familial combined hyperlipidemia, familial hypercholesterolemia, familial hyperlipoproteinemia type 5, glycogen storage disease type 1a, glycogenosis type 3, glycogenosis type 6, lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency, lipoprotein lipase deficiency, Niemann-Pick disease type B
Hematologic	Zieve's syndrome
Iatrogenic	No underlying causes
Infectious Disease	No underlying causes
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic	Berardinelli–Seip syndrome
Neurologic	Apoliprotein E deficiency
Nutritional/Metabolic	Analbuminaemia, Berardinelli–Seip syndrome, diabetes mellitus, glycogenosis type 3, glycogenosis type 6, metabolic syndrome, Niemann-Pick disease type B, obesity, Zieve's syndrome
Obstetric/Gynecologic	Polycystic ovary syndrome, pregnancy
Oncologic	No underlying causes
Ophthalmologic	Alström syndrome
Overdose/Toxicity	No underlying causes
Psychiatric	Binge eating disorder
Pulmonary	No underlying causes
Renal/Electrolyte	Chronic kidney disease, nephrotic syndrome
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy	Hashimoto's thyroiditis
Sexual	No underlying causes
Trauma	No underlying causes
Urologic	No underlying causes
Miscellaneous	Lack of physical inactivity

Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

↑ Kasiske BL, Ma JZ, Kalil RS, Louis TA (1995). "Effects of antihypertensive therapy on serum lipids". Ann Intern Med. 122 (2): 133–41. PMID 7992988.
↑ Boers M, Nurmohamed MT, Doelman CJ, Lard LR, Verhoeven AC, Voskuyl AE; et al. (2003). "Influence of glucocorticoids and disease activity on total and high density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients with rheumatoid arthritis". Ann Rheum Dis. 62 (9): 842–5. PMC 1754645. PMID 12922956.
↑ Genest JJ, Martin-Munley SS, McNamara JR, Ordovas JM, Jenner J, Myers RH; et al. (1992). "Familial lipoprotein disorders in patients with premature coronary artery disease". Circulation. 85 (6): 2025–33. PMID 1534286.

Template:WikiDoc Sources

[pmid7992988-1] Kasiske BL, Ma JZ, Kalil RS, Louis TA (1995). "Effects of antihypertensive therapy on serum lipids". Ann Intern Med. 122 (2): 133–41. PMID 7992988.

[pmid12922956-2] Boers M, Nurmohamed MT, Doelman CJ, Lard LR, Verhoeven AC, Voskuyl AE; et al. (2003). "Influence of glucocorticoids and disease activity on total and high density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients with rheumatoid arthritis". Ann Rheum Dis. 62 (9): 842–5. PMC 1754645. PMID 12922956.

[pmid1534286-3] Genest JJ, Martin-Munley SS, McNamara JR, Ordovas JM, Jenner J, Myers RH; et al. (1992). "Familial lipoprotein disorders in patients with premature coronary artery disease". Circulation. 85 (6): 2025–33. PMID 1534286.

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[2]

[3]

v t e Lipopedia
Basic Science	Cholesterol • Triglyceride Lipoprotein metabolism and transport Lipoprotein: Chylomicron • Chylomicron remnant • HDL • IDL • LDL • Lipoprotein(a) • VLDL • Lipoprotein-X Apolipoprotein: APOA (1, 2, 4, 5) • APOB ( Apolipoprotein B-48, Apolipoprotein B-100) • APOC (1, 2, 3, 4) • APOD • APOE • APOH • APOJ • APOL • APOM • Apo(a) Lipoprotein receptor: LDL receptor • Soluble low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (sLRP) • Apolipoprotein E Receptor 2 • Scavenger receptor • Scavenger receptor A • Scavenger receptor B • VLDL receptor Lipoprotein enzymes: Lipoprotein lipase • Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) • Cholesterylester transfer protein ( Acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase, Lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase) • Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein • ABCA1 Genes: Low density lipoprotein receptor gene family • Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein • ABCA1
Lipoprotein Disorders	Lipoprotein disorders Primary lipoprotein disorders: Familial hyperchylomicronemia (Type I) • Familial hypercholesterolemia (Type IIA) • Familial combined hyperlipidemia (Type IIB) • Dysbetalipoproteinemia (Type III) • Primary hypertriglyceridemia (Type IV) • Mixed hyperlipoproteinemia (Type V) Secondary lipoprotein disorders
Abnormal Laboratory Lipid Profile	Low chylomicron • Low chylomicron remnant • Low HDL • Low IDL • Low LDL • Low lipoprotein(a) • Low VLDL High chylomicron • High chylomicron remnant • High HDL • High IDL • High LDL • High Lipoprotein(a) • High VLDL

