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| __NOTOC__
| | #REDIRECT [[Atorvastatin#Clinical Studies]] |
| {{Atorvastatin}}
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| {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{PB}}
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| ==Clinical Studies==
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| ===Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease===
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| In the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial (ASCOT), the effect of atorvastatin on fatal and non-fatal coronary heart disease was assessed in 10,305 hypertensive patients 40–80 years of age (mean of 63 years), without a previous [[myocardial infarction]] and with TC levels ≤251 mg/dL (6.5 mmol/L). Additionally, all patients had at least 3 of the following cardiovascular risk factors: male gender (81.1%), age >55 years (84.5%), smoking (33.2%), diabetes (24.3%), history of [[CHD]] in a first-degree relative (26%), TC:HDL >6 (14.3%), peripheral vascular disease (5.1%), left ventricular hypertrophy (14.4%), prior cerebrovascular event (9.8%), specific [[ECG]] abnormality (14.3%), [[proteinuria]]/[[albuminuria]] (62.4%). In this double-blind, placebo-controlled study, patients were treated with anti-hypertensive therapy (Goal BP <140/90 mm Hg for non-diabetic patients; <130/80 mm Hg for diabetic patients) and allocated to either atorvastatin 10 mg daily (n=5168) or placebo (n=5137), using a covariate adaptive method which took into account the distribution of nine baseline characteristics of patients already enrolled and minimized the imbalance of those characteristics across the groups. Patients were followed for a median duration of 3.3 years.
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| The effect of 10 mg/day of atorvastatin on lipid levels was similar to that seen in previous clinical trials.
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| Atorvastatin significantly reduced the rate of coronary events [either fatal [[coronary heart disease]] (46 events in the placebo group vs. 40 events in the atorvastatin group) or non-fatal MI (108 events in the placebo group vs. 60 events in the atorvastatin group)] with a relative risk reduction of 36% [(based on incidences of 1.9% for atorvastatin vs. 3.0% for placebo), p=0.0005 (see Figure 1)]. The risk reduction was consistent regardless of age, smoking status, obesity, or presence of [[renal dysfunction]]. The effect of atorvastatin was seen regardless of baseline LDL levels. Due to the small number of events, results for women were inconclusive.
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| Figure 1: Effect of atorvastatin 10 mg/day on Cumulative Incidence of Non-Fatal Myocardial Infarction or [[Coronary Heart Disease]] Death (in ASCOT-LLA)
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| |[[Image:Effect of LIPITOR on Cumulative Incidence of Non-Fatal MI or CHD Death.PNG|thumb|1000px]]
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| Atorvastatin also significantly decreased the relative risk for [[revascularization]] procedures by 42%. Although the reduction of fatal and non-fatal [[strokes]] did not reach a pre-defined significance level (p=0.01), a favorable trend was observed with a 26% relative risk reduction (incidences of 1.7% for atorvastatin and 2.3% for placebo). There was no significant difference between the treatment groups for death due to cardiovascular causes (p=0.51) or noncardiovascular causes (p=0.17).
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| In the Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study (CARDS), the effect of atorvastatin on cardiovascular disease (CVD) endpoints was assessed in 2838 subjects (94% white, 68% male), ages 40–75 with type 2 diabetes based on WHO criteria, without prior history of cardiovascular disease and with [[LDL]] ≤ 160 mg/dL and [[TG]] ≤ 600 mg/dL. In addition to diabetes, subjects had 1 or more of the following risk factors: current smoking (23%), hypertension (80%), retinopathy (30%), or microalbuminuria (9%) or macroalbuminuria (3%). No subjects on hemodialysis were enrolled in the study. In this multicenter, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial, subjects were randomly allocated to either atorvastatin 10 mg daily (1429) or placebo (1411) in a 1:1 ratio and were followed for a median duration of 3.9 years. The primary endpoint was the occurrence of any of the major cardiovascular events: [[myocardial infarction]], acute [[CHD]] death, [[unstable angina]], [[coronary revascularization]], or [[stroke]]. The primary analysis was the time to first occurrence of the primary endpoint.
