Hyperlipoproteinemia causes: Difference between revisions

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==Overview==
==Overview==
The causes of hyperlipoproteinemia are either familial, acquired or idiopathic.  Familial (primary) causes are mainly due to genetic abnormalities and a few examples include [[familial hypercholesterolemia]], [[familial combined hyperlipidemia]] and [[familial hypertriglyceridemia]].  Acquired (secondary) hyperlipoproteinemia often mimic primary forms of hyperlipoproteinemia and common causes include the use of drugs ([[diuretics]], [[beta blockers]] and [[estrogens]]); endocrine disorders ([[diabetes mellitus]], [[hypothyroidism]]); metabolic disorders and renal causes such as [[renal failure]].


==Causes==
==Causes==


==Life Threatening Causes==
===Life Threatening Causes===
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.


==Common Causes==
*[[Acute renal failure]]


==Causes based on Major Lipoprotein Detected in Blood Laboratory Test==
===Common Causes===
{{col-begin|width=80%}}
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Aerobic exercise]]
*[[Alcoholism]]
*[[Androgens]]
*[[Anorexia nervosa]]
*[[apolipoprotein E|Apolipoprotein E deficiency]]
*[[Beta blockers]]<ref name="pmid7992988">{{cite journal| author=Kasiske BL, Ma JZ, Kalil RS, Louis TA| title=Effects of antihypertensive therapy on serum lipids. | journal=Ann Intern Med | year= 1995 | volume= 122 | issue= 2 | pages= 133-41 | pmid=7992988 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7992988 }} </ref>
*[[Binge eating disorder]]
*[[Cannabis]]
*[[Chronic liver disease]]
*[[Chronic renal failure]]
*[[Corticosteroids]]<ref name="pmid12922956">{{cite journal| author=Boers M, Nurmohamed MT, Doelman CJ, Lard LR, Verhoeven AC, Voskuyl AE et al.| title=Influence of glucocorticoids and disease activity on total and high density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. | journal=Ann Rheum Dis | year= 2003 | volume= 62 | issue= 9 | pages= 842-5 | pmid=12922956 | doi= | pmc=PMC1754645 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12922956 }} </ref>
*[[Diabetes mellitus type 2]]
*[[Diabetic nephropathy]]
*[[Doxazosin]]
*[[Estrogen]]
*[[Estrogens]]
*[[Weight loss|Excessive weight loss]]
*[[Familial hypercholesterolemia]]<ref name="Durrington-2003">{{Cite journal | last1 = Durrington | first1 = P. | title = Dyslipidaemia. | journal = Lancet | volume = 362 | issue = 9385 | pages = 717-31 | month = Aug | year = 2003 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14234-1 | PMID = 12957096 }}</ref><ref name="pmid1534286">{{cite journal| author=Genest JJ, Martin-Munley SS, McNamara JR, Ordovas JM, Jenner J, Myers RH et al.| title=Familial lipoprotein disorders in patients with premature coronary artery disease. | journal=Circulation | year= 1992 | volume= 85 | issue= 6 | pages= 2025-33 | pmid=1534286 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1534286 }} </ref>
*[[Fibrates]]
*[[Hepatitis]]
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Saturated fat|High saturated fat diet]]<ref name="Covington-2004">{{Cite journal | last1 = Covington | first1 = MB. | title = Omega-3 fatty acids. | journal = Am Fam Physician | volume = 70 | issue = 1 | pages = 133-40 | month = Jul | year = 2004 | doi = | PMID = 15259529 }}</ref>
*[[Hypothyroidism]]
*[[Liver cirrhosis]]
*[[Lovaza]]
*[[Magnesium]]
*[[Metabolic syndrome]]
*[[Alcohol and cardiovascular disease#Possible Mechanisms of Benefits|Moderate alcohol consumption]]
*[[Nephrotic syndrome]]
*[[Niacin]]
*[[Obesity]]
*[[Omega-3 fatty acid]]
*[[Combined oral contraceptive pill|Oral contraceptives]]
*[[Prazosin]]
*[[Pregnancy]]
*[[Progestagens]]
*[[Smoking cessation]]
*[[Statins]]
*[[Thiazide diuretics]]
*[[Unsaturated fat]]
{{col-end}}


==Combined List of Causes in Alphabetical Order==
===Causes Based on Major Lipoprotein Detected in Blood Laboratory Test===
====High Chylomicron Causes====
{{col-begin|width=80%}}
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Alcoholism]]
*[[hyperchylomicronemia|Autoimmune hyperchylomicronemia]]<ref name="Yoshimura-1998">{{Cite journal | last1 = Yoshimura | first1 = T. | last2 = Ito | first2 = M. | last3 = Sakoda | first3 = Y. | last4 = Kobori | first4 = S. | last5 = Okamura | first5 = H. | title = Rare case of autoimmune hyperchylomicronemia during pregnancy. | journal = Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol | volume = 76 | issue = 1 | pages = 49-51 | month = Jan | year = 1998 | doi = | PMID = 9481547 }}</ref>
*[[Chronic renal failure]]
*[[Diabetes mellitus]]
*[[Familial hyperchylomicronemia|Type 1B hyperlipoproteinemia]]
*[[Familial hypertriglyceridemia]]
*[[Glycogen storage disease type I]]
*[[Heparin]]
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Hypothyroidism]]
*[[Familial hyperchylomicronemia|Lipoprotein lipase deficiency]]
*[[Combined oral contraceptive pill|Oral contraceptives]]
*[[Pregnancy]]
*[[Thiazide|Thiazide diuretics]]
*[[Familial hyperchylomicronemia|Type 1C hyperlipoproteinemia]]
*[[Mixed hyperlipoproteinemia ]]
{{col-end}}
 
====High Chylomicron Remnant Causes====
{{col-begin|width=80%}}
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Acute pancreatitis]]
*[[Acute renal failure]]
*[[Alcoholic liver disease]]
*[[Alcoholism]]
*[[Antiretroviral therapy]]
*[[Atypical antipsychotics]]
*[[hyperchylomicronemia|Autoimmune hyperchylomicronemia]]<ref name="Yoshimura-1998">{{Cite journal | last1 = Yoshimura | first1 = T. | last2 = Ito | first2 = M. | last3 = Sakoda | first3 = Y. | last4 = Kobori | first4 = S. | last5 = Okamura | first5 = H. | title = Rare case of autoimmune hyperchylomicronemia during pregnancy. | journal = Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol | volume = 76 | issue = 1 | pages = 49-51 | month = Jan | year = 1998 | doi = | PMID = 9481547 }}</ref>
*[[Chronic renal failure]]
*[[Cirrhosis]]
*[[Diabetes mellitus]]
*[[Dialysis]]<ref name="pmid1453610">{{cite journal| author=Weintraub M, Burstein A, Rassin T, Liron M, Ringel Y, Cabili S et al.| title=Severe defect in clearing postprandial chylomicron remnants in dialysis patients. | journal=Kidney Int | year= 1992 | volume= 42 | issue= 5 | pages= 1247-52 | pmid=1453610 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1453610 }} </ref>
*[[Familial hyperchylomicronemia|Type 1B hyperlipoproteinemia]]
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Familial hypertriglyceridemia]]
*[[Fructose-1-phosphate aldolase deficiency]]
*[[Galactosemia]]
*[[Glycogen storage disease type I]]
*[[Glycogen storage disease type IV]]
*[[Heparin]]
*[[Hepatitis]]
*[[Hereditary hemochromatosis]]
*[[carbohydrate|High carbohydrate diet]]
*[[fat|High saturated fat diet]]
*[[Hypothyroidism]]<ref name="pmid12699445">{{cite journal| author=Ito M, Takamatsu J, Matsuo T, Kameoka K, Kubota S, Fukata S et al.| title=Serum concentrations of remnant-like particles in hypothyroid patients before and after thyroxine replacement. | journal=Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) | year= 2003 | volume= 58 | issue= 5 | pages= 621-6 | pmid=12699445 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12699445 }} </ref>
*[[HDL|Isolated low HDL]]<ref name="pmid16458316">{{cite journal| author=Benjó AM, Maranhão RC, Coimbra SR, Andrade AC, Favarato D, Molina MS et al.| title=Accumulation of chylomicron remnants and impaired vascular reactivity occur in subjects with isolated low HDL cholesterol: effects of niacin treatment. | journal=Atherosclerosis | year= 2006 | volume= 187 | issue= 1 | pages= 116-22 | pmid=16458316 | doi=10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2005.08.025 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16458316 }} </ref>
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Familial hyperchylomicronemia|Lipoprotein lipase deficiency]]<ref name="pmid8468529">{{cite journal| author=Brasaemle DL, Cornely-Moss K, Bensadoun A| title=Hepatic lipase treatment of chylomicron remnants increases exposure of apolipoprotein E. | journal=J Lipid Res | year= 1993 | volume= 34 | issue= 3 | pages= 455-65 | pmid=8468529 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8468529 }} </ref>
*[[Glucocorticoids]]
*[[Isotretinoin]]
*[[Mixed hyperlipoproteinemia ]]
*[[Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease|Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)]]
*[[Combined oral contraceptive pill|Oral contraceptives]]
*[[Pregnancy]]
*[[Tamoxifen]]
*[[Thiazide|Thiazide diuretics]]
*[[Familial hyperchylomicronemia|Type 1C hyperlipoproteinemia]]
*[[Tyrosinaemia type 1]]
*[[Wilson's disease]]
{{col-end}}
 
