Pulmonary embolism treatment approach: Difference between revisions
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__NOTOC__ | __NOTOC__ | ||
'''To go back to the wikidoc page on [[VTE]], click [[Venous thromboembolism|click here]]''' | |||
{| class="infobox" style="float:right;" | |||
|- | |||
| [[File:Siren.gif|30px|link=Pulmonary embolism resident survival guide]]|| <br> || <br> | |||
| [[Pulmonary embolism resident survival guide|'''Resident'''<br>'''Survival'''<br>'''Guide''']] | |||
|} | |||
{{Pulmonary embolism}} | {{Pulmonary embolism}} | ||
'''Editor(s)-In-Chief:''' [[C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D.]] [mailto:charlesmichaelgibson@gmail.com], {{ATI}}; '''Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief:''' [[Kashish Goel|Kashish Goel, M.D.]] | '''Editor(s)-In-Chief:''' [[C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D.]] [mailto:charlesmichaelgibson@gmail.com], {{ATI}}; '''Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief:''' [[Kashish Goel|Kashish Goel, M.D.]]; {{Rim}} | ||
'''This page provides algorithms about the treatment choices. For more details about the medical therapy, click [[pulmonary embolism medical therapy|here]]. For more details about embolectomy, click [[pulmonary embolism embolectomy|here]].''' | |||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Prompt recognition, diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary embolism is critical. [[Anticoagulant]] therapy is the mainstay of treatment for patients who are hemodynamically stable. If hemodynamic compromise is present, then fibrinolytic therapy is recommended. | Prompt recognition, diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary embolism is critical. [[Anticoagulant]] therapy is the mainstay of treatment for patients who are [[hemodynamically]] stable. If [[hemodynamic ]]compromise is present, then [[fibrinolytic]] therapy is recommended. | ||
== | ==Step 1: Confirm PE== | ||
Shown below is an algorithm depicting the initial diagnostic approach to pulmonary embolism.<ref name="pmid18757870">{{cite journal| author=Torbicki A, Perrier A, Konstantinides S, Agnelli G, Galiè N, Pruszczyk P et al.| title=Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism: the Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Acute Pulmonary Embolism of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). | journal=Eur Heart J | year= 2008 | volume= 29 | issue= 18 | pages= 2276-315 | pmid=18757870 | doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehn310 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18757870 }} </ref><ref name="pmid22315268">{{cite journal| author=Kearon C, Akl EA, Comerota AJ, Prandoni P, Bounameaux H, Goldhaber SZ et al.| title=Antithrombotic therapy for VTE disease: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. | journal=Chest | year= 2012 | volume= 141 | issue= 2 Suppl | pages= e419S-94S | pmid=22315268 | doi=10.1378/chest.11-2301 | pmc=PMC3278049 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22315268 }} </ref> | |||
{{familytree/start}} | {{familytree/start}} | ||
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | A01 | | | | | |A01= | {{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | A00 | | | | | A00= '''Does the patient who is suspected to have PE have [[hypotension]] or [[shock]]?'''}} | ||
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | }} | {{familytree | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| }} | ||
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | B01 | | | | | |B01=Assess | {{familytree | | | | | | | A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | A02 | A01= Yes| A02= No}} | ||
{{familytree | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-| | {{familytree | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| }} | ||
{{familytree | | C01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | {{familytree | | | | | | | A02 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | A03 | A02= '''Suspected high-risk PE'''| A03= '''Suspected non-high risk PE'''}} | ||
{{familytree | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| }} | {{familytree | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| }} | ||
{{familytree | | D01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | {{familytree | | | | | | | A04 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| A04= ''Administer [[anticoagulation]]'' <br>''(in case there are no contraindications)''<br>''during the diagnostic workup''}} | ||
