Deep vein thrombosis causes: Difference between revisions

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__NOTOC__
__NOTOC__
'''Editor(s)-In-Chief:''' {{ATI}}, [[C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D.]] [mailto:charlesmichaelgibson@gmail.com]; '''Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief:''' {{CZ}} ;[[User:Kashish Goel|Kashish Goel, M.D.]]; '''Assistant Editor(s)-In-Chief:''' [[User:Justine Cadet|Justine Cadet]]
{| class="infobox" style="float:right;"
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| [[File:Siren.gif|30px|link=Deep vein thrombosis resident survival guide]]|| <br> || <br>
| [[Deep vein thrombosis resident survival guide|'''Resident'''<br>'''Survival'''<br>'''Guide''']]
|}
'''Editor(s)-In-Chief:''' {{ATI}}, [[C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D.]] [mailto:charlesmichaelgibson@gmail.com]; {{AE}} {{CZ}}; {{Ochuko}}; [[User:Kashish Goel|Kashish Goel, M.D.]]; '''Assistant Editor(s)-In-Chief:''' [[User:Justine Cadet|Justine Cadet]]


{{Deep vein thrombosis}}
{{Deep vein thrombosis}}


==Overview==
==Overview==
The cause of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is the formation of a [[blood clot]] in the [[deep veins]].  Several factors predispose to [[DVT]]; however they are referred to as either [[deep vein thrombosis risk factors|risk factors]] or [[deep vein thrombosis triggers|triggers]]. Risk factors and triggers are discussed elsewhere.
The cause of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is the formation of a [[blood clot]] in the [[deep veins]].  Several factors predispose to [[DVT]]; however they are referred to as either [[deep vein thrombosis risk factors|risk factors]] or [[deep vein thrombosis triggers|triggers]]. The word risk factors refers to those epidemiologic and genetic variables that expose someone to a higher risk of developing venous [[thrombosis]]. The word triggers refer to those factors in the patients immediate history or environment that may have led to the occurrence of the venous thrombosis.  Risk factors and triggers of [[DVT]] are discussed elsewhere.
 
==Causes==
===Life Threatening Causes===
[[Deep venous thrombosis]] can be a life-threatening condition if [[thromboembolism]] and subsequent [[pulmonary embolism]] occur, and it must be treated as such irrespective of the underlying cause.
 
===Common Causes===
*[[Blood clot]]
*[[Immobility]]
*[[Stroke]]<ref name="pmid25186081">{{cite journal| author=Trabert J, Steiner T| title=[Deep vein thrombosis and lung embolisms in patients with stroke : Prevention and therapy.] | journal=Nervenarzt | year= 2014 | volume=  | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=25186081 | doi=10.1007/s00115-014-4031-9 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25186081  }} </ref>
 
===Causes by Organ System===
 
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" |'''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Antithrombin III deficiency]], [[blood clot]], [[congestive heart failure]], [[May-Thurner syndrome]], [[multifocal fibrosclerosis]], [[Paget-Schroetter disease]], [[thrombosis]]
|-
|bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"| '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Erythropoietin]], [[Estradiol valerate and estradiol valerate/dienogest]], [[Ethinylestradiol]], [[Etonogestrel]], [[fibrinogen]],[[heparin-induced thrombocytopenia]], [[hormone replacement therapy]], [[Interferon gamma]], [[lenalidomide]], [[Medroxyprogesterone]], [[Methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin beta]], [[Methyltestosterone]], [[oral contraceptives]], [[Ospemifene]], [[Piperacillin]], [[Polidocanol]], [[Pramipexole]], [[Progesterone]], [[raloxifene]], [[Romidepsin]], [[tamoxifen]], [[thalidomide]], [[Trametinib]], [[tranexamic acid]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Functioning pancreatic endocrine tumor]], [[glucagonoma syndrome]], [[multifocal fibrosclerosis]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Inflammatory bowel disease]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria]], [[protein C deficiency]], [[protein S deficiency]], [[prothrombin gene mutation G20210A]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Antiphospholipid syndrome]], [[antithrombin III deficiency]], [[blood clot]], [[coagulopathy|clotting disorders]], [[essential thrombocythemia]], [[factor V Leiden mutation]], [[familial dysfibrinogenemia]], [[essential thrombocythemia|hemorrhagic thrombocythemia]], [[heparin-induced thrombocytopenia]], [[myeloproliferative disorders]], [[paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria]], [[polycythemia vera]], [[protein C deficiency]], [[protein S deficiency]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[surgery|Surgery (especially orthopedic or female pelvic surgery)]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Tuberculosis]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[fractures|Fractures (especially of pelvis or leg)]], [[varicose veins]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Antiphospholipid syndrome]], [[paraplegia]], [[spinal cord injury]], [[stroke]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Hyperhomocysteinemia]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Antiphospholipid syndrome]], [[hormone replacement therapy]], [[oral contraceptives]], [[pregnancy]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cancer]], [[functioning pancreatic endocrine tumor]], [[glucagonoma syndrome]], [[malignancy]], [[polycythemia vera]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ophthalmologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose/Toxicity'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Nephrotic syndrome]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Antiphospholipid syndrome]], [[multifocal fibrosclerosis]], [[paraproteinemia]], [[systemic lupus erythematosus]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Sexual'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Injury]], [[spinal cord injury]], [[trauma]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Urologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Immobility]], [[central venous catheter|presence of a central venous catheter]]
|-
|}
 