====High HDL Causes====
{{col-begin|width=80%}}
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Aerobic exercise]]
*[[Anacetrapib]]
*[[Anorexia nervosa]]
*[[ApoA-1 Milano]]
*[[Lipoma|Benign symmetrical lipomatosis]]
*[[Cannabis]]
*[[Caprylic acid]]
*[[CHI-SQUARE Study|CER-001]]
*[[Cholesterylester transfer protein|Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) deficiency]]
*[[CSL-112 Trial - Phase 1|CSL-112]]
*[[Dalcetrapib]]
*[[Decanoic acid]]
*[[Dietary fiber]]
*[[Doxazosin]]
*[[Estrogen]]
*[[Weight loss|Excessive weight loss]]
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Hepatic lipase|Familial hyperalphalipoproteinemia or hepatic lipase deficiency]]
*[[Fibrates]]
*[[Hexanoic acid]]
*[[Lauric acid]]
*[[Liver cirrhosis]]
*[[Lovaza]]
*[[Magnesium]]
*[[Alcohol and cardiovascular disease#Possible Mechanisms of Benefits|Moderate alcohol consumption]]
*[[Niacin]]
*[[Omega-3 fatty acid]]
*[[Prazosin]]
*[[Primary biliary cirrhosis]]
*[[Smoking cessation]]
*[[Statins]]
*[[Torcetrapib]]
*[[Unsaturated fat]]
{{col-end}}
 
====High IDL Causes====
*[[apolipoprotein E|Apolipoprotein E deficiency]]
*[[Chronic renal failure]] <ref name="pmid10412757">{{cite journal| author=Nishizawa Y, Shoji T, Tabata T, Inoue T, Morii H| title=Effects of lipid-lowering drugs on intermediate-density lipoprotein in uremic patients. | journal=Kidney Int Suppl | year= 1999 | volume= 71 | issue= | pages= S134-6 | pmid=10412757 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10412757 }} </ref>
*[[hepatic lipase|Decreased hepatic triglyceride lipase]]<ref name="pmid9350691">{{cite journal| author=Nishizawa Y, Shoji T, Kawagishi T, Morii H| title=Atherosclerosis in uremia: possible roles of hyperparathyroidism and intermediate density lipoprotein accumulation. | journal=Kidney Int Suppl | year= 1997 | volume= 62 | issue= | pages= S90-2 | pmid=9350691 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9350691 }} </ref><ref name="pmid10412783">{{cite journal| author=Oi K, Hirano T, Sakai S, Kawaguchi Y, Hosoya T| title=Role of hepatic lipase in intermediate-density lipoprotein and small, dense low-density lipoprotein formation in hemodialysis patients. | journal=Kidney Int Suppl | year= 1999 | volume= 71 | issue= | pages= S227-8 | pmid=10412783 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10412783 }} </ref>
*[[Diabetes mellitus type 2]] <ref name="pmid8497453">{{cite journal| author=Durrington PN| title=Diabetes, hypertension and hyperlipidaemia. | journal=Postgrad Med J | year= 1993 | volume= 69 Suppl 1 | issue= | pages= S18-25; discussion S25-9 | pmid=8497453 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8497453 }} </ref>
*[[Diabetic nephropathy]]<ref name="pmid11395040">{{cite journal| author=Shoji T, Emoto M, Kawagishi T, Kimoto E, Yamada A, Tabata T et al.| title=Atherogenic lipoprotein changes in diabetic nephropathy. | journal=Atherosclerosis | year= 2001 | volume= 156 | issue= 2 | pages= 425-33 | pmid=11395040 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11395040 }} </ref>
*[[Familial alphalipoprotein deficiency]]
*[[Glycogen storage disease type 1a]]<ref name="pmid17407002">{{cite journal| author=Geberhiwot T, Alger S, McKiernan P, Packard C, Caslake M, Elias E et al.| title=Serum lipid and lipoprotein profile of patients with glycogen storage disease types I, III and IX. | journal=J Inherit Metab Dis | year= 2007 | volume= 30 | issue= 3 | pages= 406 | pmid=17407002 | doi=10.1007/s10545-007-0485-2 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17407002 }} </ref><ref name="pmid3130454">{{cite journal| author=Levy E, Thibault LA, Roy CC, Bendayan M, Lepage G, Letarte J| title=Circulating lipids and lipoproteins in glycogen storage disease type I with nocturnal intragastric feeding. | journal=J Lipid Res | year= 1988 | volume= 29 | issue= 2 | pages= 215-26 | pmid=3130454 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3130454 }} </ref>
*[[Hyperparathyroidism]] <ref name="pmid9350691">{{cite journal| author=Nishizawa Y, Shoji T, Kawagishi T, Morii H| title=Atherosclerosis in uremia: possible roles of hyperparathyroidism and intermediate density lipoprotein accumulation. | journal=Kidney Int Suppl | year= 1997 | volume= 62 | issue= | pages= S90-2 | pmid=9350691 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9350691 }} </ref>
*[[Hypocalcemia]] <ref name="pmid9350691">{{cite journal| author=Nishizawa Y, Shoji T, Kawagishi T, Morii H| title=Atherosclerosis in uremia: possible roles of hyperparathyroidism and intermediate density lipoprotein accumulation. | journal=Kidney Int Suppl | year= 1997 | volume= 62 | issue= | pages= S90-2 | pmid=9350691 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9350691 }} </ref>
*[[metabolic syndrome|Reaven X syndrome]]
 
