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| __NOTOC__ | | __NOTOC__ |
| {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{AO}}
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| ==Definitions==
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| The term 'stroke' is used to describe pathological conditions caused by brain ischemia or hemorrhage. According to the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association (July, 2013),<ref name="Sacco-2013">{{Cite journal | last1 = Sacco | first1 = RL. | last2 = Kasner | first2 = SE. | last3 = Broderick | first3 = JP. | last4 = Caplan | first4 = LR. | last5 = Connors | first5 = JJ. | last6 = Culebras | first6 = A. |last7 = Elkind | first7 = MS. | last8 = George | first8 = MG. | last9 = Hamdan | first9 = AD. | title = An updated definition of stroke for the 21st century: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. | journal = Stroke | volume = 44 | issue = 7 | pages = 2064-89 | month = Jul | year = 2013 | doi = 10.1161/STR.0b013e318296aeca | PMID = 23652265 }}</ref> the updated definitions are:
| | {{CMG}}; {{AE}}[[User:MoisesRomo|Moises Romo M.D.]], {{AO}} |
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| ===Ischemic Stroke=== | | '''''Synonyms and Keywords:''' stroke management, stroke workup, stroke approach, approach to stroke, stroke treatment'' |
| Ischemic stroke is defined as an episode of neurological dysfunction caused by focal cerebral, spinal, or retinal infarction.
| | ==Overview== |
| | '''[[Stroke]]''' is used to describe [[pathological]] conditions caused by brain [[ischemia]] or [[hemorrhage]]. According to the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association (July, 2013),<ref name="Sacco-2013">{{Cite journal | last1 = Sacco | first1 = RL. | last2 = Kasner | first2 = SE. | last3 = Broderick | first3 = JP. | last4 = Caplan | first4 = LR. | last5 = Connors | first5 = JJ. | last6 = Culebras | first6 = A. |last7 = Elkind | first7 = MS. | last8 = George | first8 = MG. | last9 = Hamdan | first9 = AD. | title = An updated definition of stroke for the 21st century: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. | journal = Stroke | volume = 44 | issue = 7 |pages = 2064-89 | month = Jul | year = 2013 | doi = 10.1161/STR.0b013e318296aeca | PMID = 23652265 }}</ref> it is defined as a [[neurological]] deficit attributed to an acute focal injury of the [[Central nervous system|central nervous system (CNS)]] by a [[vascular]] cause, including [[cerebral]] [[infarction]], [[Intracranial hemorrhage|intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH)]], and [[Subarachnoid hemorrhage|subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)]]. Therefore, by definition, [[trauma]] has to be ruled out before [[stroke]] can be [[Diagnosis|diagnosed]] in a patient with a focal [[neurological]] deficit. |
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| ====CNS Infarction==== | | == Causes == |
| CNS infarction is brain, spinal cord, or retinal cell death attributable to ischemia, based on:
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| 1. Pathological, imaging, or other objective evidence of cerebral, spinal cord, or retinal focal ischemic injury in a defined vascular distribution; or
| | === Life Threatening Causes === |
| | Life-threatening causes include conditions that may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated. |
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| 2. Clinical evidence of cerebral, spinal cord, or retinal focal ischemic injury based on symptoms persisting ≥24 hours or until death, and other etiologies excluded.
| | * All [[strokes]] can potentialy lead to death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated. |
| ===Hemorrhagic Stroke===
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| Hemorrhagic stroke is defined as rapidly developing clinical signs of neurological dysfunction attributable to a focal collection of blood within the brain parenchyma or ventricular system that is not caused by trauma. It is important to note that only '''non-traumatic causes''' of CNS hemorrhages are classified as stroke. Hemorrhagic stroke consist of:
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| ====Intracerebral Hemorrhage (ICH)====
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| This is defined as a focal collection of blood within the brain parenchyma or ventricular system that is not caused by trauma. Therefore, it consists of:
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| * Intraparenchymal hemorrhage | |
| * Intraventricular hemorrhage
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| * Parenchymal hemorrhages following CNS infarction.
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| ::Type I - confluent hemorrhage limited to ≤30% of the infarcted area with only mild space-occupying effect.