===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
{{col-begin|width=80%}}
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Antiphospholipid syndrome]]<ref name="pmid24772699">{{cite journal| author=Singh NK, Agrawal A, Singh MN, Kumar V, Godhra M, Gupta A et al.| title=Prevalence and pattern of antiphospholipid antibody syndrome in a hospital based longitudinal study of 193 patients of systemic lupus erythematosus. | journal=J Assoc Physicians India | year= 2013 | volume= 61 | issue= 9 | pages= 623-6 | pmid=24772699 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24772699  }} </ref>
*[[Antithrombin III deficiency]]
*[[Blood clot]]
*[[Cancer]]<ref name="pmid24446107">{{cite journal| author=Larsen AC, Dabrowski T, Frøkjær JB, Fisker RV, Iyer VV, Møller BK et al.| title=Prevalence of venous thromboembolism at diagnosis of upper gastrointestinal cancer. | journal=Br J Surg | year= 2014 | volume= 101 | issue= 3 | pages= 246-53 | pmid=24446107 | doi=10.1002/bjs.9353 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24446107  }} </ref>
*[[coagulopathy|Clotting disorders]]
*[[Congestive heart failure]]
*[[Essential thrombocythemia]]
*[[Ethinylestradiol]]
*[[Etonogestrel]]
*[[Factor V Leiden mutation]]<ref name="pmid24513719">{{cite journal| author=de Campos Guerra JC, Mourão MA, França CN, da Rosa CD, Burattini MN| title=Impact of coagulation in the development of thromboembolic events in patients with spinal cord injury. | journal=Spinal Cord | year= 2014 | volume= 52 | issue= 4 | pages= 327-32 | pmid=24513719 | doi=10.1038/sc.2013.170 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24513719  }} </ref><ref name="pmid24282370">{{cite journal| author=Karmacharya P, Aryal MR, Donato A| title=Mesenteric vein thrombosis in a patient heterozygous for factor V Leiden and G20210A prothrombin genotypes. | journal=World J Gastroenterol | year= 2013 | volume= 19 | issue= 43 | pages= 7813-5 | pmid=24282370 | doi=10.3748/wjg.v19.i43.7813 | pmc=PMC3837283 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24282370  }} </ref>
*[[Familial dysfibrinogenemia]]
*[[fractures|Fractures (especially of pelvis or leg)]]
*[[Functioning pancreatic endocrine tumor]]
*[[Glucagonoma syndrome]]
*[[essential thrombocythemia|Hemorrhagic thrombocythemia]]
*[[Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia]] <ref name="pmid24844576">{{cite journal| author=Lovecchio F| title=Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. | journal=Clin Toxicol (Phila) | year= 2014 | volume= 52 | issue= 6 | pages= 579-83 | pmid=24844576 | doi=10.3109/15563650.2014.917181 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24844576  }} </ref>
*[[Hormone replacement therapy]]
*[[Hyperhomocysteinemia]]<ref name="pmid24513719">{{cite journal| author=de Campos Guerra JC, Mourão MA, França CN, da Rosa CD, Burattini MN| title=Impact of coagulation in the development of thromboembolic events in patients with spinal cord injury. | journal=Spinal Cord | year= 2014 | volume= 52 | issue= 4 | pages= 327-32 | pmid=24513719 | doi=10.1038/sc.2013.170 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24513719  }} </ref>
*[[Immobility]]
*[[Inflammatory bowel disease]]
*[[Injury]]
*[[Interferon gamma]]
*[[Lenalidomide]]
*[[Malignancy]] <ref name="pmid24500085">{{cite journal| author=Ren W, Li Z, Fu Z, Fu Q| title=Analysis of risk factors for recurrence of deep venous thrombosis in lower extremities. | journal=Med Sci Monit | year= 2014 | volume= 20 | issue=  | pages= 199-204 | pmid=24500085 | doi=10.12659/MSM.889819 | pmc=PMC3930664 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24500085  }} </ref>