====High LDL Causes====
{{col-begin|width=80%}}
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Niemann-Pick disease|Acid sphingomyelinase deficiency]]
*[[Androgens]]
*[[Atazanavir]]
*[[Familial hypercholesterolemia|Autosomal recessive hypercholesterolemia]]
*[[Azathioprine]]
*[[Bexarotene]]
*[[Immunosuppressive drug#Drugs acting on immunophilins|Calcineurin inhibitors]]
*[[Chenodeoxycholic acid]]
*[[Chlortalidone]]
*[[Cholestatic jaundice]]
*[[Chronic kidney disease]]
*[[Chronic liver disease]]
*[[Corticosteroids]]
*[[Cyclosporine]]
*[[Dehydroepiandrosterone]]
*[[Desvenlafaxine]]
*[[Terpenoid|Diterpenoids]]
*[[Dysproteinemia]]
*[[Familial combined hyperlipidemia]]
*[[Apolipoprotein B deficiency|Familial defective apolipoprotein B-100]]
*[[Familial hypercholesterolemia]]<ref name="Durrington-2003">{{Cite journal | last1 = Durrington | first1 = P. | title = Dyslipidaemia. | journal = Lancet | volume = 362 | issue = 9385 | pages = 717-31 | month = Aug | year = 2003 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14234-1 | PMID = 12957096 }}</ref>
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Fish oil|Fish oil supplements]]<ref name="Pejic-">{{Cite journal | last1 = Pejic | first1 = RN. | last2 = Lee | first2 = DT. | title = Hypertriglyceridemia. | journal = J Am Board Fam Med | volume = 19 | issue = 3 | pages = 310-6 | month = | year = | doi = | PMID = 16672684 }}</ref>
*[[Gram negative bacteremia]]
*[[Growth hormone deficiency]]
*[[H. pylori]]
*[[Carbohydrate#Nutrition|High carbohydrate diet]]
*[[Saturated fat|High saturated fat diet]]<ref name="Covington-2004">{{Cite journal | last1 = Covington | first1 = MB. | title = Omega-3 fatty acids. | journal = Am Fam Physician | volume = 70 | issue = 1 | pages = 133-40 | month = Jul | year = 2004 | doi = | PMID = 15259529 }}</ref>
*[[Hypercortisolism]]
*[[Hypothyroidism]]
*[[Interleukin 28#Clinical Significance|IL 28B polymorphisms]]
*[[Immunosuppressive agents]]
*[[LDL receptor deficiency]]
*[[Levonorgestrel]]
*[[Lipopolysaccharides]]
*[[Lopinavir]]
*[[Monoclonal gammopathy]]
*[[Mycophenolate]]
*[[Nephrotic syndrome]]<ref name="Kronenberg-2005">{{Cite journal | last1 = Kronenberg | first1 = F. | title = Dyslipidemia and nephrotic syndrome: recent advances. | journal = J Ren Nutr | volume = 15 | issue = 2 | pages = 195-203 | month = Apr | year = 2005 | doi = | PMID = 15827892 }}</ref>
*[[Nicotine]]
*[[Niemann-Pick disease]]
*[[Norgestrel]]
*[[Xanthomatous biliary cirrhosis|Obstructive liver disease]]
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Omega-3 fatty acid|Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids]]
*[[Pancreatitis]]
*[[Paraproteinemia]]
*[[Polycystic ovarian syndrome]]
*[[Hypercholesterolemia|Polygenic hypercholesterolemia]]
*[[Prednisone]]
*[[Primary biliary cirrhosis]]
*[[Primary hyperlipoproteinemia]]
*[[Hypolipoproteinemia pathophysiology#Primary Lipoprotein Disorders|Primary hypolipoproteinemia]]
*[[Progestagens]]
*[[Progestin]]
*[[Rapamycin]]
*[[Rosiglitazone]]
*[[Selenium deficiency]]
*[[Sirolimus]]
*[[Small bowel bacterial overgrowth syndrome]]
*[[Hypothyroidism|Subclinical hypothyroidism]]
*[[Testosterone]]
*[[Thiazide]]
*[[Tocilizumab]]
{{col-end}}
 
====High VLDL Causes====
{{col-begin|width=80%}}
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Niemann-Pick disease|Acid sphingomyelinase deficiency]]
*[[Acromegaly]]
*[[Acute hepatitis]]
*[[Alcoholism]]
*[[apolipoprotein C2|Apolipoprotein C-II deficiency]]
*[[Familial hypercholesterolemia|Autosomal recessive hypercholesterolemia]]
*[[Azathioprine]]
*[[Bexarotene]]
*[[Immunosuppressive drug#Drugs acting on immunophilins|Calcineurin inhibitors]]
*[[Chlortalidone]]
*[[Chronic kidney disease]]
*[[Chronic liver disease]]
*[[Corticosteroids]]
*[[Cushing's syndrome]]
*[[Cyclosporine]]
*[[Desvenlafaxine]]
*[[Diabetes mellitus|Diabetes mellitus type 2]]
*[[Terpenoid|Diterpenoids]]
*[[Dysproteinemia]]
*[[Familial combined hyperlipidemia]]
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Apolipoprotein B deficiency|Familial defective apolipoprotein B-100]]
*[[Familial hypercholesterolemia]]<ref name="Durrington-2003">{{Cite journal | last1 = Durrington | first1 = P. | title = Dyslipidaemia. | journal = Lancet | volume = 362 | issue = 9385 | pages = 717-31 | month = Aug | year = 2003 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14234-1 | PMID = 12957096 }}</ref>
*[[Hyperlipoproteinemia|Familial hyperlipoproteinemia type 5]]
*[[Familial mixed hyperlipidaemia]]
*[[Gram negative bacteremia]]
*[[H. pylori]]
*[[Carbohydrate#Nutrition|High carbohydrate diet]]
*[[Saturated fat|High saturated fat diet]]<ref name="Covington-2004">{{Cite journal | last1 = Covington | first1 = MB. | title = Omega-3 fatty acids. | journal = Am Fam Physician | volume = 70 | issue = 1 | pages = 133-40 | month = Jul | year = 2004 | doi = | PMID = 15259529 }}</ref>
*[[Hypercortisolism]]
*[[Hypothyroidism]]
*[[Interleukin 28#Clinical Significance|IL 28B polymorphisms]]
*[[Immunosuppressive agents]]
*[[Levonorgestrel]]
*[[Lipoprotein lipase deficiency]]
*[[Lopinavir]]
*[[Monoclonal gammopathy]]
*[[Multiple myeloma]]
*[[Mycophenolate]]
*[[Nephrotic syndrome]]<ref name="Kronenberg-2005">{{Cite journal | last1 = Kronenberg | first1 = F. | title = Dyslipidemia and nephrotic syndrome: recent advances. | journal = J Ren Nutr | volume = 15 | issue = 2 | pages = 195-203 | month = Apr | year = 2005 | doi = | PMID = 15827892 }}</ref>
*[[Nicotine]]
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Niemann-Pick disease]]
*[[Norgestrel]]
*[[Xanthomatous biliary cirrhosis|Obstructive liver disease]]
*[[Paraproteinemia]]
*[[Polycystic ovarian syndrome]]
*[[Hypercholesterolemia|Polygenic hypercholesterolemia]]
*[[Prednisone]]
*[[Primary hyperlipoproteinemia]]
*[[Hypolipoproteinemia pathophysiology#Primary Lipoprotein Disorders|Primary hypolipoproteinemia]]
*[[Protease inhibitors]]
*[[Rapamycin]]
*[[Rosiglitazone]]
*[[Selenium deficiency]]
*[[Sirolimus]]
*[[Small bowel bacterial overgrowth syndrome]]
*[[Hypothyroidism|Subclinical hypothyroidism]]
*[[Testosterone]]
*[[Thiazide]]
*[[Tocilizumab]]
*[[Uremia]]
{{col-end}}
 