{{familytree | | |!| | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-| | {{familytree | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| }} | ||
{{familytree | | | {{familytree | | | | | | | B01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | B02| B01= '''Is a [[CT]] available immediately?'''| B02= '''What is the pretest probability of PE?''' <br> Assess the pretest probability of PE<br> by using one of the risk score:<br> - [[Wells score]] <br> - [[Geneva score]] <br> - [[PERC]]}} | ||
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | | |!| | }} | {{familytree | | | |,|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | |,|-|v|-|^|-|-|.| | }} | ||
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | {{familytree | | | C01 | | | | | | | | | | C02 | | | | | |!| |!| | | | |!| | C01= No| C02= Yes}} | ||
{{familytree | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | |!| |!| | | | |!| | }} | |||
{{familytree | | | D01 | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | |!| |!| | | | |!| | D01= '''Order [[echocardiography]]'''}} | |||
{{familytree | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | |!| |!| | | | |!| | }} | |||
{{familytree | | | E01 | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | E02 | | E03 | | E04 | E01= '''Does the patient have [[RV]] overload?'''| E02= '''Low pretest probability''' |E03= '''Intermediate pretest probability'''| E04= '''High pretest probability''' <br>OR<br> '''PE is likely'''}} | |||
{{familytree | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | |!| |!| | | | |!| }} | |||
{{familytree | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | |!| | N01 | | N02 | N01= ''Administer [[anticoagulation]]'' <br>''(in case there are no contraindications)''<br>''during the diagnostic workup''|N02= ''Administer [[anticoagulation]]'' <br>''(in case there are no contraindications)''<br>''during the diagnostic workup''}} | |||
{{familytree | |,|-|^|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | |!| | | | | | |!| |!| | | | |!| | }} | |||
{{familytree | F01 | | | | F02 | | | | | | F03 | | | | | | F04 | | | | |!| F01= No| F02= Yes| F03= '''Order [[CT]]'''| F04= '''Order [[D-dimer]]'''}} | |||
{{familytree | |!| | | | | |!| | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | |!| }} | |||
{{familytree | |!| | | | | |!| | | | | G02 | | G03 | | G04 | | G05 | | |!| G01= | G02= Positive| G03= Negative| G04= Positive| G05= Negative}} | |||
{{familytree | |!| | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| }} | |||
{{familytree | |!| | | H01 | | H02 | | |!| | | |!| | | H03 | | H04 | | H05 | | | H01= Is the patient unstable <br> OR<br> no other tests are available?| H02=Is the patient stabilized <br> AND <br> CT is now available?| H03= '''Order CT'''| H04= PE is excluded| H05= '''Order [[CT]]'''}} | |||
{{familytree | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |)|-|-|-|.| | | |)|-|-|-|.| | }} | |||
{{familytree | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | L01 | | L02 | | L03 | | L04 | L01= Positive| L02= Negative| L03= Positive| L04= Negative}} | |||
{{familytree | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | }} | |||
{{familytree | I01 | | I02 | | I03 | | I04 | | I05 | | I06 | | I07 | | I08 | | I09 | I01= PE is excluded| I02= Consider [[thrombolytic therapy]] or [[embolectomy]]| I03= Order CT| I04= PE is confirmed| I05=PE is excluded| I06= PE is confirmed| I07= PE is excluded| I08= PE is confirmed| I09= PE is excluded}} | |||
{{familytree | | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | }} | |||
{{familytree | | | | | | | J01 | | J02 | | | J01= Positive for PE| J02= Negative for PE}} | |||
{{familytree | | | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | | }} | |||
{{familytree | | | | | | | K01 | | K02 | | | K01= PE is confirmed| K02= PE is excluded}} | |||
{{familytree/end}} | {{familytree/end}} | ||
==== | ==Step 2: Initial Treatment== | ||
Shown below is an algorithm depicting the initial management of pulmonary embolism.<ref name="pmid18757870">{{cite journal| author=Torbicki A, Perrier A, Konstantinides S, Agnelli G, Galiè N, Pruszczyk P et al.| title=Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism: the Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Acute Pulmonary Embolism of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). | journal=Eur Heart J | year= 2008 | volume= 29 | issue= 18 | pages= 2276-315 | pmid=18757870 | doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehn310 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18757870 }} </ref><ref name="pmid22315268">{{cite journal| author=Kearon C, Akl EA, Comerota AJ, Prandoni P, Bounameaux H, Goldhaber SZ et al.| title=Antithrombotic therapy for VTE disease: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. | journal=Chest | year= 2012 | volume= 141 | issue= 2 Suppl | pages= e419S-94S | pmid=22315268 | doi=10.1378/chest.11-2301 | pmc=PMC3278049 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22315268 }} </ref> | |||