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| Baseline characteristics of subjects were: mean age of 62 years, mean HbA1c 7.7%; median [[LDL]]-C 120 mg/dL; median TC 207 mg/dL; median [[TG]] 151 mg/dL; median [[HDL]]-C 52 mg/dL.
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| The effect of atorvastatin 10 mg/day on lipid levels was similar to that seen in previous clinical trials.
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| Atorvastatin significantly reduced the rate of major cardiovascular events (primary endpoint events) (83 events in the atorvastatin group vs. 127 events in the placebo group) with a relative risk reduction of 37%, HR 0.63, 95% CI (0.48, 0.83) (p=0.001) (see Figure 2). An effect of atorvastatin was seen regardless of age, sex, or baseline lipid levels. | |
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| Atorvastatin significantly reduced the risk of stroke by 48% (21 events in the atorvastatin group vs. 39 events in the placebo group), HR 0.52, 95% CI (0.31, 0.89) (p=0.016) and reduced the risk of [[MI]] by 42% (38 events in the atorvastatin group vs. 64 events in the placebo group), HR 0.58, 95.1% CI (0.39, 0.86) (p=0.007). There was no significant difference between the treatment groups for [[angina]], [[revascularization]] procedures, and acute [[CHD]] death.
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| There were 61 deaths in the atorvastatin group vs. 82 deaths in the placebo group (HR 0.73, p=0.059).
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| Figure 2: Effect of atorvastatin 10 mg/day on Time to Occurrence of Major Cardiovascular Event (myocardial infarction, acute [[CHD]] death, [[unstable angina]], [[coronary revascularization]], or [[stroke]]) in CARDS
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| |[[Image:Effect of LIPITOR on Time to Occurrence of Major Cardiovascular Event.PNG|thumb|1000px]]
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| In the Treating to New Targets Study (TNT), the effect of atorvastatin 80 mg/day vs. atorvastatin 10 mg/day on the reduction in cardiovascular events was assessed in 10,001 subjects (94% white, 81% male, 38% ≥65 years) with clinically evident coronary heart disease who had achieved a target LDL-C level <130 mg/dL after completing an 8-week, open-label, run-in period with atorvastatin 10 mg/day. Subjects were randomly assigned to either 10 mg/day or 80 mg/day of atorvastatin and followed for a median duration of 4.9 years. The primary endpoint was the time-to-first occurrence of any of the following major cardiovascular events (MCVE): death due to CHD, non-fatal myocardial infarction, resuscitated cardiac arrest, and fatal and non-fatal stroke. The mean [[LDL]]-C, TC, [[TG]], non-HDL, and [[HDL]] cholesterol levels at 12 weeks were 73, 145, 128, 98, and 47 mg/dL during treatment with 80 mg of atorvastatin and 99, 177, 152, 129, and 48 mg/dL during treatment with 10 mg of atorvastatin.
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| Treatment with atorvastatin 80 mg/day significantly reduced the rate of MCVE (434 events in the 80 mg/day group vs. 548 events in the 10 mg/day group) with a relative risk reduction of 22%, HR 0.78, 95% CI (0.69, 0.89), p=0.0002 (see Figure 3 and Table 5). The overall risk reduction was consistent regardless of age (<65, ≥65) or gender.
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| Figure 3: Effect of atorvastatin 80 mg/day vs. 10 mg/day on Time to Occurrence of Major Cardiovascular Events (TNT)
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| TABLE 5
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| |[[TABLE 5. Overview of Efficacy Results in TNT.PNG|thumb|1000px]]
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| Of the events that comprised the primary efficacy endpoint, treatment with atorvastatin 80 mg/day significantly reduced the rate of non-fatal, non-procedure related MI and fatal and non-fatal stroke, but not [[CHD]] death or resuscitated cardiac arrest (Table 5). Of the predefined secondary endpoints, treatment with atorvastatin 80 mg/day significantly reduced the rate of coronary revascularization, angina, and hospitalization for heart failure, but not peripheral vascular disease. The reduction in the rate of CHF with hospitalization was only observed in the 8% of patients with a prior history of [[CHF]].