====High Total Cholesterol Causes====
{{col-begin|width=80%}}
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Alagille syndrome]]
*[[Alström syndrome]]
*[[Analbuminaemia]]
*[[Antiretroviral therapy]]
*[[Apolipoprotein B deficiency]]
*[[Apolipoprotein C2|Apolipoprotein C2 deficiency]]
*[[Apolipoprotein E|Apoliprotein E deficiency]]
*[[Familial hypercholesterolemia|Autosomal recessive hypercholesterolemia]]
*[[Beta blockers]]
*[[Binge eating disorder]]
*[[Berardinelli–Seip syndrome ]]
*[[Chronic kidney disease]]
*[[Corticosteroids]]
*[[Diabetes mellitus]]
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Estrogens]]
*[[Everolimus]]
*[[Familial combined hyperlipidemia]]
*[[Familial hypercholesterolemia]]
*[[Hyperlipoproteinemia|Familial hyperlipoproteinemia type 5]]
*[[Glycogen storage disease type 1a]]
*[[Glycogenosis type 3]]
*[[Glycogenosis type 6]]
*[[Hypothyroidism]]
*[[Hypothyroidism]]
*[[Hashimoto's thyroiditis]]
*[[Obesity|Lack of physical activity]]
*[[Lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency]]
*[[Lipoprotein lipase deficiency]]
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Metabolic syndrome]]
*[[Nephrotic syndrome]]
*[[Niemann-Pick disease type B ]]
*[[Obesity]]
*[[Olanzapine]]
*[[Polycystic ovary syndrome]]
*[[Pregnancy]]
*[[Primary biliary cirrhosis]]
*[[Sirolimus]]
*[[Temsirolimus]]
*[[Thiazide diuretics]]
*[[Tofacitinib]]
*[[Zieve's syndrome]]
{{col-end}}
 
====High Triglyceride Causes====
{{col-begin|width=80%}}
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Acute pancreatitis]]
*[[Alagille syndrome]]
*[[Alcohol]]<ref name="pmid19355858">{{cite journal| author=Kolovou GD, Anagnostopoulou KK, Kostakou PM, Bilianou H, Mikhailidis DP| title=Primary and secondary hypertriglyceridaemia. | journal=Curr Drug Targets | year= 2009 | volume= 10 | issue= 4 | pages= 336-43 | pmid=19355858 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19355858 }} </ref>
*[[Alström syndrome]]
*[[Amprenavir]]
*[[apolipoprotein E|Apoprotein E deficiency]]
*[[atazanavir|Atazanavir sulfate]]
*[[Atypical antipsychotics]]
*[[Bendrofluazide]]
*[[Beta-blockers]] <ref name="pmid19355858">{{cite journal| author=Kolovou GD, Anagnostopoulou KK, Kostakou PM, Bilianou H, Mikhailidis DP| title=Primary and secondary hypertriglyceridaemia. | journal=Curr Drug Targets | year= 2009 | volume= 10 | issue= 4 | pages= 336-43 | pmid=19355858 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19355858 }} </ref>
*[[Bexarotene]]
*[[Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 deficiency]]
*[[Chlorthalidone]]<ref name="pmid19355858">{{cite journal| author=Kolovou GD, Anagnostopoulou KK, Kostakou PM, Bilianou H, Mikhailidis DP| title=Primary and secondary hypertriglyceridaemia. | journal=Curr Drug Targets | year= 2009 | volume= 10 | issue= 4 | pages= 336-43 | pmid=19355858 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19355858 }} </ref>
*[[Cholesteryl ester storage disease]]
*[[Chronic kidney disease]] <ref name="pmid19355858">{{cite journal| author=Kolovou GD, Anagnostopoulou KK, Kostakou PM, Bilianou H, Mikhailidis DP| title=Primary and secondary hypertriglyceridaemia. | journal=Curr Drug Targets | year= 2009 | volume= 10 | issue= 4 | pages= 336-43 | pmid=19355858 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19355858 }} </ref>
*[[Chronic renal insufficiency]]
*[[high chylomicron|Chylomicron levels raised (plasma)]]
*[[Clomiphene]]
*[[colesevelam|Colesevelam hydrochloride]]
*[[Colestyramine]]
*[[Combined oral contraceptive pill]]
*[[congenital generalized lipodystrophy|Congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 1]]
*[[Cushing's syndrome]]
*[[apolipoprotein C2|Deficiency of apolipoprotein C2 ]]
*[[Desvenlafaxine]]
*[[Diabetes mellitus]]<ref name="pmid19355858">{{cite journal| author=Kolovou GD, Anagnostopoulou KK, Kostakou PM, Bilianou H, Mikhailidis DP| title=Primary and secondary hypertriglyceridaemia. | journal=Curr Drug Targets | year= 2009 | volume= 10 | issue= 4 | pages= 336-43 | pmid=19355858 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19355858 }} </ref>
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Diuretics]]
*[[Estrogen replacement therapy]]
*[[Familial chylomicronemia]]<ref name="pmid19355858">{{cite journal| author=Kolovou GD, Anagnostopoulou KK, Kostakou PM, Bilianou H, Mikhailidis DP| title=Primary and secondary hypertriglyceridaemia. | journal=Curr Drug Targets | year= 2009 | volume= 10 | issue= 4 | pages= 336-43 | pmid=19355858 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19355858 }} </ref>
*[[Familial combined hyperlipidemia]]<ref name="pmid19355858">{{cite journal| author=Kolovou GD, Anagnostopoulou KK, Kostakou PM, Bilianou H, Mikhailidis DP| title=Primary and secondary hypertriglyceridaemia. | journal=Curr Drug Targets | year= 2009 | volume= 10 | issue= 4 | pages= 336-43 | pmid=19355858 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19355858 }} </ref>
*[[Familial histiocytic reticulosis]]
*[[Familial hypertriglyceridemia]]<ref name="pmid19355858">{{cite journal| author=Kolovou GD, Anagnostopoulou KK, Kostakou PM, Bilianou H, Mikhailidis DP| title=Primary and secondary hypertriglyceridaemia. | journal=Curr Drug Targets | year= 2009 | volume= 10 | issue= 4 | pages= 336-43 | pmid=19355858 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19355858 }} </ref>
*[[Fish eye disease]] <ref name="pmid19355858">{{cite journal| author=Kolovou GD, Anagnostopoulou KK, Kostakou PM, Bilianou H, Mikhailidis DP| title=Primary and secondary hypertriglyceridaemia. | journal=Curr Drug Targets | year= 2009 | volume= 10 | issue= 4 | pages= 336-43 | pmid=19355858 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19355858 }} </ref>
*[[Fosamprenavir]]
*[[Glucocorticoids]]
*[[glycogen storage disease|Glycogen storage disease type 1]]
*[[Glycogenosis type 1a]]
*[[carbohydrate|High carbohydrate or high glycemic index]]
*[[Hydrochlorothiazide]]
*[[hyperlipoproteinemia type V|Hyperlipoproteinemia, familial type 5]]<ref name="pmid1078394">{{cite journal| author=Fallat RW, Glueck CJ| title=Familial and acquired type V hyperlipoproteinemia. | journal=Atherosclerosis | year= 1976 | volume= 23 | issue= 1 | pages= 41-62 | pmid=1078394 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1078394 }} </ref>
*[[Hypothyroidism]] <ref name="pmid19355858">{{cite journal| author=Kolovou GD, Anagnostopoulou KK, Kostakou PM, Bilianou H, Mikhailidis DP| title=Primary and secondary hypertriglyceridaemia. | journal=Curr Drug Targets | year= 2009 | volume= 10 | issue= 4 | pages= 336-43 | pmid=19355858 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19355858 }} </ref>
*[[Insulin resistance]]
*[[Interferon alpha]]
*[[IDL|Intermediate density lipoprotein levels raised (plasma or serum)]]
*[[Lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency]]
*[[Linagliptin]]
*[[Lipodystrophy]]
*[[Lipoprotein lipase deficiency]]
*[[Liver cirrhosis]]
*[[Lopinavir]]
*[[Macrophage activation syndrome]]
*[[Metabolic syndrome]] <ref name="pmid19355858">{{cite journal| author=Kolovou GD, Anagnostopoulou KK, Kostakou PM, Bilianou H, Mikhailidis DP| title=Primary and secondary hypertriglyceridaemia. | journal=Curr Drug Targets | year= 2009 | volume= 10 | issue= 4 | pages= 336-43 | pmid=19355858 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19355858 }} </ref>
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Mirtazapine]]
*[[Nephrotic syndrome]]<ref name="pmid19355858">{{cite journal| author=Kolovou GD, Anagnostopoulou KK, Kostakou PM, Bilianou H, Mikhailidis DP| title=Primary and secondary hypertriglyceridaemia. | journal=Curr Drug Targets | year= 2009 | volume= 10 | issue= 4 | pages= 336-43 | pmid=19355858 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19355858 }} </ref>
*[[Niemann-Pick disease|Niemann-Pick disease type B]]
*[[Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease]]
*[[Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors]]
*[[Obesity]]<ref name="pmid19355858">{{cite journal| author=Kolovou GD, Anagnostopoulou KK, Kostakou PM, Bilianou H, Mikhailidis DP| title=Primary and secondary hypertriglyceridaemia. | journal=Curr Drug Targets | year= 2009 | volume= 10 | issue= 4 | pages= 336-43 | pmid=19355858 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19355858 }} </ref>
*[[Olanzapine]]
*[[isotretinoin|Oral isotretinoin]]
*[[Paraproteinemias]]
*[[Parenteral nutrition]]
*[[Polycystic ovary syndrome]]
*[[Pregnancy]]
*[[Propofol]]
*[[Protease inhibitors]]
*[[reaven syndrome|Reaven syndrome X]]
*[[Ritonavir]]
*[[Saquinavir]]
*[[Sphingomyelinase deficiency]]
*[[Systemic lupus erythematosus]]
*[[Tamoxifen]]
*[[Tangier disease]] <ref name="pmid19355858">{{cite journal| author=Kolovou GD, Anagnostopoulou KK, Kostakou PM, Bilianou H, Mikhailidis DP| title=Primary and secondary hypertriglyceridaemia. | journal=Curr Drug Targets | year= 2009 | volume= 10 | issue= 4 | pages= 336-43 | pmid=19355858 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19355858 }} </ref>
*[[Temsirolimus]]
*[[Tipranavir]]
*[[Tocilizumab]]
*[[VLDL|Very low density lipoprotein levels raised (plasma or serum)]]
*[[vitamin E deficiency|Vitamin E deficiency, familial isolated]]
{{col-end}}
 