*[[May-Thurner syndrome]] <ref name="pmid24937979">{{cite journal| author=Wax JR, Pinette MG, Rausch D, Cartin A| title=May-Thurner syndrome complicating pregnancy: a report of four cases. | journal=J Reprod Med | year= 2014 | volume= 59 | issue= 5-6 | pages= 333-6 | pmid=24937979 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24937979  }} </ref>
*[[Medroxyprogesterone]]
*[[Multifocal fibrosclerosis]]
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Myeloproliferative disorders]]
*[[Nephrotic syndrome]]<ref name="pmid24500085">{{cite journal| author=Ren W, Li Z, Fu Z, Fu Q| title=Analysis of risk factors for recurrence of deep venous thrombosis in lower extremities. | journal=Med Sci Monit | year= 2014 | volume= 20 | issue=  | pages= 199-204 | pmid=24500085 | doi=10.12659/MSM.889819 | pmc=PMC3930664 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24500085  }} </ref>
*[[Oral contraceptives]]
*[[Paget-Schroetter disease]]<ref name="pmid23903301">{{cite journal| author=Klitfod L, Broholm R, Baekgaard N| title=Deep venous thrombosis of the upper extremity. A review. | journal=Int Angiol | year= 2013 | volume= 32 | issue= 5 | pages= 447-52 | pmid=23903301 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23903301  }} </ref>
*[[Paraplegia]]
*[[Paraproteinemia]]
*[[Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria]]
*[[Polycythemia vera]]
*[[Pregnancy]]
*[[central venous catheter|Presence of a central venous catheter]]<ref name="pmid23460705">{{cite journal| author=Schiffer CA, Mangu PB, Wade JC, Camp-Sorrell D, Cope DG, El-Rayes BF et al.| title=Central venous catheter care for the patient with cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline. | journal=J Clin Oncol | year= 2013 | volume= 31 | issue= 10 | pages= 1357-70 | pmid=23460705 | doi=10.1200/JCO.2012.45.5733 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23460705  }} </ref>
*[[Protein C deficiency]]
*[[Protein S deficiency]]
*[[Prothrombin gene mutation G20210A]] <ref name="pmid24282370">{{cite journal| author=Karmacharya P, Aryal MR, Donato A| title=Mesenteric vein thrombosis in a patient heterozygous for factor V Leiden and G20210A prothrombin genotypes. | journal=World J Gastroenterol | year= 2013 | volume= 19 | issue= 43 | pages= 7813-5 | pmid=24282370 | doi=10.3748/wjg.v19.i43.7813 | pmc=PMC3837283 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24282370  }} </ref>
*[[Raloxifene]]
*[[Spinal cord injury]]<ref name="pmid24819510">{{cite journal| author=Halim TA, Chhabra HS, Arora M, Kumar S| title=Pharmacological prophylaxis for deep vein thrombosis in acute spinal cord injury: an Indian perspective. | journal=Spinal Cord | year= 2014 | volume= 52 | issue= 7 | pages= 547-50 | pmid=24819510 | doi=10.1038/sc.2014.71 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24819510  }} </ref><ref name="pmid24781071">{{cite journal| author=| title=[Venous thromboembolic complications in patients with intracranial hemorrhage and tumors of the central nervous system]. | journal=Khirurgiia (Mosk) | year= 2014 | volume=  | issue= 3 | pages= 49-52 | pmid=24781071 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24781071  }} </ref><ref name="pmid24015047">{{cite journal| author=Do JG, Kim du H, Sung DH| title=Incidence of deep vein thrombosis after spinal cord injury in Korean patients at acute rehabilitation unit. | journal=J Korean Med Sci | year= 2013 | volume= 28 | issue= 9 | pages= 1382-7 | pmid=24015047 | doi=10.3346/jkms.2013.28.9.1382 | pmc=PMC3763116 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24015047  }} </ref>
