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{{Thymoma}}
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{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{AM}}
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==Overview==
==Overview==
One-third of patients have their tumors discovered because they have an associated autoimmune disorder. The most common of those conditions is [[myasthenia gravis]] (MG); 10–15% of patients with MG have a [[thymoma]] and, conversely, 30–45% of patients with thymomas have MG.
[[Symptom|Symptoms]] of thymoma include [[muscle weakness]], [[cough]], [[wheezing]], and [[dysphagia|difficulty swallowing]] in addition to the [[Symptom|symptoms]] of associated [[Immune disorder|immune syndromes]] such as [[anemia]], [[arthralgia]], and [[skin rash]].
==Signs and symptoms==
{{Seealso|Myasthenia gravis}}
 
A third of all people with a thymoma have symptoms caused by compression of the surrounding organs by an expansive mass. These problems may take the form of (compression of the [[vena cava superior|upper caval vein]]), [[dysphagia]] (difficulty swallowing), [[cough]] or [[chest pain]].<ref name="pmid10561285">{{cite journal |author=Thomas CR, Wright CD, Loehrer PJ |title=Thymoma: state of the art |journal=[[Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology]] |volume=17 |issue=7 |pages=2280–9 |year=1999 |month=July |pmid=10561285 |doi= |url=http://www.jco.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10561285 |accessdate=2012-01-18}}</ref>
 
As mentioned earlier,one-third of patients have their tumors discovered because they have an associated autoimmune disorder the most common of those conditions is [[myasthenia gravis]] (MG). Additional associated autoimmune conditions include [[pure red cell aplasia]] and [[Good's syndrome]] (thymoma with [[combined immunodeficiency]] and [[hypogammaglobulinemia]]). Other reported disease associations are with acute [[pericarditis]], [[Addison's disease]], [[agranulocytosis]], [[alopecia areata]], [[ulcerative colitis]], [[Cushing's disease]], [[hemolytic anemia]], [[limbic encephalitis]], [[myocarditis]], [[nephrotic syndrome]], [[panhypopituitarism]], [[pernicious anemia]], [[polymyositis]], [[rheumatoid arthritis]], [[sarcoidosis]], [[scleroderma]], sensorimotor [[radiculopathy]], [[stiff person syndrome]], [[systemic lupus erythematosus]] and [[thyroiditis]].
 
One-third to one-half of all persons with thymoma have no symptoms at all, and the mass is identified on a [[chest X-ray]] or [[CT]]/[[CAT scan]] performed for an unrelated problem.


A third to half of all people with a thymoma have no symptoms at all, and the mass is identified on a [[chest X-ray]] performed for an unrelated problem.<ref name="pmid10561285">{{cite journal |author=Thomas CR, Wright CD, Loehrer PJ |title=Thymoma: state of the art |journal=[[Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology]] |volume=17 |issue=7 |pages=2280–9 |year=1999 |month=July |pmid=10561285 |doi= |url=http://www.jco.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10561285 |accessdate=2012-01-18}}</ref>
==History and Symptoms==
===Symptoms of [[Mass effect (medicine)|Mass Effect]]===
Approximately 30% of the [[patients]] with thymoma have [[Symptom|symptoms]] caused by compression of the surrounding [[Organ (anatomy)|organs]], these may include:<ref name="pmid10561285">{{cite journal |author=Thomas CR, Wright CD, Loehrer PJ |title=Thymoma: state of the art |journal=[[Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology]] |volume=17 |issue=7 |pages=2280–9 |year=1999 |month=July |pmid=10561285 |doi= |url=http://www.jco.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10561285 |accessdate=2012-01-18}}</ref>
*[[Facial]] [[swelling]] (due to compression of the [[superior vena cava]])
*[[Dysphagia|Difficulty swallowing]] (due to compression of the [[esophagus]])
*[[Cough]] and [[wheezing]] (due to compression of the [[trachea]])
*[[Chest pain]] (due to local compression)