@@ Line 4: / Line 4: @@
 ==Overview==
+Elevated cholesterol level can be caused by a wide variety of factors which include: genetic (e.g. [[familial hypercholesterolemia]]); endocrine (e.g. [[diabetes mellitus]] ); drug side effect (e.g. [[beta blockers]], [[thiazide diuretics]]); kidney disease (e.g. [[nephrotic syndrome]], [[chronic kidney disease]]), and many other factors.
 ==Causes==
+===Life Threatening Causes===
+Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.  High cholesterol in itself is not a life threatening condition.
 ===Common Causes===
-{{col-begin|width=80%}}
+*[[Beta blockers]]<ref name="pmid7992988">{{cite journal| author=Kasiske BL, Ma JZ, Kalil RS, Louis TA| title=Effects of antihypertensive therapy on serum lipids. | journal=Ann Intern Med | year= 1995 | volume= 122 | issue= 2 | pages= 133-41 | pmid=7992988 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7992988  }} </ref>
-{{col-break|width=33%}}
+*[[Binge eating disorder]]
-*[[Apo A-I deficiency]]
+*[[Corticosteroids]]<ref name="pmid12922956">{{cite journal| author=Boers M, Nurmohamed MT, Doelman CJ, Lard LR, Verhoeven AC, Voskuyl AE et al.| title=Influence of glucocorticoids and disease activity on total and high density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. | journal=Ann Rheum Dis | year= 2003 | volume= 62 | issue= 9 | pages= 842-5 | pmid=12922956 | doi= | pmc=PMC1754645 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12922956  }} </ref>
-*[[Berardinelli–Seip syndrome]]
 *[[Diabetes mellitus]]
-*[[Alcoholism]]
-*[[Hypothyroidism]]
-*[[IgA nephropathy ]]
-*[[Hashimoto's thyroiditis ]]
-*[[Metabolic syndrome ]]
-*[[Alagille syndrome]]
-*[[Alström syndrome]]
-*[[Analbuminaemia]]
-*[[Antiretroviral therapy]]
-*[[Apolipoprotein B deficiency]]
-*[[Apolipoprotein C2|Apolipoprotein C2 deficiency]]
-*[[Apolipoprotein E|Apoliprotein E deficiency]]
-*[[Familial hypercholesterolemia|Autosomal recessive hypercholesterolemia]]
-*[[Beta blockers]]
-{{col-break|width=33%}}
-*[[Binge eating disorder]]
-*[[Chronic kidney disease]]
-*[[Corticosteroids]]
-*[[Cyclosporine]]
 *[[Estrogens]]
-*[[Everolimus]]
+*[[Familial hypercholesterolemia]]<ref name="pmid1534286">{{cite journal| author=Genest JJ, Martin-Munley SS, McNamara JR, Ordovas JM, Jenner J, Myers RH et al.| title=Familial lipoprotein disorders in patients with premature coronary artery disease. | journal=Circulation | year= 1992 | volume= 85 | issue= 6 | pages= 2025-33 | pmid=1534286 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1534286  }} </ref>
-*[[Familial combined  hyperlipidemia]]
-*[[Familial hypercholesterolemia]]
-*[[Fosamprenavir]]
-*[[Glycogen storage disease  type 1a]]
-*[[Glycogenosis type 3]]
-*[[Glycogenosis type 6]]
-*[[Hyperlipoproteinemia|Familial hyperlipoproteinemia type 5]]
 *[[Hypothyroidism]]
-*[[Lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency]]
+*[[Metabolic syndrome]]
-*[[Lipoprotein lipase deficiency]]
-*[[Mitotane]]
-{{col-break|width=33%}}
 *[[Nephrotic syndrome]]
-*[[Niemann-Pick disease type B]]
+*[[Obesity]]
-*[[Obesity]]
-*[[Olanzapine]]
-*[[Polycystic ovary syndrome]]
 *[[Pregnancy]]
-*[[Primary biliary cirrhosis]]
-*[[Sirolimus]]
-*[[Stauffer syndrome]]
-*[[Tamoxifen ]]
-*[[Temsirolimus]]
 *[[Thiazide diuretics]]
-*[[Tocilizumab]]
-*[[Tofacitinib]]
-*[[Werner syndrome]]
-*[[Zieve's syndrome]]
-{{col-end}}
 ===Causes by Organ System===
@@ Line 68: / Line 29: @@
 {|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
 |style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" |'''Cardiovascular'''
