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| __NOTOC__
| | #REDIRECT [[Quinapril#Warnings]] |
| {{Quinapril}}
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| {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{AM}}
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| ==Warnings==
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| ====Anaphylactoid and Possibly Related Reactions====
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| Presumably because angiotensin-converting inhibitors affect the metabolism of [[eicosanoids]] and polypeptides, including endogenous [[bradykinin]], patients receiving ACE inhibitors (including ACCUPRIL) may be subject to a variety of adverse reactions, some of them serious.
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| ====Head and Neck Angioedema====
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| [[Angioedema]] of the face, extremities, lips, tongue, glottis, and larynx has been reported in patients treated with ACE inhibitors and has been seen in 0.1% of patients receiving ACCUPRIL.
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| In two similarly sized U.S. postmarketing trials that, combined, enrolled over 3,000 black patients and over 19,000 non-blacks, [[angioedema]] was reported in 0.30% and 0.55% of blacks (in study 1 and 2 respectively) and 0.39% and 0.17% of non-blacks.
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| [[Angioedema]] associated with [[laryngeal edema]] can be fatal. If laryngeal [[stridor]] or angioedema of the face, tongue, or glottis occurs, treatment with ACCUPRIL should be discontinued immediately, the patient treated in accordance with accepted medical care, and carefully observed until the swelling disappears. In instances where swelling is confined to the face and lips, the condition generally resolves without treatment; [[antihistamines]] may be useful in relieving symptoms. Where there is involvement of the tongue, glottis, or larynx likely to cause airway obstruction, emergency therapy including, but not limited to, subcutaneous [[epinephrine]] solution 1:1000 (0.3 to 0.5 mL) should be promptly administered.
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| Patients taking concomitant [[mTOR inhibitor]] (e.g. [[temsirolimus]]) therapy may be at increased risk for angioedema.
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| ====Intestinal Angioedema====
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| Intestinal angioedema has been reported in patients treated with ACE inhibitors. These patients presented with abdominal pain (with or without nausea or vomiting); in some cases there was no prior history of [[facial angioedema]] and [[C-1 esterase]] levels were normal. The angioedema was diagnosed by procedures including abdominal CT scan or ultrasound, or at surgery, and symptoms resolved after stopping the ACE inhibitor. Intestinal angioedema should be included in the differential diagnosis of patients on ACE inhibitors presenting with [[abdominal pain]].
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| ====Patients with a history of angioedema====
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| Patients with a history of angioedema unrelated to ACE inhibitor therapy may be at increased risk of [[angioedema]] while receiving an ACE inhibitor.
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| ====Anaphylactoid reactions during desensitization====
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| Two patients undergoing desensitizing treatment with [[hymenoptera venom]] while receiving ACE inhibitors sustained life-threatening anaphylactoid reactions. In the same patients, these reactions were avoided when ACE inhibitors were temporarily withheld, but they reappeared upon inadvertent rechallenge.
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| ====Anaphylactoid reactions during membrane exposure====
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| [[Anaphylactoid reactions]] have been reported in patients dialyzed with high-flux membranes and treated concomitantly with an ACE inhibitor. Anaphylactoid reactions have also been reported in patients undergoing [[low-density lipoprotein]] apheresis with dextran sulfate absorption.
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| ====Hepatic Failure====
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| Rarely, ACE inhibitors have been associated with a syndrome that starts with [[cholestatic jaundice]] and progresses to [[fulminant hepatic necrosis]] and (sometimes) death. The mechanism of this syndrome is not understood. Patients receiving ACE inhibitors who develop [[jaundice]] or marked elevations of hepatic enzymes should discontinue the ACE inhibitor and receive appropriate medical follow-up.
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| ====Hypotension====
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| Excessive [[hypotension]] is rare in patients with uncomplicated hypertension treated with ACCUPRIL alone. Patients with heart failure given ACCUPRIL commonly have some reduction in blood pressure, but discontinuation of therapy because of continuing symptomatic hypotension usually is not necessary when dosing instructions are followed. Caution should be observed when initiating therapy in patients with [[heart failure]]. In controlled studies, syncope was observed in 0.4% of patients (N=3203); this incidence was similar to that observed for [[captopril]] (1%) and [[enalapril]] (0.8%).
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| Patients at risk of excessive hypotension, sometimes associated with [[oliguria]] and/or progressive [[azotemia]], and rarely with [[acute renal failure]] and/or death, include patients with the following conditions or characteristics: [[heart failure]], [[hyponatremia]], high dose diuretic therapy, recent intensive diuresis or increase in diuretic dose, [[renal dialysis]], or severe volume and/or salt depletion of any etiology. It may be advisable to eliminate the diuretic (except in patients with heart failure), reduce the diuretic dose or cautiously increase salt intake (except in patients with heart failure) before initiating therapy with ACCUPRIL in patients at risk for excessive hypotension who are able to tolerate such adjustments.
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| In patients at risk of excessive [[hypotension]], therapy with ACCUPRIL should be started under close medical supervision. Such patients should be followed closely for the first two weeks of treatment and whenever the dose of ACCUPRIL and/or diuretic is increased. Similar considerations may apply to patients with ischemic heart or [[cerebrovascular disease]] in whom an excessive fall in blood pressure could result in a [[myocardial infarction]] or a [[cerebrovascular accident]].
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| If excessive hypotension occurs, the patient should be placed in the supine position and, if necessary, receive an intravenous infusion of normal saline. A transient [[hypotensive]] response is not a contraindication to further doses of ACCUPRIL, which usually can be given without difficulty once the blood pressure has stabilized. If symptomatic hypotension develops, a dose reduction or discontinuation of ACCUPRIL or concomitant diuretic may be necessary.