===Combined List of Causes in Alphabetical Order===
{{col-begin|width=80%}}
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Niemann-Pick disease|Acid sphingomyelinase deficiency]]
*[[Acromegaly]]
*[[Acute hepatitis]]
*[[Acute pancreatitis]]
*[[Acute renal failure]]
*[[Aerobic exercise]]
*[[Alagille syndrome]]
*[[Alcohol]]<ref name="pmid19355858">{{cite journal| author=Kolovou GD, Anagnostopoulou KK, Kostakou PM, Bilianou H, Mikhailidis DP| title=Primary and secondary hypertriglyceridaemia. | journal=Curr Drug Targets | year= 2009 | volume= 10 | issue= 4 | pages= 336-43 | pmid=19355858 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19355858 }} </ref>
*[[Alcoholic liver disease]]
*[[Alström syndrome]]
*[[Amprenavir]]
*[[Anacetrapib]]
*[[Analbuminaemia]]
*[[Androgens]]
*[[Anorexia nervosa]]
*[[Antiretroviral therapy]]
*[[ApoA-1 Milano]]
*[[Apolipoprotein B deficiency]]
*[[Apolipoprotein C2|Apolipoprotein C2 deficiency]]
*[[apolipoprotein E|Apolipoprotein E deficiency]]
*[[atazanavir|Atazanavir sulfate]]
*[[Atypical antipsychotics]]
*[[hyperchylomicronemia|Autoimmune hyperchylomicronemia]]<ref name="Yoshimura-1998">{{Cite journal | last1 = Yoshimura | first1 = T. | last2 = Ito | first2 = M. | last3 = Sakoda | first3 = Y. | last4 = Kobori | first4 = S. | last5 = Okamura | first5 = H. | title = Rare case of autoimmune hyperchylomicronemia during pregnancy. | journal = Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol | volume = 76 | issue = 1 | pages = 49-51 | month = Jan | year = 1998 | doi = | PMID = 9481547 }}</ref>
*[[Familial hypercholesterolemia|Autosomal recessive hypercholesterolemia]]
*[[Azathioprine]]
*[[Bendrofluazide]]
*[[Lipoma|Benign symmetrical lipomatosis]]
*[[Berardinelli–Seip syndrome ]]
*[[Beta-blockers]] <ref name="pmid19355858">{{cite journal| author=Kolovou GD, Anagnostopoulou KK, Kostakou PM, Bilianou H, Mikhailidis DP| title=Primary and secondary hypertriglyceridaemia. | journal=Curr Drug Targets | year= 2009 | volume= 10 | issue= 4 | pages= 336-43 | pmid=19355858 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19355858 }} </ref>
*[[Bexarotene]]
*[[Binge eating disorder]]
*[[Immunosuppressive drug#Drugs acting on immunophilins|Calcineurin inhibitors]]
*[[Cannabis]]
*[[Caprylic acid]]
*[[Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 deficiency]]
*[[CHI-SQUARE Study|CER-001]]
*[[Chenodeoxycholic acid]]
*[[Chlorthalidone]]<ref name="pmid19355858">{{cite journal| author=Kolovou GD, Anagnostopoulou KK, Kostakou PM, Bilianou H, Mikhailidis DP| title=Primary and secondary hypertriglyceridaemia. | journal=Curr Drug Targets | year= 2009 | volume= 10 | issue= 4 | pages= 336-43 | pmid=19355858 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19355858 }} </ref>
*[[Cholestatic jaundice]]
*[[Cholesteryl ester storage disease]]
*[[Cholesterylester transfer protein|Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) deficiency]]
*[[Chronic kidney disease]] <ref name="pmid19355858">{{cite journal| author=Kolovou GD, Anagnostopoulou KK, Kostakou PM, Bilianou H, Mikhailidis DP| title=Primary and secondary hypertriglyceridaemia. | journal=Curr Drug Targets | year= 2009 | volume= 10 | issue= 4 | pages= 336-43 | pmid=19355858 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19355858 }} </ref>
*[[Chronic liver disease]]
*[[Chronic renal failure]] <ref name="pmid10412757">{{cite journal| author=Nishizawa Y, Shoji T, Tabata T, Inoue T, Morii H| title=Effects of lipid-lowering drugs on intermediate-density lipoprotein in uremic patients. | journal=Kidney Int Suppl | year= 1999 | volume= 71 | issue= | pages= S134-6 | pmid=10412757 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10412757 }} </ref>
*[[Chronic renal insufficiency]]
*[[high chylomicron|Chylomicron levels raised (plasma)]]
*[[Cirrhosis]]
*[[Clomiphene]]
*[[colesevelam|Colesevelam hydrochloride]]
*[[Colestyramine]]
*[[Combined oral contraceptive pill]]
*[[congenital generalized lipodystrophy|Congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 1]]
*[[Corticosteroids]]
*[[CSL-112 Trial - Phase 1|CSL-112]]
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Cushing's syndrome]]
*[[Cyclosporine]]
*[[Dalcetrapib]]
*[[Decanoic acid]]
*[[hepatic lipase|Decreased hepatic triglyceride lipase]]<ref name="pmid9350691">{{cite journal| author=Nishizawa Y, Shoji T, Kawagishi T, Morii H| title=Atherosclerosis in uremia: possible roles of hyperparathyroidism and intermediate density lipoprotein accumulation. | journal=Kidney Int Suppl | year= 1997 | volume= 62 | issue= | pages= S90-2 | pmid=9350691 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9350691 }} </ref><ref name="pmid10412783">{{cite journal| author=Oi K, Hirano T, Sakai S, Kawaguchi Y, Hosoya T| title=Role of hepatic lipase in intermediate-density lipoprotein and small, dense low-density lipoprotein formation in hemodialysis patients. | journal=Kidney Int Suppl | year= 1999 | volume= 71 | issue= | pages= S227-8 | pmid=10412783 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10412783 }} </ref>
*[[Dehydroepiandrosterone]]
*[[Desvenlafaxine]]
*[[Diabetes mellitus]]<ref name="pmid19355858">{{cite journal| author=Kolovou GD, Anagnostopoulou KK, Kostakou PM, Bilianou H, Mikhailidis DP| title=Primary and secondary hypertriglyceridaemia. | journal=Curr Drug Targets | year= 2009 | volume= 10 | issue= 4 | pages= 336-43 | pmid=19355858 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19355858 }} </ref><ref name="pmid8497453">{{cite journal| author=Durrington PN| title=Diabetes, hypertension and hyperlipidaemia. | journal=Postgrad Med J | year= 1993 | volume= 69 Suppl 1 | issue= | pages= S18-25; discussion S25-9 | pmid=8497453 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8497453 }} </ref>
*[[Diabetic nephropathy]]<ref name="pmid11395040">{{cite journal| author=Shoji T, Emoto M, Kawagishi T, Kimoto E, Yamada A, Tabata T et al.| title=Atherogenic lipoprotein changes in diabetic nephropathy. | journal=Atherosclerosis | year= 2001 | volume= 156 | issue= 2 | pages= 425-33 | pmid=11395040 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11395040 }} </ref>