*[[Stroke]]<ref name="pmid23391151">{{cite journal| author=Amin AN, Lin J, Thompson S, Wiederkehr D| title=Rate of deep-vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism during the care continuum in patients with acute ischemic stroke in the United States. | journal=BMC Neurol | year= 2013 | volume= 13 | issue=  | pages= 17 | pmid=23391151 | doi=10.1186/1471-2377-13-17 | pmc=PMC3571887 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23391151  }} </ref>
*[[surgery|Surgery (especially orthopedic or female pelvic surgery)]]<ref name="pmid23709439">{{cite journal| author=Lee YK, Choi YH, Ha YC, Lim JY, Koo KH| title=Does venous thromboembolism affect rehabilitation after hip fracture surgery? | journal=Yonsei Med J | year= 2013 | volume= 54 | issue= 4 | pages= 1015-9 | pmid=23709439 | doi=10.3349/ymj.2013.54.4.1015 | pmc=PMC3663236 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23709439  }} </ref><ref name="pmid24577627">{{cite journal| author=Louis SG, Sato M, Geraci T, Anderson R, Cho SD, Van PY et al.| title=Correlation of missed doses of enoxaparin with increased incidence of deep vein thrombosis in trauma and general surgery patients. | journal=JAMA Surg | year= 2014 | volume= 149 | issue= 4 | pages= 365-70 | pmid=24577627 | doi=10.1001/jamasurg.2013.3963 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24577627  }} </ref>
*[[Systemic lupus erythematosus]]<ref name="pmid24472157">{{cite journal| author=Chung WS, Lin CL, Chang SN, Lu CC, Kao CH| title=Systemic lupus erythematosus increases the risks of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: a nationwide cohort study. | journal=J Thromb Haemost | year= 2014 | volume= 12 | issue= 4 | pages= 452-8 | pmid=24472157 | doi=10.1111/jth.12518 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24472157  }} </ref><ref name="pmid24988153">{{cite journal| author=Pronk SM, van Ommen CH, Prince FH, Weijer O, van Rossum MA| title=[Venous thrombosis as a first sign of SLE]. | journal=Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd | year= 2014 | volume= 158 | issue=  | pages= A7179 | pmid=24988153 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24988153  }} </ref><ref name="pmid24500085">{{cite journal| author=Ren W, Li Z, Fu Z, Fu Q| title=Analysis of risk factors for recurrence of deep venous thrombosis in lower extremities. | journal=Med Sci Monit | year= 2014 | volume= 20 | issue=  | pages= 199-204 | pmid=24500085 | doi=10.12659/MSM.889819 | pmc=PMC3930664 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24500085  }} </ref>
*[[Tamoxifen]]
*[[Thalidomide]]
*[[Thrombosis]]
*[[Tranexamic acid]] <ref name="pmid23951593">{{cite journal| author=| title=Tranexamic acid and thrombosis. | journal=Prescrire Int | year= 2013 | volume= 22 | issue= 140 | pages= 182-3 | pmid=23951593 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23951593  }} </ref>
*[[Trauma]]<ref name="pmid24577627">{{cite journal| author=Louis SG, Sato M, Geraci T, Anderson R, Cho SD, Van PY et al.| title=Correlation of missed doses of enoxaparin with increased incidence of deep vein thrombosis in trauma and general surgery patients. | journal=JAMA Surg | year= 2014 | volume= 149 | issue= 4 | pages= 365-70 | pmid=24577627 | doi=10.1001/jamasurg.2013.3963 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24577627  }} </ref>
*[[Tuberculosis]]<ref name="pmid24859543">{{cite journal| author=Kechaou I, Cherif E, Ben Hassine L, Khalfallah N| title=Deep vein thrombosis and tuberculosis: a causative link? | journal=BMJ Case Rep | year= 2014 | volume= 2014 | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=24859543 | doi=10.1136/bcr-2013-200807 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24859543  }} </ref>
*[[Varicose veins]]
{{col-end}}


