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{{Subdural empyema}}
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==Overview==
==Overview==
Subdural empyema, also referred to as [[subdural abscess]], [[pachymeningitis interna]] and [[circumscript meningitis]], is a life-threatening [[infection]].<ref name="AgrawalTimothy2007">{{cite journal|last1=Agrawal|first1=Amit|last2=Timothy|first2=Jake|last3=Pandit|first3=Lekha|last4=Shetty|first4=Lathika|last5=Shetty|first5=J.P.|title=A Review of Subdural Empyema and Its Management|journal=Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice|volume=15|issue=3|year=2007|pages=149–153|issn=1056-9103|doi=10.1097/01.idc.0000269905.67284.c7}}</ref> It consists of a localised collection of [[pus|purulent]] material, usually unilateral, between the [[dura mater]] and the [[arachnoid mater]] and accounts for about 15-22% of the reported focal intracranial [[infections]] The [[empyema]] may develop intracranially (about 95%) or in the [[spinal canal]] (about 5%), and in both cases, it constitutes a [[medical emergency|medical]] and [[surgical emergency|neurosurgical emergency]].<ref name="pmid12521560">{{cite journal| author=Greenlee JE| title=Subdural Empyema. | journal=Curr Treat Options Neurol | year= 2003 | volume= 5 | issue= 1 | pages= 13-22 | pmid=12521560 | doi= | pmc=|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12521560  }} </ref> Following clinical evaluation, proper history taking, physical examinations and laboratory test results, the diagnosis of subdural empyema has to be confirmed by imaging studies.
Other diagnostic studies for subdural empyema include cranial [[ultrasonography]] and [[radionuclide imaging]]. However, both of these studies are considered significantly inferior to [[MRI]] and [[CT scan]].


==Cranial Ultrasonography==
==Other Diagnostic Studies==
Cranial [[ultrasonography]] is usually the first imaging mode to be ordered in infants because it's safe, cost-effective and usually differentiates subdural empyema from anechoic reactive [[subdural effusion]]. <ref name="Hendaus2013">{{cite journal|last1=Hendaus|first1=Mohammed A.|title=Subdural Empyema in Children|journal=Global Journal of Health Science|volume=5|issue=6|year=2013|issn=1916-9744|doi=10.5539/gjhs.v5n6p54}}</ref>
===Cranial Ultrasonography===
Cranial [[ultrasonography]] is usually the first imaging mode to be ordered in infants because it is safe, cost-effective, and usually differentiates subdural empyema from anechoic reactive subdural effusion.<ref name="Hendaus2013">{{cite journal|last1=Hendaus|first1=Mohammed A.|title=Subdural Empyema in Children|journal=Global Journal of Health Science|volume=5|issue=6|year=2013|issn=1916-9744|doi=10.5539/gjhs.v5n6p54}}</ref>


==Other Tests==
===Radionuclide Scan===
Other imaging tests, such as the radionuclide brain scanning and [[angiography]] have been helpful in reaching the diagnosis of subdural empyema in certain situations, however their effectiveness is much inferior than that of the [[MRI]] or [[CT]] scanning. <ref name="AgrawalTimothy2007">{{cite journal|last1=Agrawal|first1=Amit|last2=Timothy|first2=Jake|last3=Pandit|first3=Lekha|last4=Shetty|first4=Lathika|last5=Shetty|first5=J.P.|title=A Review of Subdural Empyema and Its Management|journal=Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice|volume=15|issue=3|year=2007|pages=149–153|issn=1056-9103|doi=10.1097/01.idc.0000269905.67284.c7}}</ref>
[[Radionuclide imaging]] has been used in certain situations to aid in the diagnosis of subdural empyema, however it remains largely inferior to [[MRI]] and [[CT scan]]s.<ref name="AgrawalTimothy2007">{{cite journal|last1=Agrawal|first1=Amit|last2=Timothy|first2=Jake|last3=Pandit|first3=Lekha|last4=Shetty|first4=Lathika|last5=Shetty|first5=J.P.|title=A Review of Subdural Empyema and Its Management|journal=Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice|volume=15|issue=3|year=2007|pages=149–153|issn=1056-9103|doi=10.1097/01.idc.0000269905.67284.c7}}</ref>
 
===Angiography===
[[Angiography]] has been used in certain situations to aid in the diagnosis of subdural empyema, however it remains largely inferior to [[MRI]] and [[CT scan]]s.<ref name="AgrawalTimothy2007">{{cite journal|last1=Agrawal|first1=Amit|last2=Timothy|first2=Jake|last3=Pandit|first3=Lekha|last4=Shetty|first4=Lathika|last5=Shetty|first5=J.P.|title=A Review of Subdural Empyema and Its Management|journal=Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice|volume=15|issue=3|year=2007|pages=149–153|issn=1056-9103|doi=10.1097/01.idc.0000269905.67284.c7}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}


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[[Category:Infectious disease]]


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Latest revision as of 18:53, 18 September 2017

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: João André Alves Silva, M.D. [2]; Anthony Gallo, B.S. [3]

Overview

Other diagnostic studies for subdural empyema include cranial ultrasonography and radionuclide imaging. However, both of these studies are considered significantly inferior to MRI and CT scan.

Other Diagnostic Studies

Cranial Ultrasonography

Cranial ultrasonography is usually the first imaging mode to be ordered in infants because it is safe, cost-effective, and usually differentiates subdural empyema from anechoic reactive subdural effusion.[1]

Radionuclide Scan

Radionuclide imaging has been used in certain situations to aid in the diagnosis of subdural empyema, however it remains largely inferior to MRI and CT scans.[2]

Angiography

Angiography has been used in certain situations to aid in the diagnosis of subdural empyema, however it remains largely inferior to MRI and CT scans.[2]

References

  1. Hendaus, Mohammed A. (2013). "Subdural Empyema in Children". Global Journal of Health Science. 5 (6). doi:10.5539/gjhs.v5n6p54. ISSN 1916-9744.
  2. 2.0 2.1 Agrawal, Amit; Timothy, Jake; Pandit, Lekha; Shetty, Lathika; Shetty, J.P. (2007). "A Review of Subdural Empyema and Its Management". Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice. 15 (3): 149–153. doi:10.1097/01.idc.0000269905.67284.c7. ISSN 1056-9103.


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