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| __NOTOC__
| | #Redirect [[High density lipoprotein epidemiology and demographics]] |
| {{High density lipoprotein}}
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| {{CMG}} ;{{AE}} {{MM}}
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| ==Overview==
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| Epidemiological studies have revealed that men have lower levels of HDL compared to women. Exercise, low dietary fat, and moderate [[alcohol]] consumption are associated with higher levels of HDL.
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| ==Epidemiology and Demographics==
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| * Exact data regarding the prevalence of high HDL serum level is not well documented. On the other hand, the inverse relationship between the HDL level and the risk of cardiovascular disease has been documented by the [[Framingham Heart Study]]; for a given level of LDL the risk of heart disease increases 10-fold as the HDL varies from high to low.<ref name="pmid21296318">{{cite journal| author=Rahilly-Tierney CR, Spiro A, Vokonas P, Gaziano JM| title=Relation between high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and survival to age 85 years in men (from the VA normative aging study). | journal=Am J Cardiol | year= 2011 | volume= 107 | issue= 8 | pages= 1173-7 | pmid=21296318 | doi=10.1016/j.amjcard.2010.12.015 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21296318 }} </ref>
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| * In 1980, a large cross section study included 4756 white males and females ages 20-59 years, the aim of the study was to assess different factors relation to the HDL level in the studied population, which further divided according to age, sex, and gonadal hormone use. Higher levels of HDL have been recorded in women compared to men, also with moderate alcohol consumption and exercise.<ref name="pmid7418140">{{cite journal| author=Heiss G, Johnson NJ, Reiland S, Davis CE, Tyroler HA| title=The epidemiology of plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. The Lipid Research Clinics Program Prevalence Study. Summary. | journal=Circulation | year= 1980 | volume= 62 | issue= 4 Pt 2 | pages= IV116-36 | pmid=7418140 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7418140 }} </ref>
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| * A more recent study compared the demographic and behavioural correlates of HDL-cholesterol between Northern Italy and the US indicated that gender, age, body mass, cigarette smoking, and alcohol consumption are independently associated with HDL-cholesterol in both populations, while physical activity is positively associated with HDL mean levels. The study has found that education achievement is independently associated only in the American sample.<ref name="pmid1521969">{{cite journal| author=Ferrario M, Cesana GC, Heiss G, Linn SA, Mocarelli P, Tyroler HA| title=Demographic and behavioural correlates of high density lipoprotein cholesterol. An international comparison between northern Italy and the United States. | journal=Int J Epidemiol | year= 1992 | volume= 21 | issue= 4 | pages= 665-75 | pmid=1521969 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1521969 }} </ref>
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| ==References==
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| {{Reflist|2}}
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| {{Lipopedia}}
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| [[Category:Lipopedia]]
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| [[Category:Lipid disorders]]
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| [[Category:Cardiology]]
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| [[Category:Lipoproteins]]
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