{{familytree/start}} | |||
==== | {{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | A01= '''Assess the severity of pulmonary embolism'''}} | ||
[[ | {{familytree | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | }} | ||
{{familytree | | | B01 | | | | | | B02 | | | | | | B03 | | | | B01= '''Massive PE''' <br> ''(also known as high-risk PE)'' <br> [[Cardiogenic shock]] <br> OR<br> Persistent [[hypotension]] (≤90mmHg)<br> OR<br> Drop of the [[blood pressure]] by ≥ 40mmHg for > 15 min<ref name="pmid16009801">{{cite journal| author=Kucher N, Goldhaber SZ| title=Management of massive pulmonary embolism. | journal=Circulation | year= 2005 | volume= 112 | issue= 2 | pages= e28-32 | pmid=16009801 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.551374 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16009801 }} </ref><br> OR <br> [[Pulselessness]] <br> OR<br> Profound bradycardia (<40 bpm) with findings of shock<ref name="pmid21422387">{{cite journal| author=Jaff MR, McMurtry MS, Archer SL, Cushman M, Goldenberg N, Goldhaber SZ et al.| title=Management of massive and submassive pulmonary embolism, iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis, and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. | journal=Circulation | year= 2011 | volume= 123 | issue= 16 | pages= 1788-830 | pmid=21422387 | doi=10.1161/CIR.0b013e318214914f | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21422387 }} </ref>| B02= '''Submassive PE''' <br> ''(also know as intermediate-risk PE)'' <br> Right ventricular dysfunction <br> AND/OR <br> Myocardial injury (Troponin +)| B03= '''Low-risk PE''' <br> No [[cardiogenic shock]] <br> AND <br> No hypotension <br> AND <br> No right ventricular dysfunction <br> AND <br> No myocardial injury (Troponin -)}} | |||
{{familytree | | | |!| | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | |!| | | | | }} | |||
{{familytree | | | B04 | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | |!| | | | | B04= '''Provide hemodynamic and respiratory support''' <br> | |||
Begin high dose unfractionated heparin | |||
<ref name="pmid16009801">{{cite journal| author=Kucher N, Goldhaber SZ| title=Management of massive pulmonary embolism. | journal=Circulation | year= 2005 | volume= 112 | issue= 2 | pages= e28-32 | pmid=16009801 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.551374 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16009801 }} </ref>: Bolus 10.000 U | |||
: Continuous infusion of at least 1250 U/hour for a targeted [[apTT]] of at least 80 s | |||
Administer rapidly 500-1000 mL of normal saline (Caution with fluid overload)<ref name="pmid16009801">{{cite journal| author=Kucher N, Goldhaber SZ| title=Management of massive pulmonary embolism. | journal=Circulation | year= 2005 | volume= 112 | issue= 2 | pages= e28-32 | pmid=16009801 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.551374 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16009801 }} </ref><br> | |||
Have a low threshold for ionotropes (dopamine or dobutamine)<ref name="pmid16009801">{{cite journal| author=Kucher N, Goldhaber SZ| title=Management of massive pulmonary embolism. | journal=Circulation | year= 2005 | volume= 112 | issue= 2 | pages= e28-32 | pmid=16009801 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.551374 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16009801 }} </ref><br> | |||
Administer oxygen for hypoxemic patients<ref name="pmid16009801">{{cite journal| author=Kucher N, Goldhaber SZ| title=Management of massive pulmonary embolism. | journal=Circulation | year= 2005 | volume= 112 | issue= 2 | pages= e28-32 | pmid=16009801 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.551374 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16009801 }} </ref><br>}} | |||
{{familytree | | | |!| | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | |!| | | | | }} | |||
{{familytree | | | C01 | | | | | | C02 | | | | | | C03 | | | | C01= '''Is there any contraindication for fibrinolytic therapy?'''| C02= '''Is there any contraindication for anticoagulation therapy?'''| C03= '''Is there any contraindication for anticoagulation therapy?'''}} | |||
{{familytree | |,|-|^|-|.| | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | }} | |||