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| There was no significant difference between the treatment groups for all-cause mortality (Table 5). The proportions of subjects who experienced cardiovascular death, including the components of [[CHD]] death and fatal [[stroke]], were numerically smaller in the atorvastatin 80 mg group than in the atorvastatin 10 mg treatment group. The proportions of subjects who experienced noncardiovascular death were numerically larger in the atorvastatin 80 mg group than in the atorvastatin 10 mg treatment group.
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| In the Incremental Decrease in Endpoints Through Aggressive Lipid Lowering Study (IDEAL), treatment with atorvastatin 80 mg/day was compared to treatment with [[simvastatin]] 20–40 mg/day in 8,888 subjects up to 80 years of age with a history of CHD to assess whether reduction in CV risk could be achieved. Patients were mainly male (81%), white (99%) with an average age of 61.7 years, and an average LDL-C of 121.5 mg/dL at randomization; 76% were on statin therapy. In this prospective, randomized, open-label, blinded endpoint (PROBE) trial with no run-in period, subjects were followed for a median duration of 4.8 years. The mean [[LDL]]-C, [[TC]], [[TG]], [[HDL]], and non-HDL cholesterol levels at Week 12 were 78, 145, 115, 45, and 100 mg/dL during treatment with 80 mg of atorvastatin and 105, 179, 142, 47, and 132 mg/dL during treatment with 20–40 mg of [[simvastatin]].
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| There was no significant difference between the treatment groups for the primary endpoint, the rate of first major coronary event (fatal CHD, non-fatal MI, and resuscitated cardiac arrest): 411 (9.3%) in the atorvastatin 80 mg/day group vs. 463 (10.4%) in the simvastatin 20–40 mg/day group, HR 0.89, 95% CI ( 0.78, 1.01), p=0.07.
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| There were no significant differences between the treatment groups for all-cause mortality: 366 (8.2%) in the atorvastatin 80 mg/day group vs. 374 (8.4%) in the simvastatin 20–40 mg/day group. The proportions of subjects who experienced CV or non-CV death were similar for the atorvastatin 80 mg group and the simvastatin 20–40 mg group.
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| 14.2 [[Hyperlipidemia]] (Heterozygous Familial and Nonfamilial) and [[Mixed Dyslipidemia]] (Fredrickson Types IIa and IIb)
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| atorvastatin reduces total-C, [[LDL]]-C, [[VLDL]]-C, [[apo B]], and [[TG]], and increases [[HDL]]-C in patients with [[hyperlipidemia]] and mixed [[dyslipidemia]]. Therapeutic response is seen within 2 weeks, and maximum response is usually achieved within 4 weeks and maintained during chronic therapy.
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| atorvastatin is effective in a wide variety of patient populations with [[hyperlipidemia]], with and without [[hypertriglyceridemia]], in men and women, and in the elderly.
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| In two multicenter, placebo-controlled, dose-response studies in patients with [[hyperlipidemia]], atorvastatin given as a single dose over 6 weeks, significantly reduced total-C, [[LDL]]-C, [[apo B]], and [[TG]]. (Pooled results are provided in Table 6.)
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| '''TABLE 6.'''
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| In patients with Fredrickson Types IIa and IIb [[hyperlipoproteinemia]] pooled from 24 controlled trials, the median (25th and 75th percentile) percent changes from baseline in [[HDL]]-C for atorvastatin 10, 20, 40, and 80 mg were 6.4 (-1.4, 14), 8.7 (0, 17), 7.8 (0, 16), and 5.1 (-2.7, 15), respectively. Additionally, analysis of the pooled data demonstrated consistent and significant decreases in total-C, LDL-C, TG, total-C/HDL-C, and LDL-C/HDL-C.
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| In three multicenter, double-blind studies in patients with [[hyperlipidemia]], atorvastatin was compared to other statins. After randomization, patients were treated for 16 weeks with either atorvastatin 10 mg per day or a fixed dose of the comparative agent (Table 7).
