High VLDL causes: Difference between revisions

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Latest revision as of 17:37, 20 November 2013

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mugilan Poongkunran M.B.B.S [2]

Overview

High VLDL may be a consequence of inherited diseases that affect the lipid metabolism, or cab be due to secondary causes such as drugs and chronic liver disease.

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.

Gram negative sepsis

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular	No underlying causes
Chemical/Poisoning	Diterpenoids
Dental	No underlying causes
Dermatologic	No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect	Azathioprine, bexarotene, calcineurin inhibitors, chlortalidone, corticosteroids, cyclosporine, desvenlafaxine, immunosuppressive agents, levonorgestrel, lopinavir, mycophenolate, nicotine, norgestrel, prednisone, progestin, protease inhibitors, rapamycin, rosiglitazone, sirolimus, thiazide, tocilizumab
Ear Nose Throat	No underlying causes
Endocrine	Acromegaly, Cushing's syndrome, dehydroepiandrosterone, diabetes mellitus type 2, hypercortisolism, hypothyroidism, polycystic ovarian syndrome, subclinical hypothyroidism
Environmental	No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic	Acute hepatitis, chronic liver disease, obstructive jaundice
Genetic	Acid sphingomyelinase deficiency, apolipoprotein C-II deficiency, autosomal recessive hypercholesterolemia, familial combined hyperlipidemia, familial defective apolipoprotein B-100, familial hypercholesterolemia, familial hyperlipoproteinemia type 5, familial hypertriglyceridaemia, familial mixed hyperlipidaemia, IL 28B polymorphisms, lipoprotein lipase deficiency, Niemann-Pick disease, polygenic hypercholesterolemia
Hematologic	No underlying causes
Iatrogenic	No underlying causes
Infectious Disease	Gram negative sepsis, H. pylori infection, small bowel bacterial overgrowth syndrome
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic	No underlying causes
Neurologic	No underlying causes
Nutritional/Metabolic	Chenodeoxycholic acid, high carbohydrate diet, high saturated fat diet, polygenic hypercholesterolemia, primary hyperlipoproteinemia, primary hypolipoproteinemia, selenium deficiency
Obstetric/Gynecologic	Polycystic ovarian syndrome
Oncologic	Lymphoma, multiple myeloma
Ophthalmologic	No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity	No underlying causes
Psychiatric	No underlying causes
Pulmonary	No underlying causes
Renal/Electrolyte	Chronic kidney disease, nephrotic syndrome, uremia
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy	Dysproteinemia, monoclonal gammopathy, multiple myeloma, paraproteinemia
Sexual	No underlying causes
Trauma	No underlying causes
Urologic	No underlying causes
Miscellaneous	Alcoholism

Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Durrington, P. (2003). "Dyslipidaemia". Lancet. 362 (9385): 717–31. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14234-1. PMID 12957096. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Covington, MB. (2004). "Omega-3 fatty acids". Am Fam Physician. 70 (1): 133–40. PMID 15259529. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Kronenberg, F. (2005). "Dyslipidemia and nephrotic syndrome: recent advances". J Ren Nutr. 15 (2): 195–203. PMID 15827892. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

Template:WikiDoc Sources

[Durrington-2003-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Durrington, P. (2003). "Dyslipidaemia". Lancet. 362 (9385): 717–31. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14234-1. PMID 12957096. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[Covington-2004-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Covington, MB. (2004). "Omega-3 fatty acids". Am Fam Physician. 70 (1): 133–40. PMID 15259529. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[Kronenberg-2005-3] Kronenberg, F. (2005). "Dyslipidemia and nephrotic syndrome: recent advances". J Ren Nutr. 15 (2): 195–203. PMID 15827892. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[1]

[2]