{{familytree | D01 | | D02 | | D03 | | D04 | | D05 | | D06 | | D01= NO| D02= YES| D03= NO|D04= YES| D05= NO| D06= YES}} | |||
{{familytree | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | }} | |||
{{familytree | E01 | | E02 | | E03 | | E04 | | E05 | | E06 | | E01= Discontinue unfractionated heparin <br> AND <br> Begin fibrinolytic therapy| E02= Surgical pulmonary embolectomy <br> OR <br> Percutaneous catheter embolectomy| E03= Anticoagulation therapy <br> AND <br> Hospital admission|E04= IVC filter <br> AND <br>Hospital admission| E05= Anticoagulation therapy<br> AND <br> Early discharge/home treatment| E06= IVC filter <br> AND <br> Early discharge/home treatment}} | |||
{{familytree | |!| | | | | | | | |!| |!| | | | }} | |||
{{familytree | F01 | | | | | | | | F02 | | | | F01= '''Does the patient fail to improve''' <br> OR <br> '''Develop [[cardiogenic shock]]?'''<br> OR <br> '''Develop [[hypotension]]?'''| F02= '''Does the patient fail to improve''' <br> OR <br> '''Develop [[cardiogenic shock]]?'''<br> OR <br> '''Develop [[hypotension]] (<90 mmHg)?''' <br> OR <br> '''Develop respiratory distress (SaO2<95% with Borg score>8 or altered mental status)''' <br> OR <br> '''Have moderate to severe RV dysfunction (RV hypokinesis or estimated RVSP>40 mmHg)''' <br> OR <br> '''Elevated biomarkers (troponin> upper limit of normal, BNP>100 pg/mL, or pro-BNP>900 pg/mL)'''<ref name="pmid21422387">{{cite journal| author=Jaff MR, McMurtry MS, Archer SL, Cushman M, Goldenberg N, Goldhaber SZ et al.| title=Management of massive and submassive pulmonary embolism, iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis, and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. | journal=Circulation | year= 2011 | volume= 123 | issue= 16 | pages= 1788-830 | pmid=21422387 | doi=10.1161/CIR.0b013e318214914f | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21422387 }} </ref>}} | |||
{{familytree |,|^|-|-|-|.| | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | }} | |||
{{familytree | F03 | | F04 | | F05 | | F06 | | | F03= YES| F04= NO| F05= YES| F06= NO}} | |||
{{familytree | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| }} | |||
{{familytree | G01 | | G02 | | G03 | | G04 | | G01= Surgical pulmonary embolectomy <br> OR <br> Percutaneous catheter embolectomy|G02= Continue with the same treatment| G03= '''Is there any contraindication for fibrinolytic therapy?'''| G04= Continue with the same treatment}} | |||
{{familytree | | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | }} | |||
{{familytree | | | | | | | H01 | | H02 | | H01= NO| H02= YES}} | |||
{{familytree | | | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | | }} | |||
{{familytree | | | | | | | I01 | | I02 | | I01=Hold anticoagulation and give thrombolytics| I02= Surgical pulmonary embolectomy <br> OR <br> Percutaneous catheter embolectomy}} | |||
{{familytree | | | | | | | |!| | | }} | |||
{{familytree | | | | | | | J01 | | J01= '''Does the patient fail to improve?''' }} | |||
{{familytree | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| }} | |||
{{familytree | | | | | K01 | | K02 | K01= YES | K02= NO }} | |||
{{familytree | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | }} | |||
{{familytree | | | | | L01 | | L02 | L01= Surgical pulmonary embolectomy <br> OR <br> Percutaneous catheter embolectomy| L02= Continue with the same treatment}} | |||
{{familytree/end}} | |||
=== | ===Initial Anticoagulation Therapy=== | ||
{{ | {{Family tree/start}} | ||
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | {{familytree | | | | A01 | | | | | | A01= <div style="float: left; text-align: left; width: 15em; padding:1em;">'''Begin initial [[anticoagulation therapy]] in:''' <br> ❑ '''Confirmed PE''' <br>OR <br> ❑ '''High or intermediate probability of PE while awaiting the diagnostic tests''' </div>}} | ||
{{familytree | | | | |!| | | | | | | }} | |||
{{familytree | | | | B01 | | | | | | B01= <div style="float: left; text-align: left; width: 15em; padding:1em;">'''Is the patient high risk or non-high risk?''' </div>}} | |||
{{familytree | |,|-|-|^|-|-|.| | | | }} | |||
{{familytree | C01 | | | | C02 | | | C01= '''[[Pulmonary embolism classification#Massive Pulmonary Embolism|High risk]]'''| C02= '''[[Pulmonary embolism classification|Non-high risk]]'''}} | |||
{{familytree | | | |!| | | | | | | {{familytree | |!| | | | | |!| | | | }} | ||
{{familytree | | {{familytree | D01 | | | | D02 | | | D01= | ||