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| ::Type II - >30% of the infarcted area and/or exerts a significant space-occupying effect.
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| ====Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (SAH)====
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| This is defined as bleeding into the [[subarachnoid space]] (the space between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater of the brain or spinal cord).
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| ===Stroke in the Young=== | | === Common Causes === |
| This is a term used to describe stroke seen in individuals between 18 and 45 years of age.<ref name="Szostak-1988">{{Cite journal | last1 = Szostak | first1 = C. | last2 = Porter | first2 = L. | last3 = Jakubovic | first3 = A. | last4 = Phillips | first4 = AG. | last5 = Fibiger | first5 = HC. | title = Conditioned circling in rats: bilateral involvement of the mesotelencephalic dopamine system demonstrated following unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions. | journal = Neuroscience | volume = 26 | issue = 2 | pages = 395-401 | month = Aug | year = 1988 | doi = | PMID = 3140048 }}</ref>
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| ====Time of Onset====
| | * Aneurysms |
| Time of onset is defined as when the patient was last awake and symptom-free or known to be “normal".<ref name="Jauch-2013">{{Cite journal | last1 = Jauch | first1 = EC.| last2 = Saver | first2 = JL. | last3 = Adams | first3 = HP. | last4 = Bruno | first4 = A. | last5 = Connors | first5 = JJ. | last6 = Demaerschalk | first6 = BM. | last7 = Khatri | first7 = P. | last8 = McMullan | first8 = PW. | last9 = Qureshi | first9 = AI. | title = Guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. | journal = Stroke | volume = 44 | issue = 3 | pages = 870-947 | month = Mar | year = 2013 | doi = 10.1161/STR.0b013e318284056a | PMID = 23370205 }}</ref>
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| ==Causes==
| | * Atrial fibrillation |
| ===Life Threatening Causes===
| | * Eclampsia |
| Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
| | * Infective endocarditis |
| * All the causes of stroke are life-threatening. | | * Myocardial infarction |
| | * Pulmonary embolism |
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| ===Common Causes===
| | * Arteriovenous malformations |
| ====Ischemic Stroke====
| | * Atherosclerosis |
| *Embolic causes: [[Cardiac arrhythmia]]s, [[infective endocarditis]], [[left atrial myxoma]], [[cardiomyopathy]], [[thrombus|atrial or ventricular thrombus]] | | * Atrial fibrillation |
| | * Embolism |
| | * Hypertension |
| | * Subarachnoid hemorrhage |
| | * Thrombosis |
| | * Transient ischemic attack |
| | * Traumatic brain injury |
| | * Warfarin |
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| *Thrombotic causes: [[Atherosclerosis|Atherosclerosis of large vessels ]], [[arteritis]]/[[vasculitis]], [[Aortic dissection|dissection]], [[Takayasu arteritis]]
| | ==Diagnosis== |
| | Shown below is an algorithm summarizing the diagnosis of [[stroke]] according to the American Academy of Neurology guidelines: |
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| *Systemic hypoperfusion (Watershed stroke): [[Myocardial infarction]], [[cardiac arrhythmia]]s, [[pericardial effusion]], [[pulmonary embolism]]
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| ====Hemorrhagic Stroke====
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| * [[Hypertension]]
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| * [[Haemophilia|Bleeding disorders]]
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| * [[Drug use|Illicit drug use]] (e.g., [[amphetamines]] or [[cocaine]])
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| * [[Trauma]]
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| * Vascular malformations
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| * [[Aneurysm|Rupture of arterial aneurysms]]
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| ====Stroke in the Young====
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| * Cardiac - [[Congenital heart disease]], [[atrial myxoma]], [[patent foramen ovale]], [[atrial fibrillation]], [[rheumatic heart disease]]
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| * Vascular - Extracranial [[arterial dissection]], [[hypertension]], [[Moyamoya syndrome]], [[migraine]], vasospasm following [[subarachnoid hemorrhage]]
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| * Hematologic - [[Sickle cell disease]], [[protein C deficiency]], [[protein S deficiency]], [[antithrombin III deficiency]]
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| * Infectious - [[Human Immunodeficiency Virus]], [[varicella]], [[bacterial meningitis]], [[syphilis]], [[tuberculosis]]
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| * Metabolic - [[CADASIL|Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy]], [[Fabry disease]], [[mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes]]