*[[Dialysis]]<ref name="pmid1453610">{{cite journal| author=Weintraub M, Burstein A, Rassin T, Liron M, Ringel Y, Cabili S et al.| title=Severe defect in clearing postprandial chylomicron remnants in dialysis patients. | journal=Kidney Int | year= 1992 | volume= 42 | issue= 5 | pages= 1247-52 | pmid=1453610 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1453610 }} </ref>
*[[Dietary fiber]]
*[[Terpenoid|Diterpenoids]]
*[[Diuretics]]
*[[Doxazosin]]
*[[Dysproteinemia]]
*[[Estrogen]]
*[[Estrogen replacement therapy]]
*[[Everolimus]]
*[[Weight loss|Excessive weight loss]]
*[[Familial alphalipoprotein deficiency]]
*[[Familial chylomicronemia]]<ref name="pmid19355858">{{cite journal| author=Kolovou GD, Anagnostopoulou KK, Kostakou PM, Bilianou H, Mikhailidis DP| title=Primary and secondary hypertriglyceridaemia. | journal=Curr Drug Targets | year= 2009 | volume= 10 | issue= 4 | pages= 336-43 | pmid=19355858 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19355858 }} </ref>
*[[Familial combined hyperlipidemia]]<ref name="pmid19355858">{{cite journal| author=Kolovou GD, Anagnostopoulou KK, Kostakou PM, Bilianou H, Mikhailidis DP| title=Primary and secondary hypertriglyceridaemia. | journal=Curr Drug Targets | year= 2009 | volume= 10 | issue= 4 | pages= 336-43 | pmid=19355858 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19355858 }} </ref>
*[[Apolipoprotein B deficiency|Familial defective apolipoprotein B-100]]
*[[Familial histiocytic reticulosis]]
*[[Hepatic lipase|Familial hyperalphalipoproteinemia or hepatic lipase deficiency]]
*[[Familial hypercholesterolemia]]<ref name="Durrington-2003">{{Cite journal | last1 = Durrington | first1 = P. | title = Dyslipidaemia. | journal = Lancet | volume = 362 | issue = 9385 | pages = 717-31 | month = Aug | year = 2003 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14234-1 | PMID = 12957096 }}</ref>
*[[Hyperlipoproteinemia|Familial hyperlipoproteinemia type 5]]
*[[Familial hypertriglyceridemia]]<ref name="pmid19355858">{{cite journal| author=Kolovou GD, Anagnostopoulou KK, Kostakou PM, Bilianou H, Mikhailidis DP| title=Primary and secondary hypertriglyceridaemia. | journal=Curr Drug Targets | year= 2009 | volume= 10 | issue= 4 | pages= 336-43 | pmid=19355858 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19355858 }} </ref>
*[[Familial mixed hyperlipidaemia]]
*[[Fibrates]]
*[[Fish eye disease]] <ref name="pmid19355858">{{cite journal| author=Kolovou GD, Anagnostopoulou KK, Kostakou PM, Bilianou H, Mikhailidis DP| title=Primary and secondary hypertriglyceridaemia. | journal=Curr Drug Targets | year= 2009 | volume= 10 | issue= 4 | pages= 336-43 | pmid=19355858 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19355858 }} </ref>
*[[Fish oil|Fish oil supplements]]<ref name="Pejic-">{{Cite journal | last1 = Pejic | first1 = RN. | last2 = Lee | first2 = DT. | title = Hypertriglyceridemia. | journal = J Am Board Fam Med | volume = 19 | issue = 3 | pages = 310-6 | month = | year = | doi = | PMID = 16672684 }}</ref>
*[[Fosamprenavir]]
*[[Fructose-1-phosphate aldolase deficiency]]
*[[Galactosemia]]
*[[Glucocorticoids]]
*[[glycogen storage disease|Glycogen storage disease type 1]]
*[[Glycogen storage disease type 1a]]<ref name="pmid17407002">{{cite journal| author=Geberhiwot T, Alger S, McKiernan P, Packard C, Caslake M, Elias E et al.| title=Serum lipid and lipoprotein profile of patients with glycogen storage disease types I, III and IX. | journal=J Inherit Metab Dis | year= 2007 | volume= 30 | issue= 3 | pages= 406 | pmid=17407002 | doi=10.1007/s10545-007-0485-2 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17407002 }} </ref><ref name="pmid3130454">{{cite journal| author=Levy E, Thibault LA, Roy CC, Bendayan M, Lepage G, Letarte J| title=Circulating lipids and lipoproteins in glycogen storage disease type I with nocturnal intragastric feeding. | journal=J Lipid Res | year= 1988 | volume= 29 | issue= 2 | pages= 215-26 | pmid=3130454 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3130454 }} </ref>
*[[Glycogen storage disease type IV]]
*[[Glycogenosis type 1a]]
*[[Glycogenosis type 3]]
*[[Glycogenosis type 6]]
*[[Gram negative bacteremia]]
*[[Growth hormone deficiency]]
*[[H. pylori]]
*[[Hashimoto's thyroiditis]]
*[[Heparin]]
*[[Hepatitis]]
*[[Hereditary hemochromatosis]]
*[[Hexanoic acid]]
*[[carbohydrate|High carbohydrate diet]]
*[[carbohydrate|High glycemic index]]
*[[Saturated fat|High saturated fat diet]]<ref name="Covington-2004">{{Cite journal | last1 = Covington | first1 = MB. | title = Omega-3 fatty acids. | journal = Am Fam Physician | volume = 70 | issue = 1 | pages = 133-40 | month = Jul | year = 2004 | doi = | PMID = 15259529 }}</ref>
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Hydrochlorothiazide]]
*[[Hypercortisolism]]
*[[hyperlipoproteinemia type V|Hyperlipoproteinemia, familial type 5]]<ref name="pmid1078394">{{cite journal| author=Fallat RW, Glueck CJ| title=Familial and acquired type V hyperlipoproteinemia. | journal=Atherosclerosis | year= 1976 | volume= 23 | issue= 1 | pages= 41-62 | pmid=1078394 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1078394 }} </ref>
*[[Hyperparathyroidism]] <ref name="pmid9350691">{{cite journal| author=Nishizawa Y, Shoji T, Kawagishi T, Morii H| title=Atherosclerosis in uremia: possible roles of hyperparathyroidism and intermediate density lipoprotein accumulation. | journal=Kidney Int Suppl | year= 1997 | volume= 62 | issue= | pages= S90-2 | pmid=9350691 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9350691 }} </ref>
*[[Hypocalcemia]] <ref name="pmid9350691">{{cite journal| author=Nishizawa Y, Shoji T, Kawagishi T, Morii H| title=Atherosclerosis in uremia: possible roles of hyperparathyroidism and intermediate density lipoprotein accumulation. | journal=Kidney Int Suppl | year= 1997 | volume= 62 | issue= | pages= S90-2 | pmid=9350691 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9350691 }} </ref>