{| {{table}}
===Symptoms Related to Associated Autoimmune Diseases===
|+ List of autoimmune diseases associated<ref>{{Cite web  | last = | first = | title = http://www.iarc.fr/en/publications/pdfs-online/pat-gen/bb10/BB10.pdf | url = http://www.iarc.fr/en/publications/pdfs-online/pat-gen/bb10/BB10.pdf | publisher = | date = | accessdate = }}</ref>
Approximately 30% of the [[Patient|patients]] have [[symptoms]] of associated [[autoimmune disorders]], these may include:
*[[Muscle weakness]] (associated with [[myasthenia gravis]] and [[polymyositis]])
*[[Anemia]] (associated with [[pure red cell aplasia]])
*[[Fever]], [[chest pain]], [[cough]], and [[malaise]] (associated with [[Good's syndrome]], [[agranulocytosis]], [[combined immunodeficiency]], [[hypogammaglobulinemia]], and [[acute]] [[pericarditis]])
*[[Arthralgia]] and [[skin rash]] (associated with [[polymyositis]], [[scleroderma]], [[rheumatoid arthritis]], and [[systemic lupus erythematosus]])
*[[Anxiety]], [[diarrhea]] and [[palpitation]] (associated with [[thyroiditis]] and [[ulcerative colitis]])


! Type
===Asymptomatic===
! Diseases
Approximately 33% to 50% of the [[Patient|patients]] with thymoma have no [[symptoms]] at all, and the mass is identified [[Incidental finding|incidentally]].<ref name="pmid10561285">{{cite journal |author=Thomas CR, Wright CD, Loehrer PJ |title=Thymoma: state of the art |journal=[[Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology]] |volume=17 |issue=7 |pages=2280–9 |year=1999 |month=July |pmid=10561285 |doi= |url=http://www.jco.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10561285 |accessdate=2012-01-18}}</ref>
|-
| Neuromuscular Diseases ||[[Myasthenia gravis]], [[neuromyotonia]], [[rippling muscle disease]], [[polymyositis]]/[[dermatomyositis]], [[encephalitis]] (limbic, cortical and brain stem), [[intestinal pseudoobstruction]].
|-
| Haematologic Autoimmune Diseases ||[[Anemia]]: [[pure red cell aplasia]], [[pernicious anemia]], [[hemolytic anemia]] and [[aplastic anemia]]. Other isolated cytopenis: [[esinophils]], [[basophils]] and [[neutophils]]. Immunodeficiencies: [[hypogammaglobulinaemia]] +/- T-cell deficiencies ([[Good syndrome]]).
|-
| Dermatologic Diseases ||[[Pemphigus]] (foliaceus or paraneoplastic), [[lichen planus]], [[alopecia areata]].
|-
| Endocrine Disorders ||[[Addison disease]], [[graves disease]] and [[cushing disease]].
|-
| Renal and Hepatic Diseases ||[[Glomerulonephritis]] and [[autoimmune hepatitis]].
|-
| Systemic Autoimmune Diseases ||[[SLE]], [[sjögren syndrome]], [[systmeic sclerosis]] and [[graft-versus-host-disease]].
|}


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}


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Latest revision as of 19:32, 14 August 2019

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Amr Marawan, M.D. [2] Ahmad Al Maradni, M.D. [3]

Overview

Symptoms of thymoma include muscle weakness, cough, wheezing, and difficulty swallowing in addition to the symptoms of associated immune syndromes such as anemia, arthralgia, and skin rash.

History and Symptoms

Symptoms of Mass Effect

Approximately 30% of the patients with thymoma have symptoms caused by compression of the surrounding organs, these may include:[1]

Symptoms Related to Associated Autoimmune Diseases

Approximately 30% of the patients have symptoms of associated autoimmune disorders, these may include:

Asymptomatic

Approximately 33% to 50% of the patients with thymoma have no symptoms at all, and the mass is identified incidentally.[1]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Thomas CR, Wright CD, Loehrer PJ (1999). "Thymoma: state of the art". Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 17 (7): 2280–9. PMID 10561285. Retrieved 2012-01-18. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

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