{{familytree | <div style="float: left; text-align: left; width: 15em; padding:1em;">❑ Administer IV [[unfractionated heparin]]<ref name="pmid22315259">{{cite journal| author=Holbrook A, Schulman S, Witt DM, Vandvik PO, Fish J, Kovacs MJ et al.| title=Evidence-based management of anticoagulant therapy: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. | journal=Chest | year= 2012 | volume= 141 | issue= 2 Suppl | pages= e152S-84S | pmid=22315259 | doi=10.1378/chest.11-2295 | pmc=PMC3278055 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22315259 }} </ref> | ||
</div>| D02= <div style="float: left; text-align: left; width: 15em; padding:1em;">'''Does the patient have:''' <br> ❑ '''High risk of [[bleeding]]''' <br> OR <br> ❑ '''Severe [[renal failure]]?''' </div>}} | |||
{{familytree | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | }} | |||
{{familytree | | | | | | | {{familytree | | | | | E01 | | E02 | E01= '''Yes'''| E02= '''No'''}} | ||
{{familytree | {{familytree | | | | | |!| | | |!| | }} | ||
{{familytree | | | | | | | | {{familytree | | | | | F01 | | F02 | F01= <div style="float: left; text-align: left; width: 15em; padding:1em;">❑ Administer [[unfractionated heparin]]:<ref name="pmid18757870">{{cite journal| author=Torbicki A, Perrier A, Konstantinides S, Agnelli G, Galiè N, Pruszczyk P et al.| title=Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism: the Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Acute Pulmonary Embolism of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). | journal=Eur Heart J | year= 2008 | volume= 29 | issue= 18 | pages= 2276-315 | pmid=18757870 | doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehn310 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18757870 }} </ref> | ||
{{ | :❑ IV injection<br> OR<br> | ||
:❑ SC injection</div>| F02= <div style="float: left; text-align: left; width: 15em; padding:1em;">❑ Administer ONE of the following:<ref name="pmid22315259">{{cite journal| author=Holbrook A, Schulman S, Witt DM, Vandvik PO, Fish J, Kovacs MJ et al.| title=Evidence-based management of anticoagulant therapy: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. | journal=Chest | year= 2012 | volume= 141 | issue= 2 Suppl | pages= e152S-84S | pmid=22315259 | doi=10.1378/chest.11-2295 | pmc=PMC3278055 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22315259 }} </ref> | |||
:❑ SC [[low molecular weight heparin]] (1st line) | |||
:❑ SC [[fondaparinux]] (1st line) | |||
{{familytree | :❑ IV [[unfractionated heparin]] | ||
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | :❑ SC [[unfractionated heparin]] | ||
{{familytree | | | | | | | </div>}} | ||
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | |||
{{ | |||
{{ | |||
{{familytree/end}} | {{familytree/end}} | ||
== | ==Step 3: Long Term Anticoagulation Therapy== | ||
The long term management of [[PE]] depends on whether the episode is the first one or not, whether it is provoked or unprovoked, and on the risk of bleeding of the patient. Among non cancer patients, the first line therapy for long term management of [[PE]] is [[vitamin K antagonist]]s (VKA); whereas the first line treatment among cancer patients is [[low molecular weight heparin]]. '''If long term treatment with VKA is decided, VKA should be started at the same day with heparin allowing for at least 5 days of overlap until the [[INR]] is ≥2 for at least 24 hours'''. Among patients on extended [[anticoagulation therapy]], the risk vs benefits of the [[anticoagulation therapy]] should be assessed regularly (for example annually).<ref name="pmid22315268">{{cite journal| author=Kearon C, Akl EA, Comerota AJ, Prandoni P, Bounameaux H, Goldhaber SZ et al.| title=Antithrombotic therapy for VTE disease: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. | journal=Chest | year= 2012 | volume= 141 | issue= 2 Suppl | pages= e419S-94S | pmid=22315268 | doi=10.1378/chest.11-2301 | pmc=PMC3278049 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22315268 }} </ref> | |||
The | |||
{{Family tree/start}} | |||
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | A01 | | | | | | | | A01= '''Is this the first episode of PE?'''}} | |||
{{familytree | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|.| | | | }} | |||
{{familytree | | | | | B01 | | | | | | | | B02 | | | B01= '''YES'''| B02= '''NO'''}} | |||
{{familytree | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | |!| | | | }} | |||
{{familytree | | | | | C01 | | | | | | | | C02 | | | C01= '''Is PE provoked?'''| C02= '''[[Pulmonary embolism resident survival guide#Assessment of Risk of Bleeding|What is the risk of bleeding?]]'''}} | |||
{{familytree | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | | |,|-|^|-|.| | }} | |||