*[[Hypothyroidism]]<ref name="pmid12699445">{{cite journal| author=Ito M, Takamatsu J, Matsuo T, Kameoka K, Kubota S, Fukata S et al.| title=Serum concentrations of remnant-like particles in hypothyroid patients before and after thyroxine replacement. | journal=Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) | year= 2003 | volume= 58 | issue= 5 | pages= 621-6 | pmid=12699445 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12699445 }} </ref><ref name="pmid19355858">{{cite journal| author=Kolovou GD, Anagnostopoulou KK, Kostakou PM, Bilianou H, Mikhailidis DP| title=Primary and secondary hypertriglyceridaemia. | journal=Curr Drug Targets | year= 2009 | volume= 10 | issue= 4 | pages= 336-43 | pmid=19355858 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19355858 }} </ref>
*[[Interleukin 28#Clinical Significance|IL 28B polymorphisms]]
*[[Immunosuppressive agents]]
*[[Insulin resistance]]
*[[Interferon alpha]]
*[[IDL|Intermediate density lipoprotein levels raised (plasma or serum)]]
*[[HDL|Isolated low HDL]]<ref name="pmid16458316">{{cite journal| author=Benjó AM, Maranhão RC, Coimbra SR, Andrade AC, Favarato D, Molina MS et al.| title=Accumulation of chylomicron remnants and impaired vascular reactivity occur in subjects with isolated low HDL cholesterol: effects of niacin treatment. | journal=Atherosclerosis | year= 2006 | volume= 187 | issue= 1 | pages= 116-22 | pmid=16458316 | doi=10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2005.08.025 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16458316 }} </ref>
*[[Isotretinoin]]
*[[Obesity|Lack of physical activity]]
*[[Lauric acid]]
*[[LDL receptor deficiency]]
*[[Lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency]]
*[[Levonorgestrel]]
*[[Linagliptin]]
*[[Lipodystrophy]]
*[[Lipopolysaccharides]]
*[[Familial hyperchylomicronemia|Lipoprotein lipase deficiency]]<ref name="pmid8468529">{{cite journal| author=Brasaemle DL, Cornely-Moss K, Bensadoun A| title=Hepatic lipase treatment of chylomicron remnants increases exposure of apolipoprotein E. | journal=J Lipid Res | year= 1993 | volume= 34 | issue= 3 | pages= 455-65 | pmid=8468529 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8468529 }} </ref>
*[[Liver cirrhosis]]
*[[Lopinavir]]
*[[Lovaza]]
*[[Macrophage activation syndrome]]
*[[Magnesium]]
*[[Metabolic syndrome]] <ref name="pmid19355858">{{cite journal| author=Kolovou GD, Anagnostopoulou KK, Kostakou PM, Bilianou H, Mikhailidis DP| title=Primary and secondary hypertriglyceridaemia. | journal=Curr Drug Targets | year= 2009 | volume= 10 | issue= 4 | pages= 336-43 | pmid=19355858 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19355858 }} </ref>
*[[Mirtazapine]]
*[[Mixed hyperlipoproteinemia ]]
*[[Alcohol and cardiovascular disease#Possible Mechanisms of Benefits|Moderate alcohol consumption]]
*[[Monoclonal gammopathy]]
*[[Multiple myeloma]]
*[[Mycophenolate]]
*[[Nephrotic syndrome]]<ref name="Kronenberg-2005">{{Cite journal | last1 = Kronenberg | first1 = F. | title = Dyslipidemia and nephrotic syndrome: recent advances. | journal = J Ren Nutr | volume = 15 | issue = 2 | pages = 195-203 | month = Apr | year = 2005 | doi = | PMID = 15827892 }}</ref><ref name="pmid19355858">{{cite journal| author=Kolovou GD, Anagnostopoulou KK, Kostakou PM, Bilianou H, Mikhailidis DP| title=Primary and secondary hypertriglyceridaemia. | journal=Curr Drug Targets | year= 2009 | volume= 10 | issue= 4 | pages= 336-43 | pmid=19355858 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19355858 }} </ref>
*[[Niacin]]
*[[Nicotine]]
*[[Niemann-Pick disease]]
*[[Niemann-Pick disease|Niemann-Pick disease type B]]
*[[Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease]]
*[[Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease|Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)]]
*[[Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors]]
*[[Norgestrel]]
*[[Obesity]]<ref name="pmid19355858">{{cite journal| author=Kolovou GD, Anagnostopoulou KK, Kostakou PM, Bilianou H, Mikhailidis DP| title=Primary and secondary hypertriglyceridaemia. | journal=Curr Drug Targets | year= 2009 | volume= 10 | issue= 4 | pages= 336-43 | pmid=19355858 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19355858 }} </ref>
*[[Xanthomatous biliary cirrhosis|Obstructive liver disease]]
*[[Olanzapine]]
*[[Omega-3 fatty acid|Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids]]
*[[Combined oral contraceptive pill|Oral contraceptives]]
*[[isotretinoin|Oral isotretinoin]]
*[[Pancreatitis]]
*[[Paraproteinemia]]
*[[Parenteral nutrition]]
*[[Polycystic ovarian syndrome]]
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Hypercholesterolemia|Polygenic hypercholesterolemia]]
*[[Prazosin]]
*[[Prednisone]]
*[[Pregnancy]]
*[[Primary biliary cirrhosis]]
*[[Primary hyperlipoproteinemia]]
*[[Hypolipoproteinemia pathophysiology#Primary Lipoprotein Disorders|Primary hypolipoproteinemia]]
*[[Progestagens]]
*[[Propofol]]
*[[Protease inhibitors]]
*[[Rapamycin]]
*[[reaven syndrome|Reaven syndrome X]]
*[[Ritonavir]]
*[[Rosiglitazone]]
*[[Saquinavir]]
*[[Selenium deficiency]]
*[[Sirolimus]]
*[[Small bowel bacterial overgrowth syndrome]]
*[[Smoking cessation]]
*[[Sphingomyelinase deficiency]]
*[[Statins]]
*[[Hypothyroidism|Subclinical hypothyroidism]]
*[[Systemic lupus erythematosus]]
*[[Tamoxifen]]
*[[Tangier disease]] <ref name="pmid19355858">{{cite journal| author=Kolovou GD, Anagnostopoulou KK, Kostakou PM, Bilianou H, Mikhailidis DP| title=Primary and secondary hypertriglyceridaemia. | journal=Curr Drug Targets | year= 2009 | volume= 10 | issue= 4 | pages= 336-43 | pmid=19355858 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19355858 }} </ref>
*[[Temsirolimus]]
*[[Testosterone]]
*[[Thiazide diuretics]]
*[[Tipranavir]]
*[[Tocilizumab]]
*[[Tofacitinib]]
*[[Torcetrapib]]
*[[Familial hyperchylomicronemia|Type 1B hyperlipoproteinemia]]
*[[Familial hyperchylomicronemia|Type 1C hyperlipoproteinemia]]
*[[Tyrosinaemia type 1]]
*[[Unsaturated fat]]
*[[Uremia]]
*[[VLDL|Very low density lipoprotein levels raised (plasma or serum)]]
*[[vitamin E deficiency|Vitamin E deficiency, familial isolated]]
*[[Wilson's disease]]
*[[Zieve's syndrome]]
{{col-end}}