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| * Drugs - [[Cocaine]], [[methamphetamine]], [[oral contraceptive]]s
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| ==Management==
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| ===Initial Evaluation=== | | ===Initial Evaluation=== |
| {{familytree/start}} | | {{familytree/start}} |
| {{familytree | | | | A01 | | | | | | | | |A01='''Check vitals'''<br>'''Stabilize ABC'''<br>'''Brief Hx'''<br>'''Rapid physical exam''' - neuro exam, '''NIHSS'''<br>'''Activate stroke team'''<br>'''Stat fingerstick'''<br>'''Basic labs,''' troponin, EKG<br>'''NPO'''<br>'''Obtain stroke protocol'''}} | | {{familytree | | | | J01 | |J01=<div style="float: left; text-align: left; height: 10em; width: 20em; padding:1em;">'''Characterize the symptoms:''' <br> ❑ Sudden weakness/paralysis - face, arm or leg<br> ❑ Speech/visual difficulties<br> ❑ Altered/loss of consciousness<br> ❑ Sudden severe headache </div>}} |
| | {{familytree | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }} |
| | {{familytree | | | | H01 | | |H01=<div style="float: left; text-align: left; line-height: 150% ">'''Examine the patient:''' <br> ❑ '''Head''' - trauma, tongue laceration <br>❑ '''Neck''' - bruits, pulses<br> ❑ '''Limbs''' - pulses <br> ❑ '''Heart''' - murmurs<br> ❑ '''Skin''' - color changes<br>❑ Neurological exam, '''NIHSS'''</div>}} |
| | {{familytree | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }} |
| | {{familytree | | | | G01 | | | | | |G01=<div style="float: left; text-align: left; line-height: 150% ">'''Consider alternative diagnosis:''' <br> ❑ Psychogenic <br> ❑ [[Seizures]] <br> ❑ [[Hypoglycemia]]<br> ❑ Complicated migraine<br> ❑ [[Encephalopathy|Hypertensive encephalopathy]]<br> ❑ [[Wernicke encephalopathy]]<br> ❑ [[Brain abscess]]<br> ❑ [[Brain tumor]]<br> ❑ Drug toxicity</div>}} |
| | {{familytree | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }} |
| | {{familytree | | | | A01 |-| A02 | | | | | |A01=<div style="float: left; text-align: left; height: 10em; width: 20em; padding:1em;"> ❑ Check vitals<br> ❑ Stabilize ABC<br> ❑ Brief Hx<br>❑ Activate stroke team<br> ❑ Stat fingerstick<br> ❑ '''Labs''' - CBC, serum electrolytes, urea, creatinine, troponin, EKG, PT/PTT/INR<br> ❑ NPO<br> ❑ Obtain stroke protocol</div>|A02=<div style="float: left; text-align: left; height: 25em; width: 20em; padding:1em;">'''Other labs in selected patients:'''<br>❑ Liver function tests<br> ❑ Toxicology screen (drug abuse, stroke in the young)<br> ❑ Blood alcohol level<br>❑ Arterial blood gas (hypoxia)<br> ❑ Chest radiograph (lung disease)<br> ❑ EEG (seizures)<br> ❑ Lumbar puncture (SAH)<br> ❑ Sepsis profile - urinalysis, blood culture (if fever is present)<br> ❑ Type and cross match FFP (coagulopathy)<br> ❑ Pregnancy test (in women of child-bearing age)</div>}} |
| {{familytree | | | | |!|}} | | {{familytree | | | | |!|}} |
| {{familytree | | | | B01 | | | | | | | | |B01='''Non-Contrast Enhanced CT''' (or MRI) to r/o hemorrhage}} | | {{familytree | | | | B01 | | | | | | | | |B01='''Non-Contrast Enhanced CT''' (or MRI) to r/o hemorrhage}} |
| {{familytree | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | | | | | |}} | | {{familytree | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | | | | | |}} |
| {{familytree | | C01 | | C02 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |C01='''Bleed Positive'''|C02='''Bleed Negative'''}} | | {{familytree | | C01 | | C02 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |C01='''Bleed Negative'''|C02='''Bleed Positive'''}} |
| {{familytree | | |!| | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}} | | {{familytree | | |!| | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}} |
| {{familytree | | D01 | | D02 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |D01='''Acute Ischemic Stroke'''|D02='''Hemorrhagic Stroke}} | | {{familytree | | D01 | | D02 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |D01=[[Ischemic stroke resident survival guide|Acute Ischemic Stroke]]|D02=[[Hemorrhagic stroke resident survival guide|Hemorrhagic Stroke]]}} |
| {{familytree/end}} | | {{familytree | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}} |
| | | {{familytree | | | | E01 | | E02 | | |E01=[[Hemorrhagic stroke resident survival guide#Intracerebral Hemorrhage|Intracerebral Hemorrhage]]|E02=[[Subarachnoid hemorrhage resident survival guide|Subarachnoid Hemorrhage]]}} |
| | {{familytree/end}}<br /> |
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| | == Treatment == |
| | The management of stroke will greatly depend on the type of stroke (if it is either hemorrhagic or ischemic). |
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| | * To view the specific [[treatment]] of [[hemorrhagic stroke]] [[Hemorrhagic stroke management|click here]]. |
| | * To view the specific [[treatment]] of [[ischemic stroke]] [[Ischemic stroke medical therapy|click here]]. |
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| ===Within the First 24 Hours=== | | == Do's == |
| {{familytree/start}}