{{familytree | D01 | | D02 | | D03 | | D04 | | D05 | | D01= '''Yes, transient reversible risk factor'''| D02= '''Yes, [[cancer]]'''| D03= '''No (unprovoked)'''| D04= '''[[Pulmonary embolism resident survival guide#Assessment of Risk of Bleeding|Low or moderate]]'''| D05= '''[[Pulmonary embolism resident survival guide#Assessment of Risk of Bleeding|High]]'''}} | |||
{{familytree | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | }} | |||
{{familytree | E01 | | E02 | | E03 | | E04 | | E05 | | E01= '''Therapy for 3 months'''<br><div style="float: left; text-align: left; padding:1em;">❑ [[VKA]] (first line)<br> OR <br> ❑ [[LMWH]] <br> OR <br> ❑ [[Dabigatran]] <br> OR <br> ❑ [[Rivaroxaban]] </div>| E02= '''Extended therapy or until cancer is cured'''<br><div style="float: left; text-align: left; padding:1em;">❑ [[LMWH]] (first line)<br> OR <br> ❑ [[VKA]] <br> OR <br> ❑ [[Dabigatran]] <br> OR <br> ❑ [[Rivaroxaban]] </div>| E03= '''Therapy for ≥ 3 months'''<br><div style="float: left; text-align: left; padding:1em;">❑ [[VKA]] (first line)<br> OR <br> ❑ [[LMWH]] <br> OR <br> ❑ [[Dabigatran]] <br> OR <br> ❑ [[Rivaroxaban]] </div>| E04= '''Extended therapy'''<br><div style="float: left; text-align: left; padding:1em;">❑ [[VKA]] (first line)<br> OR <br> ❑ [[LMWH]] <br> OR <br> ❑ [[Dabigatran]] <br> OR <br> ❑ [[Rivaroxaban]] </div>| E05= '''Therapy for 3 months'''<br><div style="float: left; text-align: left; padding:1em;">❑ [[VKA]] (first line)<br> OR <br> ❑ [[LMWH]] <br> OR <br> ❑ [[Dabigatran]] <br> OR <br> ❑ [[Rivaroxaban]] </div>}} | |||
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | }} | |||
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | F01 | | | | | | | | | F01= '''[[Pulmonary embolism resident survival guide#Assessment of Risk of Bleeding|Re-assess the risk of bleeding]]'''}} | |||
{{familytree | | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | | | | | }} | |||
{{familytree | | | | | | | G01 | | G02 | | | | | | | G01= '''[[Pulmonary embolism resident survival guide#Assessment of Risk of Bleeding|Low or moderate]]'''| G02= '''[[Pulmonary embolism resident survival guide#Assessment of Risk of Bleeding|High]]'''}} | |||
{{familytree | | | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | | | | | | }} | |||
{{familytree | | | | | | | H01 | | H02 | | | | | | | H01= '''Extended therapy'''| H02= '''Do not extend the therapy beyond the initial 3 months'''}} | |||
{{familytree/end}} | |||
''' | |||
''' | |||
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''Note that [[edoxaban]]<ref name="pmid23991658">{{cite journal| author=Hokusai-VTE Investigators. Büller HR, Décousus H, Grosso MA, Mercuri M, Middeldorp S et al.| title=Edoxaban versus warfarin for the treatment of symptomatic venous thromboembolism. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2013 | volume= 369 | issue= 15 | pages= 1406-15 | pmid=23991658 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1306638 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23991658 }} [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24445714 Review in: Ann Intern Med. 2014 Jan 21;160(2):JC4] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24638182 Review in: Ann Intern Med. 2014 Mar 18;160(6):JC4] </ref> has been evaluated for the treatment of [[VTE]] and is currently seeking approval for this indication.'' | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist|2}} | {{Reflist|2}} | ||
{{WH}} | |||
{{WS}} | |||
[[Category:Hematology]] | [[Category:Hematology]] | ||
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[[Category:Emergency medicine]] | [[Category:Emergency medicine]] | ||
[[Category:Intensive care medicine]] | [[Category:Intensive care medicine]] | ||
Latest revision as of 23:53, 29 July 2020
To go back to the wikidoc page on VTE, click click here
![]() |
Resident Survival Guide |
Pulmonary Embolism Microchapters |
Diagnosis |
---|
Pulmonary Embolism Assessment of Probability of Subsequent VTE and Risk Scores |
Treatment |
Follow-Up |
Special Scenario |
Trials |
Case Studies |
Pulmonary embolism treatment approach On the Web |
Directions to Hospitals Treating Pulmonary embolism treatment approach |
Risk calculators and risk factors for Pulmonary embolism treatment approach |
Editor(s)-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1], The APEX Trial Investigators; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Kashish Goel, M.D.; Rim Halaby, M.D. [2]
This page provides algorithms about the treatment choices. For more details about the medical therapy, click here. For more details about embolectomy, click here.