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| ====Neutropenia/Agranulocytosis====
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| Another ACE inhibitor, captopril, has been shown to cause [[agranulocytosis]] and bone marrow depression rarely in patients with uncomplicated hypertension, but more frequently in patients with renal impairment, especially if they also have a collagen vascular disease, such as [[systemic lupus erythematosus]] or [[scleroderma]]. [[Agranulocytosis]] did occur during ACCUPRIL treatment in one patient with a history of [[neutropenia]] during previous captopril therapy. Available data from clinical trials of ACCUPRIL are insufficient to show that, in patients without prior reactions to other ACE inhibitors, ACCUPRIL does not cause [[agranulocytosis]] at similar rates. As with other ACE inhibitors, periodic monitoring of white blood cell counts in patients with collagen vascular disease and/or renal disease should be considered.
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| ====Fetal Toxicity====
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| ====Pregnancy Category D====
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| Use of drugs that act on the [[renin-angiotensin system]] during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy reduces fetal renal function and increases fetal and neonatal morbidity and death. Resulting [[oligohydramnios]] can be associated with fetal [[lung hypoplasia]] and skeletal deformations. Potential neonatal adverse effects include skull [[hypoplasia]], [[anuria]], [[hypotension]], [[renal failure]], and death. When pregnancy is detected, discontinue ACCUPRIL as soon as possible. These adverse outcomes are usually associated with use of these drugs in the second and third trimester of pregnancy. Most epidemiologic studies examining fetal abnormalities after exposure to antihypertensive use in the first trimester have not distinguished drugs affecting the renin-angiotensin system from other antihypertensive agents. Appropriate management of maternal hypertension during pregnancy is important to optimize outcomes for both mother and fetus.
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| In the unusual case that there is no appropriate alternative to therapy with drugs affecting the renin-angiotensin system for a particular patient, apprise the mother of the potential risk to the fetus. Perform serial ultrasound examinations to assess the intra-amniotic environment. If oligohydramnios is observed, discontinue ACCUPRIL, unless it is considered life-saving for the mother. Fetal testing may be appropriate, based on the week of pregnancy. Patients and physicians should be aware, however, that [[oligohydramnios]] may not appear until after the fetus has sustained irreversible injury. Closely observe infants with histories of in utero exposure to ACCUPRIL for [[hypotension]], [[oliguria]], and [[hyperkalemia]].
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| No teratogenic effects of ACCUPRIL were seen in studies of pregnant rats and rabbits. On a mg/kg basis, the doses used were up to 180 times (in rats) and one time (in rabbits) the maximum recommended human dose.
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| ===Precautions===
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| ====General====
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| ====Impaired renal function====
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| As a consequence of inhibiting the [[renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system]], changes in renal function may be anticipated in susceptible individuals. In patients with severe [[heart failure]] whose renal function may depend on the activity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, treatment with ACE inhibitors, including ACCUPRIL, may be associated with [[oliguria]] and/or progressive [[azotemia]] and rarely acute renal failure and/or death.
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| In clinical studies in hypertensive patients with unilateral or bilateral [[renal artery stenosis]], increases in blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine have been observed in some patients following ACE inhibitor therapy. These increases were almost always reversible upon discontinuation of the ACE inhibitor and/or diuretic therapy. In such patients, renal function should be monitored during the first few weeks of therapy.
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| Some patients with hypertension or heart failure with no apparent preexisting renal vascular disease have developed increases in blood urea and serum creatinine, usually minor and transient, especially when ACCUPRIL has been given concomitantly with a diuretic. This is more likely to occur in patients with preexisting renal impairment. Dosage reduction and/or discontinuation of any diuretic and/or ACCUPRIL may be required.
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| Evaluation of patients with hypertension or heart failure should always include assessment of renal function.
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| ====Hyperkalemia and potassium-sparing diuretics====
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| In clinical trials, [[hyperkalemia]] (serum potassium ≥5.8 mmol/L) occurred in approximately 2% of patients receiving ACCUPRIL. In most cases, elevated serum potassium levels were isolated values which resolved despite continued therapy. Less than 0.1% of patients discontinued therapy due to hyperkalemia. Risk factors for the development of [[hyperkalemia]] include [[renal insufficiency]], [[diabetes mellitus]], and the concomitant use of potassium-sparing diuretics, potassium supplements, and/or potassium-containing salt substitutes, which should be used cautiously, if at all, with ACCUPRIL.
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| ====Cough====
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| Presumably due to the inhibition of the degradation of endogenous [[bradykinin]], persistent non-productive cough has been reported with all ACE inhibitors, always resolving after discontinuation of therapy. ACE inhibitor-induced cough should be considered in the differential diagnosis of cough.
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| ====Surgery/anesthesia====
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| In patients undergoing major surgery or during anesthesia with agents that produce [[hypotension]], ACCUPRIL will block [[angiotensin II]] formation secondary to compensatory [[renin]] release. If hypotension occurs and is considered to be due to this mechanism, it can be corrected by volume expansion.<ref name="dailymed.nlm.nih.gov">{{Cite web | last = | first = | title = ACCUPRIL (QUINAPRIL HYDROCHLORIDE) TABLET, FILM COATED [PARKE-DAVIS DIV OF PFIZER INC] | url = http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=63cf5651-d52c-4d27-9fd4-ed9cd9724dff | publisher = | date = | accessdate = }}</ref>
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| ==References==
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| {{Reflist}}
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| {{FDA}}
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| [[Category:Cardiovascular Drugs]]
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| [[Category:Drugs]]
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