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| {{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | D01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |D01='''Acute Ischemic Stroke'''}}
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| {{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
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| {{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | E01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |E01=Time of Onset}}
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| {{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
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| {{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | F01 | | | | | F02 | | | | | F03 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |F01='''<3 hours'''|F02='''3 - 4.5 hours'''|F03='''>4.5 hours'''}}
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| {{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | |!| | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
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| {{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | G01 | | | | | G02 | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |G01=[[Stroke resident survival guide#Exclusion Criteria for IV Recombinant TPA Treatment|Eligibility criteria for IV rTPA]] (see below)|G02=Consider rTPA after reviewing the additional exclusion criteria for this category (see below)}}
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| {{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | |!| | | | | | |!| |}}
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| {{familytree | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|.| | |!| | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
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| {{familytree | | | | | H01 | | | | | | | | | | H02 | |!| | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |H01=Eligible|H02=Not eligible}}
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| {{familytree | |,|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | |`|-|-|+|-|-|-|-|-| M01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |M01=[[Stroke resident survival guide#Management of Blood Pressure|Blood Pressure Management]]<br><br>Treat fever with IV antipyretics ([[acetaminophen]])}}
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| {{familytree | I01 | | | | | | I02 | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ||I01='''BP≤180/110'''|I02='''BP≥180/110'''}}
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| {{familytree | |!| | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
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| {{familytree | J01 | | | | | | JO2 | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |J01=IV rTPA 0.9 mg/kg (maximum of 90 mg). Give the first 10% as IV bolus over 1 minute, then give the remaining as IV infusion over 1 hour|JO2=Ensure BP<180/110 mmHg before initiating rTPA (see [[Stroke resident survival guide#Management of Blood Pressure|Blood Pressure Management]])}}
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| {{familytree | |`|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|'| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
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| {{familytree | | | | | | | | | K01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |K01=Admit ICU (for BP monitoring + bleeding complications)<br><br>Hourly vitals and neurocheck<br>Aspiration precautions}}
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| {{familytree/end}}
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| ===After 24 Hours===
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| {{familytree/start}}
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| {{familytree | | | | | L01 |L01='''After 24 hours post rTPA or no rTPA'''}}
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| {{familytree | | | | | |!| | | |}}
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| {{familytree | | | | | M01 | | |M01=Follow-up head CT/MRI before commencing antiplatelets}}
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| {{familytree | | | | | |!| ||}}
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| {{familytree | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | | | | |}}
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| {{familytree | N01 | | N02 | | N03 | | N04 | | |N01='''<u>Specific measures</u>'''<br>'''ASA''' 325 mg (if no contraindication)<br>'''Statins'''<br>'''DVT prophylaxis'''|N02='''<u>General measures</u>'''<br>PT/OT evaluation<br>Speech and swallow evaluation|N03='''<u>Investigate the etiology</u>'''<br>MRA/CTA/carotid duplex<br>Venous doppler USS<br>Echocardiography|N04=<u>'''Manage Complications'''</u><br>'''Hemorrhagic Infarction'''<br>Manage as Ischemic Stroke}}
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| {{familytree | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | |}}
