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| | #REDIRECT [[Propranolol#Warnings]] |
| {{Propranolol}}
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| {{CMG}}
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| ==Warnings==
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| ===Angina Pectoris===
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| There have been reports of exacerbation of [[angina]] and, in some cases, [[myocardial infarction]], following '''abrupt discontinuance''' of propranolol therapy. Therefore, when discontinuance of propranolol is planned, the dosage should be gradually reduced over at least a few weeks, and the patient should be cautioned against interruption or cessation of therapy without the physician's advice. If propranolol therapy is interrupted and exacerbation of angina occurs, it usually is advisable to reinstitute propranolol therapy and take other measures appropriate for the management of unstable angina pectoris. Since coronary artery disease may be unrecognized, it may be prudent to follow the above advice in patients considered at risk of having occult atherosclerotic heart disease who are given propranolol for other indications.
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| ===Hypersensitivity and Skin Reactions===
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| Hypersensitivity reactions, including [[anaphylactic]]/[[anaphylactoid]] reactions, have been associated with the administration of propranolol (see ADVERSE REACTIONS).
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| Cutaneous reactions, including [[Stevens-Johnson Syndrome]], [[toxic epidermal necrolysis]], exfoliative dermatitis, [[erythema multiforme]], and [[urticaria]], have been reported with use of propranolol (see ADVERSE REACTIONS).
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| ===Cardiac Failure===
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| Sympathetic stimulation may be a vital component supporting circulatory function in patients with [[congestive heart failure]], and its inhibition by beta blockade may precipitate more severe failure. Although beta blockers should be avoided in overt congestive heart failure, some have been shown to be highly beneficial when used with close follow-up in patients with a history of failure who are well compensated and are receiving diuretics as needed. Beta-adrenergic blocking agents do not abolish the inotropic action of digitalis on heart muscle.
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| In Patients without a History of [[Heart Failure]], continued use of beta blockers can, in some cases, lead to cardiac failure.
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| ===Nonallergic Bronchospasm (e.g., Chronic Bronchitis, Emphysema)===
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| In general, patients with bronchospastic lung disease should not receive beta-blockers. Propranolol should be administered with caution in this setting since it may provoke a bronchial asthmatic attack by blocking bronchodilation produced by endogenous and exogenous catecholamine stimulation of beta-receptors.
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| ===Major Surgery===
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| Chronically administered beta-blocking therapy should not be routinely withdrawn prior to major surgery, however the impaired ability of the heart to respond to reflex adrenergic stimuli may augment the risks of general anesthesia and surgical procedures.
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| ===Diabetes and Hypoglycemia===
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| Beta-adrenergic blockade may prevent the appearance of certain premonitory signs and symptoms (pulse rate and pressure changes) of acute hypoglycemia, especially in labile insulin-dependent diabetics. In these patients, it may be more difficult to adjust the dosage of insulin.
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| Propranolol therapy, particularly when given to infants and children, diabetic or not, has been associated with hypoglycemia especially during fasting as in preparation for surgery. Hypoglycemia has been reported in patients taking propranolol after prolonged physical exertion and in patients with renal insufficiency.
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| ===Thyrotoxicosis===
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| Beta-adrenergic blockade may mask certain clinical signs of [[hyperthyroidism]]. Therefore, abrupt withdrawal of propranolol may be followed by an exacerbation of symptoms of hyperthyroidism, including thyroid storm. Propranolol may change thyroid-function tests, increasing T4 and reverse T3, and decreasing T3.
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| ===Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome===
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| Beta-adrenergic blockade in patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome and tachycardia has been associated with severe [[bradycardia]] requiring treatment with a pacemaker. In one case, this result was reported after an initial dose of 5 mg propranolol.
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| ==Precautions==
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| ===General===
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| Propranolol should be used with caution in patients with impaired hepatic or renal function. Inderal LA is not indicated for the treatment of [[hypertensive emergencies]].
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| Beta-adrenergic receptor blockade can cause reduction of intraocular pressure. Patients should be told that Inderal LA may interfere with the glaucoma screening test. Withdrawal may lead to a return of increased intraocular pressure.
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| While taking beta-blockers, patients with a history of severe [[anaphylactic]] reaction to a variety of allergens may be more reactive to repeated challenge, either accidental, diagnostic, or therapeutic. Such patients may be unresponsive to the usual doses of epinephrine used to treat allergic reaction.
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| ===Clinical Laboratory Tests===
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| In patients with hypertension, use of propranolol has been associated with elevated levels of serum potassium, serum transaminases, and alkaline phosphatase. In severe [[heart failure]], the use of propranolol has been associated with '''increases in Blood Urea Nitrogen'''.
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| <ref name="dailymed.nlm.nih.gov">{{Cite web | last = | first = | title = INDERAL LA (PROPRANOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE) CAPSULE, EXTENDED RELEASE [AKRIMAX PHARMACEUTICALS, LLC] | url = http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=fce692df-1e68-465e-8dda-0cb01320608c | publisher = | date = |accessdate = }}</ref>
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| ==References==
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| {{Reflist}}
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| {{FDA}}
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| [[Category:Drugs]]
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| [[Category:Cardiovascular Drugs]]
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| [[Category:Beta blockers]]
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