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 15:56, 19 November 2013

Lipoprotein Disorders Main Page

Hyperlipoproteinemia Microchapters

Hypercholesterolemia Patient Information

Hypertriglyceridemia Patient Information

Overview

Classification

Familial hyperchylomicronemia
Familial hypercholesterolemia
Familial combined hyperlipidemia
Dysbetalipoproteinemia
Primary hypertriglyceridemia
Mixed hyperlipoproteinemia

Differential Diagnosis

Screening

ACC/AHA Guideline Recommendations

Summary

Treatment

Major recommendations for statin therapy

Therapeutic response to statin therapy

Blood cholesterol LDL and non-HDL treatment goals

Treatment in heart failure and hemodialysis

Primary prevention

Secondary prevention

Intensity of statin therapy in primary and secondary prevention

Safety Recommendations

Guideline on Lifestyle Management

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ogheneochuko Ajari, MB.BS, MS [2]

Overview

The causes of hyperlipoproteinemia are either familial, acquired or idiopathic. Familial (primary) causes are mainly due to genetic abnormalities and a few examples include familial hypercholesterolemia, familial combined hyperlipidemia and familial hypertriglyceridemia. Acquired (secondary) hyperlipoproteinemia often mimic primary forms of hyperlipoproteinemia and common causes include the use of drugs (diuretics, beta blockers and estrogens); endocrine disorders (diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism); metabolic disorders and renal causes such as renal failure.

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.

Common Causes

Causes Based on Major Lipoprotein Detected in Blood Laboratory Test

High Chylomicron Causes

High Chylomicron Remnant Causes

High HDL Causes

High IDL Causes

High LDL Causes

High VLDL Causes

High Total Cholesterol Causes

High Triglyceride Causes

Combined List of Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

  1. ↑ Kasiske BL, Ma JZ, Kalil RS, Louis TA (1995). "Effects of antihypertensive therapy on serum lipids". Ann Intern Med. 122 (2): 133–41. PMID 7992988.
  2. ↑ Boers M, Nurmohamed MT, Doelman CJ, Lard LR, Verhoeven AC, Voskuyl AE; et al. (2003). "Influence of glucocorticoids and disease activity on total and high density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients with rheumatoid arthritis". Ann Rheum Dis. 62 (9): 842–5. PMC 1754645. PMID 12922956.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Durrington, P. (2003). "Dyslipidaemia". Lancet. 362 (9385): 717–31. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14234-1. PMID 12957096. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  4. ↑ Genest JJ, Martin-Munley SS, McNamara JR, Ordovas JM, Jenner J, Myers RH; et al. (1992). "Familial lipoprotein disorders in patients with premature coronary artery disease". Circulation. 85 (6): 2025–33. PMID 1534286.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Covington, MB. (2004). "Omega-3 fatty acids". Am Fam Physician. 70 (1): 133–40. PMID 15259529. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Yoshimura, T.; Ito, M.; Sakoda, Y.; Kobori, S.; Okamura, H. (1998). "Rare case of autoimmune hyperchylomicronemia during pregnancy". Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 76 (1): 49–51. PMID 9481547. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Weintraub M, Burstein A, Rassin T, Liron M, Ringel Y, Cabili S; et al. (1992). "Severe defect in clearing postprandial chylomicron remnants in dialysis patients". Kidney Int. 42 (5): 1247–52. PMID 1453610.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Ito M, Takamatsu J, Matsuo T, Kameoka K, Kubota S, Fukata S; et al. (2003). "Serum concentrations of remnant-like particles in hypothyroid patients before and after thyroxine replacement". Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 58 (5): 621–6. PMID 12699445.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Benjó AM, Maranhão RC, Coimbra SR, Andrade AC, Favarato D, Molina MS; et al. (2006). "Accumulation of chylomicron remnants and impaired vascular reactivity occur in subjects with isolated low HDL cholesterol: effects of niacin treatment". Atherosclerosis. 187 (1): 116–22. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2005.08.025. PMID 16458316.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Brasaemle DL, Cornely-Moss K, Bensadoun A (1993). "Hepatic lipase treatment of chylomicron remnants increases exposure of apolipoprotein E." J Lipid Res. 34 (3): 455–65. PMID 8468529.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Nishizawa Y, Shoji T, Tabata T, Inoue T, Morii H (1999). "Effects of lipid-lowering drugs on intermediate-density lipoprotein in uremic patients". Kidney Int Suppl. 71: S134–6. PMID 10412757.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 Nishizawa Y, Shoji T, Kawagishi T, Morii H (1997). "Atherosclerosis in uremia: possible roles of hyperparathyroidism and intermediate density lipoprotein accumulation". Kidney Int Suppl. 62: S90–2. PMID 9350691.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Oi K, Hirano T, Sakai S, Kawaguchi Y, Hosoya T (1999). "Role of hepatic lipase in intermediate-density lipoprotein and small, dense low-density lipoprotein formation in hemodialysis patients". Kidney Int Suppl. 71: S227–8. PMID 10412783.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Durrington PN (1993). "Diabetes, hypertension and hyperlipidaemia". Postgrad Med J. 69 Suppl 1: S18–25, discussion S25-9. PMID 8497453.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Shoji T, Emoto M, Kawagishi T, Kimoto E, Yamada A, Tabata T; et al. (2001). "Atherogenic lipoprotein changes in diabetic nephropathy". Atherosclerosis. 156 (2): 425–33. PMID 11395040.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Geberhiwot T, Alger S, McKiernan P, Packard C, Caslake M, Elias E; et al. (2007). "Serum lipid and lipoprotein profile of patients with glycogen storage disease types I, III and IX". J Inherit Metab Dis. 30 (3): 406. doi:10.1007/s10545-007-0485-2. PMID 17407002.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Levy E, Thibault LA, Roy CC, Bendayan M, Lepage G, Letarte J (1988). "Circulating lipids and lipoproteins in glycogen storage disease type I with nocturnal intragastric feeding". J Lipid Res. 29 (2): 215–26. PMID 3130454.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Pejic, RN.; Lee, DT. "Hypertriglyceridemia". J Am Board Fam Med. 19 (3): 310–6. PMID 16672684.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 Kronenberg, F. (2005). "Dyslipidemia and nephrotic syndrome: recent advances". J Ren Nutr. 15 (2): 195–203. PMID 15827892. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  20. ↑ 20.00 20.01 20.02 20.03 20.04 20.05 20.06 20.07 20.08 20.09 20.10 20.11 20.12 20.13 20.14 20.15 20.16 20.17 20.18 20.19 20.20 20.21 20.22 20.23 20.24 20.25 20.26 20.27 Kolovou GD, Anagnostopoulou KK, Kostakou PM, Bilianou H, Mikhailidis DP (2009). "Primary and secondary hypertriglyceridaemia". Curr Drug Targets. 10 (4): 336–43. PMID 19355858.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Fallat RW, Glueck CJ (1976). "Familial and acquired type V hyperlipoproteinemia". Atherosclerosis. 23 (1): 41–62. PMID 1078394.
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