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| '''TABLE 7.'''
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| The impact on clinical outcomes of the differences in lipid-altering effects between treatments shown in Table 7 is not known. Table 7 does not contain data comparing the effects of atorvastatin 10 mg and higher doses of lovastatin, pravastatin, and simvastatin. The drugs compared in the studies summarized in the table are not necessarily interchangeable.
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| 14.3 [[Hypertriglyceridemia]] (Fredrickson Type IV)
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| The response to atorvastatin in 64 patients with isolated hypertriglyceridemia treated across several clinical trials is shown in the table below (Table 8). For the atorvastatin-treated patients, median (min, max) baseline TG level was 565 (267–1502).
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| '''TABLE 8.'''
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| 14.4 Dysbetalipoproteinemia (Fredrickson Type III)
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| The results of an open-label crossover study of 16 patients (genotypes: 14 apo E2/E2 and 2 apo E3/E2) with dysbetalipoproteinemia(Fredrickson Type III) are shown in the table below (Table 9).
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| '''TABLE 9.'''
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| 14.5 Homozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia
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| In a study without a concurrent control group, 29 patients ages 6 to 37 years with homozygous FH received maximum daily doses of 20 to 80 mg of atorvastatin. The mean LDL-C reduction in this study was 18%. Twenty-five patients with a reduction in LDL-C had a mean response of 20% (range of 7% to 53%, median of 24%); the remaining 4 patients had 7% to 24% increases in LDL-C. Five of the 29 patients had absent LDL-receptor function. Of these, 2 patients also had a portacaval shunt and had no significant reduction in LDL-C. The remaining 3 receptor-negative patients had a mean LDL-C reduction of 22%.
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| 14.6 Heterozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia in Pediatric Patients
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| In a double-blind, placebo-controlled study followed by an open-label phase, 187 boys and postmenarchal girls 10–17 years of age (mean age 14.1 years) with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) or severe hypercholesterolemia, were randomized to atorvastatin (n=140) or placebo (n=47) for 26 weeks and then all received atorvastatin for 26 weeks. Inclusion in the study required 1) a baseline LDL-C level ≥ 190 mg/dL or 2) a baseline LDL-C level ≥ 160 mg/dL and positive family history of FH or documented premature cardiovascular disease in a first or second-degree relative. The mean baseline LDL-C value was 218.6 mg/dL (range: 138.5–385.0 mg/dL) in the atorvastatin group compared to 230.0 mg/dL (range: 160.0–324.5 mg/dL) in the placebo group. The dosage of atorvastatin (once daily) was 10 mg for the first 4 weeks and uptitrated to 20 mg if the LDL-C level was > 130 mg/dL. The number of atorvastatin-treated patients who required uptitration to 20 mg after Week 4 during the double-blind phase was 78 (55.7%).
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| atorvastatin significantly decreased plasma levels of total-C, LDL-C, triglycerides, and apolipoprotein B during the 26-week double-blind phase (see Table 10).
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| '''TABLE 10'''
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| The mean achieved LDL-C value was 130.7 mg/dL (range: 70.0–242.0 mg/dL) in the atorvastatin group compared to 228.5 mg/dL (range: 152.0–385.0 mg/dL) in the placebo group during the 26-week double-blind phase.
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| The safety and efficacy of doses above 20 mg have not been studied in controlled trials in children. The long-term efficacy of atorvastatin therapy in childhood to reduce morbidity and mortality in adulthood has not been established.
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| <ref name="dailymed.nlm.nih.gov">{{Cite web | last = | first = | title = LIPITOR (ATORVASTATIN CALCIUM) TABLET, FILM COATED [PARKE-DAVIS DIV OF PFIZER INC] | url = http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=c6e131fe-e7df-4876-83f7-9156fc4e8228#nlm34089-3 | publisher = | date = | accessdate = }}</ref>
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| ==References==
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| {{Reflist}}
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| {{FDA}}
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| [[Category:Cardiovascular Drugs]]
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| [[Category:Drugs]]
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