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| __NOTOC__
| | #REDIRECT [[Methyldopa#Warnings]] |
| {{Methyldopa}}
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| {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{AK}}
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| ==Precautions==
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| ===General===
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| Methyldopa should be used with caution in patients with a history of previous liver disease or dysfunction (see [[Methyldopa tablet warnings|WARNINGS]]).
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| Some patients taking methyldopa experience clinical [[edema ]]or weight gain which may be controlled by use of a [[diuretic]]. Methyldopa should not be continued if edema progresses or signs of heart failure appear.
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| [[Hypertension ]]has recurred occasionally after [[dialysis ]]in patients given methyldopa because the drug is removed by this procedure.
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| Rarely, involuntary choreoathetotic movements have been observed during therapy with methyldopa in patients with severe bilateral cerebrovascular disease. Should these movements occur, stop therapy.
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| ===Laboratory Tests===
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| [[Blood count]], [[Coombs test]] and liver function tests are recommended before initiating therapy and at periodic intervals (see [[Methyldopa tablet warnings|WARNINGS]]).
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| ===Drug Interactions===
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| When methyldopa is used with other [[antihypertensive ]]drugs, potentiation of antihypertensive effect may occur. Patients should be followed carefully to detect side reactions or unusual manifestations of drug idiosyncrasy.
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| Patients may require reduced doses of anesthetics when on methyldopa. If hypotension does occur during [[anesthesia]], it usually can be controlled by [[vasopressors]]. The adrenergic receptors remain sensitive during treatment with methyldopa.
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| When methyldopa and lithium are given concomitantly, the patient should be carefully monitored for symptoms of lithium toxicity. Read the circular for [[lithium ]]preparations.
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| Several studies demonstrate a decrease in the bioavailability of methyldopa when it is ingested with [[ferrous sulfate]] or [[ferrous gluconate]]. This may adversely affect blood pressure control in patients treated with methyldopa. Coadministration of methyldopa with ferrous sulfate or ferrous gluconate is not recommended.
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| [[Monoamine oxidase]] (MAO) inhibitors: See CONTRAINDICATIONS. | |
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| ===Drug/Laboratory Test Interactions===
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| Methyldopa may interfere with measurement of: urinary uric acid by the phosphotungstate method, serum [[creatinine ]]by the alkaline picrate method, and [[SGOT ]]by colorimetric methods. Interference with spectrophotometric methods for [[SGOT ]]analysis has not been reported. | |
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| Since methyldopa causes fluorescence in urine samples at the same wave lengths as catecholamines, falsely high levels of urinary [[catecholamines ]]may be reported. This will interfere with the diagnosis of [[pheochromocytoma]]. It is important to recognize this phenomenon before a patient with a possible pheochromocytoma is subjected to surgery. Methyldopa does not interfere with measurement of VMA ([[vanillylmandelic acid]]), a test for pheochromocytoma, by those methods which convert VMA to vanillin. Methyldopa is not recommended for the treatment of patients with [[pheochromocytoma]]. Rarely, when urine is exposed to air after voiding, it may darken because of breakdown of methyldopa or its metabolites.
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| ===Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility===
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| No evidence of a tumorigenic effect was seen when methyldopa was given for two years to mice at doses up to 1800 mg/kg/day or to rats at doses up to 240 mg/kg/day (30 and 4 times the maximum recommended human dose in mice and rats, respectively, when compared on the basis of body weight; 2.5 and 0.6 times the maximum recommended human dose in mice and rats, respectively, when compared on the basis of body surface area; calculations assume a patient weight of 50 kg).
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| Methyldopa was not mutagenic in the Ames Test and did not increase chromosomal aberration or sister chromatid exchanges in Chinese hamster ovary cells. These in vitro studies were carried out both with and without exogenous metabolic activation.
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| Fertility was unaffected when methyldopa was given to male and female rats at 100 mg/kg/day (1.7 times the maximum daily human dose when compared on the basis of body weight; 0.2 times the maximum daily human dose when compared on the basis of body surface area). Methyldopa decreased sperm count, sperm motility, the number of late [[spermatids ]]and the male fertility index when given to male rats at 200 and 400 mg/kg/day (3.3 and 6.7 times the maximum daily human dose when compared on the basis of body weight; 0.5 and 1 times the maximum daily human dose when compared on the basis of body surface area).
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| ===Pregnancy===
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| Teratogenic Effects. '''Pregnancy Category B'''
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| Reproduction studies performed with methyldopa at oral doses up to 1000 mg/kg in mice, 200 mg/kg in rabbits and 100 mg/kg in rats revealed no evidence of harm to the fetus. These doses are 16.6 times, 3.3 times and 1.7 times, respectively, the maximum daily human dose when compared on the basis of body weight; 1.4 times, 1.1 times and 0.2 times, respectively, when compared on the basis of body surface area; calculations assume a patient weight of 50 kg. There are, however, no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women in the first trimester of pregnancy. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, methyldopa should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed.
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| Published reports of the use of methyldopa during all trimesters indicate that if this drug is used during pregnancy the possibility of fetal harm appears remote. In five studies, three of which were controlled, involving 332 pregnant hypertensive women, treatment with methyldopa was associated with an improved fetal outcome. The majority of these women were in the third trimester when methyldopa therapy was begun.
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| In one study, women who had begun methyldopa treatment between weeks 16 and 20 of pregnancy gave birth to infants whose average head circumference was reduced by a small amount (34.2 ± 1.7 cm vs. 34.6 ± 1.3 cm [mean ± 1 S.D.]). Long-term follow-up of 195 (97.5%) of the children born to methyldopa-treated pregnant women (including those who began treatment between weeks 16 and 20) failed to uncover any significant adverse effect on the children. At four years of age, the developmental delay commonly seen in children born to hypertensive mothers was less evident in those whose mothers were treated with methyldopa during pregnancy than those whose mothers were untreated. The children of the treated group scored consistently higher than the children of the untreated group on five major indices of intellectual and motor development. At age 7 and one-half developmental scores and intelligence indices showed no significant differences in children of treated or untreated hypertensive women.
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| ===Nursing Mothers===
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| Methyldopa appears in breast milk. Therefore, caution should be exercised when methyldopa is given to a nursing woman.
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| ===Pediatric Use===
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| There are no well-controlled clinical trials in pediatric patients. Information on dosing in pediatric patients is supported by evidence from published literature regarding the treatment of hypertension in pediatric patients. (See [[Methyldopa tablet dosage and administration|DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION]].)
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| ===Geriatric Use===
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| Of the total number of subjects (1685) in clinical studies of methyldopa, 223 patients were 65 years of age and over while 33 patients were 75 years of age and over. No overall differences in safety or effectiveness were observed between these subjects and younger subjects, and other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients, but greater sensitivity of some older individuals cannot be ruled out. (See [[Methyldopa tablet dosage and administration|DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION]].)
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| This drug is known to be substantially excreted by the kidney, and the risk of toxic reactions to this drug may be greater in patients with impaired renal function. Because elderly patients are more likely to have decreased renal function, care should be taken in dose selection and it may be useful to monitor renal function.<ref name="dailymed.nlm.nih.gov">{{Cite web | last = | first = | title = METHYLDOPA TABLET [CARDINAL HEALTH] | url = http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=d87d63fd-48f7-4130-af03-5e263c338fe4 | publisher = | date = | accessdate = 10 March 2014 }}</ref>
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| ==References==
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| {{Reflist|2}}
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| [[Category:Cardiovascular Drugs]]
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| [[Category:Drugs]]
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