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| {{familytree | | | | | | | | | N06 | | | | | | | | | | | | |N06=<u>'''Ages 18-45 years'''</u><br>Proteins C & S assay<br>[[antithrombin III|Antithrombin III assay]]<br>[[Factor V Leiden mutation]]<br>[[Prothrombin mutation]]<br> [[Lupus anticoagulant]]<br>[[Anti-cardiolipin antibodies]])<br>[[Hemoglobin electrophoresis]]<br>[[VDRL]]<br>[[Toxicology screen]]<br>[[CSF analysis]]<br>[[holter monitor|Holter monitoring]]}}
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| {{familytree/end}}
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| ==Management of Blood Pressure==
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| {{familytree/start}}
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| {{familytree | | | | | | | | | A01 | | | | | | | |A01=Blood Pressure Management}}
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| {{familytree | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | |}}
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| {{familytree | | | | | | | | | B01 | | | | | | | | |B01='''Review Exclusion Criteria for IV rTPA Administration'''}}
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| {{familytree | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | |}}
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| {{familytree | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|.| | | |}}
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| {{familytree | | | | C01 | | | | | | | | C02 | | |C01=Eligible|C02=Not eligible}}
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| {{familytree | |,|-|-|^|-|-|.| | | |,|-|-|^|-|-|.| |}}
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| {{familytree | D01 | | | | D02 | | D03 | | | | D04 | |D01=Before treatment|D02=During/After treatment|D03='''BP <220/120 mmHg'''|D04='''BP >220/120 mmHg'''}}
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| {{familytree | |!| | | | | |!| | | |!| | | | | |!| |}}
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| {{familytree | E01 | | | | |!| | | E02 | | | | E03 | | |E01=<u>'''BP>185/110 mm Hg'''</u><br>[[Labetalol]] 10–20 mg IV over 1–2 minutes, may repeat 1 time; or [[nicardipine]] 5 mg/h IV infusion; titrate up by 2.5 mg/h every 5–15 minutes, maximum 15 mg/h; when desired BP reached, adjust to maintain proper BP limits; or other agents ([[hydralazine]], [[enalaprilat]], e.t.c.) may be considered when appropriate|E02='''Observe''' unless evidence of end-organ damage is present (e.g., acute [[myocardial infarction]], [[aortic dissection]], [[pulmonary edema]], [[hypertensive encephalopathy]])<br><br>Conservative management - treat fever, pain, headaches, nausea, vomiting|E03=[[Labetalol]] 10–20 mg IV over 1–2 minutes, may repeat or double every 10 minutes (maximum dose of 300 mg); or [[nicardipine]] 5 mg/h IV infusion; titrate up by 2.5 mg/h every 5–15 minutes, maximum 15 mg/h<br>'''Aim at 15% reduction during the first 24 hours afte stroke onset'''}}
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| {{familytree | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
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| {{familytree | | | |,|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|.| | | | | | |}}
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| {{familytree | | | F01 | | | | | | F02 | | | |F01='''SBP>180–230 mm Hg or DBP >105–120 mm Hg'''|F02='''BP not controlled or DBP >140 mm Hg'''}}
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| {{familytree | | | |!| | | | | | | |!| | | |}}
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| {{familytree | | | G01 | | | | | | G02 | | |G01=[[Labetalol]] 10 mg IV followed by continuous IV infusion 2–8 mg/min; or [[nicardipine]] 5 mg/h IV, titrate up to desired effect by 2.5 mg/h every 5–15 minutes, maximum 15 mg/h|G02=[[Sodium nitroprusside]] 0.5 mcg/kg/min IV infusion as initial dose, then titrate to desired blood pressure}}
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| {{familytree/end}}
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| ''All algorithms are based on recommendations from AHA/ASA for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke (2013)''
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| ====Exclusion Criteria for IV Recombinant TPA Treatment====
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| '''Less than 3 hours of onset'''
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| *<font size="1"> Significant head trauma or prior stroke in previous 3 months
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| * Symptoms suggest subarachnoid hemorrhage
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| * Arterial puncture at noncompressible site in previous 7 days
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| * History of previous intracranial hemorrhage
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| * Intracranial neoplasm, arteriovenous malformation, or aneurysm
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| * Recent intracranial or intraspinal surgery
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| * Elevated blood pressure (systolic >185 mm Hg or diastolic >110 mm Hg)