[3]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 __NOTOC__
 {{VLDL}}
-{{CMG}}
+{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{M.P}}
 ==Overview==
-[[Lipoproteins]] other than [[HD]] (termed non-HDL cholesterol), especially low density lipoprotein (LDL), can always attribute to the increased risk of [[atherosclerosis]] and [[coronary heart disease]].  High LDL may primarily be a consequence of [[inherited]] ([[genetic]]) diseases that affect the [[lipid metabolism]], or due to secondary causes other than the primary inherited disorders of lipid metabolism.
+High VLDL may be a consequence of [[inherited]] diseases that affect the [[lipid metabolism]], or cab be due to secondary causes such as drugs and [[chronic liver disease]].
 ==Causes==
@@ Line 12: / Line 12: @@
 ===Common Causes===
-*[[Androgens]]
 *[[Chronic liver disease]]
+*[[Corticosteroids]]
+*[[diabetes mellitus|Diabetes mellitus type 2]]
 *[[Familial hypercholesterolemia]]<ref name="Durrington-2003">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Durrington | first1 = P. | title = Dyslipidaemia. | journal = Lancet | volume = 362 | issue = 9385 | pages = 717-31 | month = Aug | year = 2003 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14234-1 | PMID = 12957096 }}</ref>
 *[[Saturated fat|High saturated fat diet]]<ref name="Covington-2004">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Covington | first1 = MB. | title = Omega-3 fatty acids. | journal = Am Fam Physician | volume = 70 | issue = 1 | pages = 133-40 | month = Jul | year = 2004 | doi =  | PMID = 15259529 }}</ref>
-*[[Progestagens]]
+*[[Hepatitis]]
 ===Causes by Organ System===
@@ Line 37: / Line 38: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Drug Side Effect'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Atazanavir]],  [[azathioprine]],  [[bexarotene]],  [[Immunosuppressive drug#Drugs acting on immunophilins|calcineurin inhibitors]],  [[chlortalidone]],  [[corticosteroids]],  [[cyclosporine]],  [[desvenlafaxine]],  [[Fish oil|fish oil supplements]],  [[immunosuppressive agents]],  [[levonorgestrel]],  [[lopinavir]],  [[mycophenolate]],  [[nicotine]],  [[norgestrel]],  [[prednisone]],  [[progestin]],  [[rapamycin]],  [[rosiglitazone]],  [[sirolimus]],  [[thiazide]],  [[tocilizumab]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Azathioprine]], [[bexarotene]], [[Immunosuppressive drug#Drugs acting on immunophilins|calcineurin inhibitors]], [[chlortalidone]], [[corticosteroids]], [[cyclosporine]], [[desvenlafaxine]], [[immunosuppressive agents]], [[levonorgestrel]], [[lopinavir]], [[mycophenolate]], [[nicotine]], [[norgestrel]], [[prednisone]], [[progestin]], [[protease inhibitors]], [[rapamycin]], [[rosiglitazone]], [[sirolimus]], [[thiazide]], [[tocilizumab]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 45: / Line 46: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Endocrine'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Androgens]],  [[dehydroepiandrosterone]],  [[growth hormone deficiency]],  [[hypercortisolism]],  [[hypothyroidism]],  [[polycystic ovarian syndrome]],  [[progestagens]],  [[Hypothyroidism|subclinical hypothyroidism]],  [[testosterone]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acromegaly]], [[Cushing's syndrome]], [[dehydroepiandrosterone]], [[diabetes mellitus type 2]], [[hypercortisolism]], [[hypothyroidism]], [[polycystic ovarian syndrome]], [[Hypothyroidism|subclinical hypothyroidism]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 53: / Line 54: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Gastroenterologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acute hepatitis]], [[chronic liver disease]], [[obstructive jaundice]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Genetic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Niemann-Pick disease|Acid sphingomyelinase deficiency]], [[Familial hypercholesterolemia|autosomal recessive hypercholesterolemia]], [[familial combined hyperlipidemia]], [[Apolipoprotein B deficiency|familial defective apolipoprotein B-100]], [[familial hypercholesterolemia]], [[familial hypertriglyceridaemia]], [[familial mixed hyperlipidaemia]], [[Interleukin 28#Clinical Significance|IL 28B polymorphisms]], [[Niemann-Pick disease]], [[hypercholesterolemia|polygenic hypercholesterolemia]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Niemann-Pick disease|Acid sphingomyelinase deficiency]], [[apolipoprotein C2|apolipoprotein C-II deficiency]], [[Familial hypercholesterolemia|autosomal recessive hypercholesterolemia]], [[familial combined hyperlipidemia]], [[Apolipoprotein B deficiency|familial defective apolipoprotein B-100]], [[familial hypercholesterolemia]], [[Hyperlipoproteinemia|familial hyperlipoproteinemia type 5]], [[familial hypertriglyceridaemia]], [[familial mixed hyperlipidaemia]], [[Interleukin 28#Clinical Significance|IL 28B polymorphisms]], [[lipoprotein lipase deficiency]], [[Niemann-Pick disease]], [[hypercholesterolemia|polygenic hypercholesterolemia]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 69: / Line 70: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Infectious Disease'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Gram negative bacteremia]],  [[H. pylori]],  [[small bowel bacterial overgrowth syndrome]],