-|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" |[[Alagille syndrome]], [[Familial hypercholesterolemia]]
+|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" |[[Alagille syndrome]], [[familial hypercholesterolemia]]
 |-
 |bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"| '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
@@ Line 83: / Line 44: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Drug Side Effect'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Antiretroviral therapy]], [[Beta blockers]], [[Corticosteroids]], [[Cyclosporine]], [[Estrogens]], [[Everolimus]], [[Fosamprenavir]], [[Mitotane]], [[Olanzapine]], [[Sirolimus]], [[Tamoxifen ]], [[Temsirolimus]], [[Thiazide diuretics]], [[Tocilizumab]], [[Tofacitinib]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Estrogens]], [[everolimus]], [[olanzapine]], [[sirolimus]], [[temsirolimus]], [[thiazide diuretics ]], [[tofacitinib]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 91: / Line 52: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Endocrine'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Metabolic syndrome]], [[Metabolic syndrome]], [[Polycystic ovary syndrome]], [[Werner syndrome]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Diabetes mellitus]], [[hypothyroidism]], [[metabolic syndrome]], [[polycystic ovary syndrome]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 99: / Line 60: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Gastroenterologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Glycogenosis type 6]], [[Niemann-Pick disease type B ]], [[Primary biliary cirrhosis]], [[Stauffer syndrome]], [[Zieve's syndrome]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Glycogenosis type 3]], [[glycogenosis type 6]], [[Niemann-Pick disease type B ]], [[primary biliary cirrhosis]], [[Stauffer syndrome]], [[Zieve's syndrome]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Genetic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Apo A-I deficiency]], [[Apolipoprotein B deficiency]], [[Apolipoprotein C2|Apolipoprotein C2 deficiency]], [[Apoliprotein E|Apoliprotein E deficiency]], [[Familial hypercholesterolemia|Autosomal recessive hypercholesterolemia]], [[Familial combined hyperlipidemia]],
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Analbuminaemia]], [[apolipoprotein B deficiency]], [[Apolipoprotein C2|Apolipoprotein C2 deficiency]], [[Apoliprotein E|apoliprotein E deficiency]], [[Familial hypercholesterolemia|autosomal recessive hypercholesterolemia]], [[familial combined hyperlipidemia]], [[familial hypercholesterolemia]], [[Hyperlipoproteinemia|familial hyperlipoproteinemia type 5]], [[glycogen storage disease type 1a]], [[glycogenosis type 3]], [[glycogenosis type 6]], [[lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency]], [[lipoprotein lipase deficiency]], [[Niemann-Pick disease type B]]
-[[Familial hypercholesterolemia]], [[Glycogen storage disease type 1a]], [[Glycogenosis type 3]], [[Glycogenosis type 6]], [[Hyperlipoproteinemia|Familial hyperlipoproteinemia type 5]], [[Lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency]], [[Lipoprotein lipase deficiency]], [[Niemann-Pick disease type B]], [[Werner syndrome]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Hematologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Zieve's syndrome]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 120: / Line 80: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Berardinelli–Seip syndrome]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Neurologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Apoliprotein E|Apoliprotein E deficiency]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Metabolic syndrome]], [[ Niemann-Pick disease type B]], [[Obesity]], [[Zieve's syndrome]],