Overview
Prompt recognition, diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary embolism is critical. Anticoagulant therapy is the mainstay of treatment for patients who are hemodynamically stable. If hemodynamic compromise is present, then fibrinolytic therapy is recommended.
Step 1: Confirm PE
Shown below is an algorithm depicting the initial diagnostic approach to pulmonary embolism.[1][2]
Does the patient who is suspected to have PE have hypotension or shock? | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Suspected high-risk PE | Suspected non-high risk PE | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Administer anticoagulation (in case there are no contraindications) during the diagnostic workup | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Is a CT available immediately? | What is the pretest probability of PE? Assess the pretest probability of PE by using one of the risk score: - Wells score - Geneva score - PERC | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
No | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Order echocardiography | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Does the patient have RV overload? | Low pretest probability | Intermediate pretest probability | High pretest probability OR PE is likely | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Administer anticoagulation (in case there are no contraindications) during the diagnostic workup | Administer anticoagulation (in case there are no contraindications) during the diagnostic workup | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
No | Yes | Order CT | Order D-dimer | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Positive | Negative | Positive | Negative | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Is the patient unstable OR no other tests are available? | Is the patient stabilized AND CT is now available? | Order CT | PE is excluded | Order CT | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Positive | Negative | Positive | Negative | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PE is excluded | Consider thrombolytic therapy or embolectomy | Order CT | PE is confirmed | PE is excluded | PE is confirmed | PE is excluded | PE is confirmed | PE is excluded | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Positive for PE | Negative for PE | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PE is confirmed | PE is excluded | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Step 2: Initial Treatment
Shown below is an algorithm depicting the initial management of pulmonary embolism.[1][2]
Assess the severity of pulmonary embolism | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Massive PE (also known as high-risk PE) Cardiogenic shock OR Persistent hypotension (≤90mmHg) OR Drop of the blood pressure by ≥ 40mmHg for > 15 min[3] OR Pulselessness OR Profound bradycardia (<40 bpm) with findings of shock[4] | Submassive PE (also know as intermediate-risk PE) Right ventricular dysfunction AND/OR Myocardial injury (Troponin +) | Low-risk PE No cardiogenic shock AND No hypotension AND No right ventricular dysfunction AND No myocardial injury (Troponin -) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Provide hemodynamic and respiratory support Begin high dose unfractionated heparin [3]: Bolus 10.000 U
Administer rapidly 500-1000 mL of normal saline (Caution with fluid overload)[3] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Is there any contraindication for fibrinolytic therapy? | Is there any contraindication for anticoagulation therapy? | Is there any contraindication for anticoagulation therapy? | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
NO | YES | NO | YES | NO | YES | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Discontinue unfractionated heparin AND Begin fibrinolytic therapy | Surgical pulmonary embolectomy OR Percutaneous catheter embolectomy | Anticoagulation therapy AND Hospital admission | IVC filter AND Hospital admission | Anticoagulation therapy AND Early discharge/home treatment | IVC filter AND Early discharge/home treatment | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Does the patient fail to improve OR Develop cardiogenic shock? OR Develop hypotension? | Does the patient fail to improve OR Develop cardiogenic shock? OR Develop hypotension (<90 mmHg)? OR Develop respiratory distress (SaO2<95% with Borg score>8 or altered mental status) OR Have moderate to severe RV dysfunction (RV hypokinesis or estimated RVSP>40 mmHg) OR Elevated biomarkers (troponin> upper limit of normal, BNP>100 pg/mL, or pro-BNP>900 pg/mL)[4] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
YES | NO | YES | NO | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Surgical pulmonary embolectomy OR Percutaneous catheter embolectomy | Continue with the same treatment | Is there any contraindication for fibrinolytic therapy? | Continue with the same treatment | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