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| * Active internal bleeding
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| * Acute bleeding diathesis, including but not limited to
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| * Platelet count <100,000/mm³
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| * Heparin received within 48 hours, resulting in abnormally elevated aPTT greater than the upper limit of normal
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| * Current use of anticoagulant with INR >1.7 or PT >15 seconds
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| * Current use of direct thrombin inhibitors or direct factor Xa inhibitors with elevated sensitive laboratory tests (such as aPTT, INR, platelet count, and
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| ECT; TT; or appropriate factor Xa activity assays)
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| * Blood glucose concentration <50 mg/dL (2.7 mmol/L)
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| * CT demonstrates multilobar infarction (hypodensity >1/3 cerebral hemisphere)
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| Relative exclusion criteria
| | * Perform tertiary preventive measure to decrease subsecuent episodes, such as using statins and [[Anticoagulants|anticoagulant]]<nowiki/>s, controling [[glucose]] levels and [[blood pressure]]. |
| * Only minor or rapidly improving stroke symptoms (clearing spontaneously) | |
| * Pregnancy
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| * Seizure at onset with postictal residual neurological impairments
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| * Major surgery or serious trauma within previous 14 days
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| * Recent gastrointestinal or urinary tract hemorrhage (within previous 21 days)
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| * Recent acute myocardial infarction (within previous 3 months)</font>
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| '''Between 3 and 4.5 hours of onset'''
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| * <font size="1">Aged >80 years
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| * Severe stroke (NIHSS>25)
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| * Taking an oral anticoagulant regardless of INR
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| * History of both diabetes and prior ischemic stroke</font>
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| ==Dos== | | == Don'ts == |
| * Obtain a brief history, including '''time of onset, time of arrival at the ED, and medications (especially anticoagulants)'''.
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| * Rule out conditions mimicking stroke (i.e., [[Seizure]]s, [[syncope]], [[migraine|migraine with aura]], [[hypoglycemia]], [[encephalopathy|hypertensive encephalopathy]], [[Wernicke encephalopathy]], CNS abscess, [[CNS tumor]], drug toxicity ([[lithium]], [[phenytoin]], [[carbamazepine]])
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| * Review the criteria for the administration of IV rTPA to determine the patient's eligibilty status.
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| * Order a limited number of investigation during the initial emergency evaluation. Only the estimation of blood glucose should precede the administration of IV rTPA.
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| * Cardiac monitoring for at least the first 24 hours to screen for [[atrial fibrillation]].
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| * Ensure blood pressure of ≤180/110 mmHg before initiating IV rTPA, and maintain it below 180/105 mmHg for at least the first 24 hours post-IV rTPA.
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| * Order a follow-up CT/MRI before commencement of antiplatelets.
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| * Give ASA 325 mg within 24 to 48 hours to most patients (except if contraindicated).
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| * Strict blood pressure monitoring for the first 24 hours, especially if rTPA was administered - every 15 minutes for 2 hours, then every 30 mins for 6 hours, and every hour for the next 16 hours.
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| ==Don'ts==
| | * Do not lower [[blood pressure]] in hypertensive patients with ischemic stroke when below |
| * Do not treat hypertension except the blood pressure is >220/120 mmHg, and not until CT/MRI have been performed. | |
| * Do not initiate anticoagulation treatment within the first 24 hours.
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| * Do not commence oral administration of medications before speech and swallow evaluation.
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| * Do not delay sending the patient to CT for any reason.
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| ==References== | | ==References== |
| {{Reflist|2}} | | {{Reflist|2}} |