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Analbuminaemia]], [[Berardinelli–Seip syndrome]], [[diabetes mellitus]], [[glycogenosis type 3]], [[glycogenosis type 6]], [[metabolic syndrome]], [[ Niemann-Pick disease type B]], [[obesity]], [[Zieve's syndrome]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Polycystic ovary syndrome]], [[pregnancy]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 140: / Line 100: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Ophthalmologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Alström syndrome]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 148: / Line 108: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Psychiatric'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Binge eating disorder]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 156: / Line 116: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Chronic kidney disease]], [[nephrotic syndrome]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Hashimoto's thyroiditis ]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 176: / Line 136: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Miscellaneous'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Obesity|Lack of physical inactivity ]]
 |-
 |}
@@ Line 183: / Line 143: @@
 {{col-begin|width=80%}}
 {{col-break|width=33%}}
-*[[Apo A-I deficiency]]
-*[[Familial hypercholesterolemia|Autosomal recessive hypercholesterolemia]]
 *[[Alagille syndrome]]
 *[[Alström syndrome]]
@@ Line 192: / Line 150: @@
 *[[Apolipoprotein C2|Apolipoprotein C2 deficiency]]
 *[[Apolipoprotein E|Apoliprotein E deficiency]]
-*[[Alcoholism]]
+*[[Familial hypercholesterolemia|Autosomal recessive hypercholesterolemia]]
 *[[Beta blockers]]
 *[[Binge eating disorder]]
-*[[Berardinelli–Seip syndrome]]
+*[[Berardinelli–Seip syndrome ]]
 *[[Chronic kidney disease]]
 *[[Corticosteroids]]
-*[[Cyclosporine]]
 *[[Diabetes mellitus]]
 {{col-break|width=33%}}
 *[[Estrogens]]
 *[[Everolimus]]
-*[[Familial combined  hyperlipidemia]]
+*[[Familial combined hyperlipidemia]]
 *[[Familial hypercholesterolemia]]
 *[[Hyperlipoproteinemia|Familial hyperlipoproteinemia type 5]]
-*[[Fosamprenavir]]
+*[[Glycogen storage disease type 1a]]
-*[[Glycogen storage disease  type 1a]]
+*[[Glycogenosis type 3]]
-*[[Glycogenosis type 3]]
 *[[Glycogenosis type 6]]
 *[[Hypothyroidism]]
-*[[Hashimoto's thyroiditis ]]
+*[[Hypothyroidism]]
-*[[IgA nephropathy ]]
+*[[Hashimoto's thyroiditis]]
+*[[Obesity|Lack of physical activity]]
 *[[Lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency]]
 *[[Lipoprotein lipase deficiency]]
-*[[Mitotane]]
+{{col-break|width=33%}}
-*[[Metabolic syndrome ]]
+*[[Metabolic syndrome]]
 *[[Nephrotic syndrome]]
-{{col-break|width=33%}}
+*[[Niemann-Pick disease type B ]]
-*[[Niemann-Pick disease type B]]
 *[[Obesity]]
 *[[Olanzapine]]
@@ Line 226: / Line 182: @@
 *[[Primary biliary cirrhosis]]
 *[[Sirolimus]]
-*[[Stauffer syndrome]]
-*[[Tamoxifen ]]
 *[[Temsirolimus]]
 *[[Thiazide diuretics]]
-*[[Tocilizumab]]
 *[[Tofacitinib]]
-*[[Werner syndrome]]
 *[[Zieve's syndrome]]
 {{col-end}}
+==References==
+{{Reflist|2}}
+{{Lipopedia}}
+[[Category:Lipopedia]]
+[[Category:Crowdiagnosis]]
+[[Category:Lipid disorders]]
+[[Category:Cardiology]]
+[[Category:Lipoproteins]]
+[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
+{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
+{{WikiDoc Sources}}