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Gram negative bacteremia|Gram negative sepsis]], [[H. pylori|H. pylori infection]], [[small bowel bacterial overgrowth syndrome]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 81: / Line 82: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Chenodeoxycholic acid]],  [[Carbohydrate#Nutrition|high carbohydrate diet]],  [[Saturated fat|high saturated fat diet]],  [[Omega-3 fatty acid|omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids]],  [[Hypercholesterolemia|polygenic hypercholesterolemia]],  [[primary hyperlipoproteinemia]],  [[Hypolipoproteinemia pathophysiology#Primary Lipoprotein Disorders|primary hypolipoproteinemia]],  [[selenium deficiency]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Chenodeoxycholic acid]], [[Carbohydrate#Nutrition|high carbohydrate diet]], [[Saturated fat|high saturated fat diet]], [[Hypercholesterolemia|polygenic hypercholesterolemia]], [[primary hyperlipoproteinemia]], [[Hypolipoproteinemia pathophysiology#Primary Lipoprotein Disorders|primary hypolipoproteinemia]], [[selenium deficiency]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 89: / Line 90: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Oncologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Lymphoma]], [[multiple myeloma]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 109: / Line 110: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Chronic kidney disease]],  [[nephrotic syndrome]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Chronic kidney disease]], [[nephrotic syndrome]], [[uremia]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Dysproteinemia]],  [[lipopolysaccharides]],  [[monoclonal gammopathy]],  [[paraproteinemia]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Dysproteinemia]], [[monoclonal gammopathy]], [[multiple myeloma]], [[paraproteinemia]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 129: / Line 130: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Miscellaneous'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Alcoholism]]
 |-
 |}
@@ Line 137: / Line 138: @@
 {{col-break|width=33%}}
 *[[Niemann-Pick disease|Acid sphingomyelinase deficiency]]
-*[[Androgens]]
+*[[Acromegaly]]
-*[[Atazanavir]]
+*[[Acute hepatitis]]
+*[[Alcoholism]]
+*[[apolipoprotein C2|Apolipoprotein C-II deficiency]]
 *[[Familial hypercholesterolemia|Autosomal recessive hypercholesterolemia]]
 *[[Azathioprine]]
 *[[Bexarotene]]
 *[[Immunosuppressive drug#Drugs acting on immunophilins|Calcineurin inhibitors]]
-*[[Chenodeoxycholic acid]]
 *[[Chlortalidone]]
-*[[Cholestatic jaundice]]
 *[[Chronic kidney disease]]
 *[[Chronic liver disease]]
 *[[Corticosteroids]]
+*[[Cushing's syndrome]]
 *[[Cyclosporine]]
-*[[Dehydroepiandrosterone]]
 *[[Desvenlafaxine]]
+*[[Diabetes mellitus|Diabetes mellitus type 2]]
 *[[Terpenoid|Diterpenoids]]
 *[[Dysproteinemia]]
 *[[Familial combined hyperlipidemia]]
+{{col-break|width=33%}}
 *[[Apolipoprotein B deficiency|Familial defective apolipoprotein B-100]]
 *[[Familial hypercholesterolemia]]<ref name="Durrington-2003">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Durrington | first1 = P. | title = Dyslipidaemia. | journal = Lancet | volume = 362 | issue = 9385 | pages = 717-31 | month = Aug | year = 2003 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14234-1 | PMID = 12957096 }}</ref>
-{{col-break|width=33%}}
+*[[Hyperlipoproteinemia|Familial hyperlipoproteinemia type 5]]
-*[[Fish oil|Fish oil supplements]]<ref name="Pejic-">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Pejic | first1 = RN. | last2 = Lee | first2 = DT. | title = Hypertriglyceridemia. | journal = J Am Board Fam Med | volume = 19 | issue = 3 | pages = 310-6 | month =  | year =  | doi =  | PMID = 16672684 }}</ref>
+*[[Familial mixed hyperlipidaemia]]
 *[[Gram negative bacteremia]]
-*[[Growth hormone deficiency]]
 *[[H. pylori]]
 *[[Carbohydrate#Nutrition|High carbohydrate diet]]
@@ Line 168: / Line 170: @@
 *[[Interleukin 28#Clinical Significance|IL 28B polymorphisms]]
 *[[Immunosuppressive agents]]
-*[[LDL receptor deficiency]]
 *[[Levonorgestrel]]
-*[[Lipopolysaccharides]]
+*[[Lipoprotein lipase deficiency]]
 *[[Lopinavir]]
 *[[Monoclonal gammopathy]]
+*[[Multiple myeloma]]
 *[[Mycophenolate]]
 *[[Nephrotic syndrome]]<ref name="Kronenberg-2005">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Kronenberg | first1 = F. | title = Dyslipidemia and nephrotic syndrome: recent advances. | journal = J Ren Nutr | volume = 15 | issue = 2 | pages = 195-203 | month = Apr | year = 2005 | doi =  | PMID = 15827892 }}</ref>
 *[[Nicotine]]
+{{col-break|width=33%}}
 *[[Niemann-Pick disease]]
 *[[Norgestrel]]
 *[[Xanthomatous biliary cirrhosis|Obstructive liver disease]]
-{{col-break|width=33%}}
-*[[Omega-3 fatty acid|Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids]]
-*[[Pancreatitis]]
 *[[Paraproteinemia]]
 *[[Polycystic ovarian syndrome]]
 *[[Hypercholesterolemia|Polygenic hypercholesterolemia]]
 *[[Prednisone]]
-*[[Primary biliary cirrhosis]]
 *[[Primary hyperlipoproteinemia]]
 *[[Hypolipoproteinemia pathophysiology#Primary Lipoprotein Disorders|Primary hypolipoproteinemia]]
-*[[Progestagens]]
+*[[Protease inhibitors]]
-*[[Progestin]]
 *[[Rapamycin]]
 *[[Rosiglitazone]]
@@ Line 200: / Line 198: @@
 *[[Thiazide]]
 *[[Tocilizumab]]
+*[[Uremia]]
 {{col-end}}