NO | YES | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hold anticoagulation and give thrombolytics | Surgical pulmonary embolectomy OR Percutaneous catheter embolectomy | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Does the patient fail to improve? | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
YES | NO | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Surgical pulmonary embolectomy OR Percutaneous catheter embolectomy | Continue with the same treatment | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Initial Anticoagulation Therapy
Begin initial anticoagulation therapy in: ❑ Confirmed PE OR ❑ High or intermediate probability of PE while awaiting the diagnostic tests | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Is the patient high risk or non-high risk? | |||||||||||||||||||||||
High risk | Non-high risk | ||||||||||||||||||||||
❑ Administer IV unfractionated heparin[5]
| |||||||||||||||||||||||
Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||||||
❑ Administer ONE of the following:[5]
| |||||||||||||||||||||||
Step 3: Long Term Anticoagulation Therapy
The long term management of PE depends on whether the episode is the first one or not, whether it is provoked or unprovoked, and on the risk of bleeding of the patient. Among non cancer patients, the first line therapy for long term management of PE is vitamin K antagonists (VKA); whereas the first line treatment among cancer patients is low molecular weight heparin. If long term treatment with VKA is decided, VKA should be started at the same day with heparin allowing for at least 5 days of overlap until the INR is ≥2 for at least 24 hours. Among patients on extended anticoagulation therapy, the risk vs benefits of the anticoagulation therapy should be assessed regularly (for example annually).[2]
Is this the first episode of PE? | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
YES | NO | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Is PE provoked? | What is the risk of bleeding? | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Yes, transient reversible risk factor | Yes, cancer | No (unprovoked) | Low or moderate | High | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Therapy for 3 months | Extended therapy or until cancer is cured | Therapy for ≥ 3 months | Extended therapy | Therapy for 3 months | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Re-assess the risk of bleeding | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Low or moderate | High | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Extended therapy | Do not extend the therapy beyond the initial 3 months | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Note that edoxaban[6] has been evaluated for the treatment of VTE and is currently seeking approval for this indication.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Torbicki A, Perrier A, Konstantinides S, Agnelli G, Galiè N, Pruszczyk P; et al. (2008). "Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism: the Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Acute Pulmonary Embolism of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)". Eur Heart J. 29 (18): 2276–315. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehn310. PMID 18757870.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Kearon C, Akl EA, Comerota AJ, Prandoni P, Bounameaux H, Goldhaber SZ; et al. (2012). "Antithrombotic therapy for VTE disease: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines". Chest. 141 (2 Suppl): e419S–94S. doi:10.1378/chest.11-2301. PMC 3278049. PMID 22315268.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Kucher N, Goldhaber SZ (2005). "Management of massive pulmonary embolism". Circulation. 112 (2): e28–32. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.551374. PMID 16009801.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Jaff MR, McMurtry MS, Archer SL, Cushman M, Goldenberg N, Goldhaber SZ; et al. (2011). "Management of massive and submassive pulmonary embolism, iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis, and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association". Circulation. 123 (16): 1788–830. doi:10.1161/CIR.0b013e318214914f. PMID 21422387.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Holbrook A, Schulman S, Witt DM, Vandvik PO, Fish J, Kovacs MJ; et al. (2012). "Evidence-based management of anticoagulant therapy: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines". Chest. 141 (2 Suppl): e152S–84S. doi:10.1378/chest.11-2295. PMC 3278055. PMID 22315259.
- ↑ Hokusai-VTE Investigators. Büller HR, Décousus H, Grosso MA, Mercuri M, Middeldorp S; et al. (2013). "Edoxaban versus warfarin for the treatment of symptomatic venous thromboembolism". N Engl J Med. 369 (15): 1406–15. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1306638. PMID 23991658. Review in: Ann Intern Med. 2014 Jan 21;160(2):JC4 Review in: Ann Intern Med. 2014 Mar 18;160(6):JC4