v t e Lipopedia
Basic Science	Cholesterol • Triglyceride Lipoprotein metabolism and transport Lipoprotein: Chylomicron • Chylomicron remnant • HDL • IDL • LDL • Lipoprotein(a) • VLDL • Lipoprotein-X Apolipoprotein: APOA (1, 2, 4, 5) • APOB ( Apolipoprotein B-48, Apolipoprotein B-100) • APOC (1, 2, 3, 4) • APOD • APOE • APOH • APOJ • APOL • APOM • Apo(a) Lipoprotein receptor: LDL receptor • Soluble low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (sLRP) • Apolipoprotein E Receptor 2 • Scavenger receptor • Scavenger receptor A • Scavenger receptor B • VLDL receptor Lipoprotein enzymes: Lipoprotein lipase • Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) • Cholesterylester transfer protein ( Acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase, Lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase) • Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein • ABCA1 Genes: Low density lipoprotein receptor gene family • Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein • ABCA1
Lipoprotein Disorders	Lipoprotein disorders Primary lipoprotein disorders: Familial hyperchylomicronemia (Type I) • Familial hypercholesterolemia (Type IIA) • Familial combined hyperlipidemia (Type IIB) • Dysbetalipoproteinemia (Type III) • Primary hypertriglyceridemia (Type IV) • Mixed hyperlipoproteinemia (Type V) Secondary lipoprotein disorders
Abnormal Laboratory Lipid Profile	Low chylomicron • Low chylomicron remnant • Low HDL • Low IDL • Low LDL • Low lipoprotein(a) • Low VLDL High chylomicron • High chylomicron remnant • High HDL • High IDL • High LDL • High Lipoprotein(a) • High VLDL