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}


[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Disease]]
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[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Cardiovascular diseases]]
[[Category:Cardiovascular diseases]]
[[Category:Crowdiagnosis]]


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Latest revision as of 17:34, 12 March 2015
Resident
Survival
Guide

Editor(s)-In-Chief: The APEX Trial Investigators, C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2]; Ogheneochuko Ajari, MB.BS, MS [3]; Kashish Goel, M.D.; Assistant Editor(s)-In-Chief: Justine Cadet

Deep Vein Thrombosis Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Deep vein thrombosis from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Triggers

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Approach

Assessment of Clinical Probability and Risk Scores

Assessment of Probability of Subsequent VTE and Risk Scores

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Ultrasound

Venography

CT

MRI

Other Imaging Findings

Treatment

Treatment Approach

Medical Therapy

IVC Filter

Invasive Therapy

Surgery

Prevention

Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Future or Investigational Therapies

Special Scenario

Upper extremity DVT

Recurrence

Pregnancy

Trials

Landmark Trials

Case Studies

Case #1

Deep vein thrombosis causes On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

Images

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on Deep vein thrombosis causes

CDC on Deep vein thrombosis causes

Deep vein thrombosis causes in the news

Blogs on Deep vein thrombosis causes

Directions to Hospitals Treating Deep vein thrombosis

Risk calculators and risk factors for Deep vein thrombosis causes

Overview

The cause of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is the formation of a blood clot in the deep veins. Several factors predispose to DVT; however they are referred to as either risk factors or triggers. The word risk factors refers to those epidemiologic and genetic variables that expose someone to a higher risk of developing venous thrombosis. The word triggers refer to those factors in the patients immediate history or environment that may have led to the occurrence of the venous thrombosis. Risk factors and triggers of DVT are discussed elsewhere.

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Deep venous thrombosis can be a life-threatening condition if thromboembolism and subsequent pulmonary embolism occur, and it must be treated as such irrespective of the underlying cause.

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Antithrombin III deficiency, blood clot, congestive heart failure, May-Thurner syndrome, multifocal fibrosclerosis, Paget-Schroetter disease, thrombosis
Chemical/Poisoning No underlying causes
Dental No underlying causes
Dermatologic No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect Erythropoietin, Estradiol valerate and estradiol valerate/dienogest, Ethinylestradiol, Etonogestrel, fibrinogen,heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, hormone replacement therapy, Interferon gamma, lenalidomide, Medroxyprogesterone, Methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin beta, Methyltestosterone, oral contraceptives, Ospemifene, Piperacillin, Polidocanol, Pramipexole, Progesterone, raloxifene, Romidepsin, tamoxifen, thalidomide, Trametinib, tranexamic acid
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine Functioning pancreatic endocrine tumor, glucagonoma syndrome, multifocal fibrosclerosis
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic Inflammatory bowel disease
Genetic Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, protein C deficiency, protein S deficiency, prothrombin gene mutation G20210A
Hematologic Antiphospholipid syndrome, antithrombin III deficiency, blood clot, clotting disorders, essential thrombocythemia, factor V Leiden mutation, familial dysfibrinogenemia, hemorrhagic thrombocythemia, heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, myeloproliferative disorders, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, polycythemia vera, protein C deficiency, protein S deficiency
Iatrogenic Surgery (especially orthopedic or female pelvic surgery)
Infectious Disease Tuberculosis
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic Fractures (especially of pelvis or leg), varicose veins
Neurologic Antiphospholipid syndrome, paraplegia, spinal cord injury, stroke
Nutritional/Metabolic Hyperhomocysteinemia
Obstetric/Gynecologic Antiphospholipid syndrome, hormone replacement therapy, oral contraceptives, pregnancy
Oncologic Cancer, functioning pancreatic endocrine tumor, glucagonoma syndrome, malignancy, polycythemia vera
Ophthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary No underlying causes
Renal/Electrolyte Nephrotic syndrome
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy Antiphospholipid syndrome, multifocal fibrosclerosis, paraproteinemia, systemic lupus erythematosus
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma Injury, spinal cord injury, trauma
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous Immobility, presence of a central venous catheter

Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

  1. ↑ Trabert J, Steiner T (2014). "[Deep vein thrombosis and lung embolisms in patients with stroke : Prevention and therapy.]". Nervenarzt. doi:10.1007/s00115-014-4031-9. PMID 25186081.
  2. ↑ Singh NK, Agrawal A, Singh MN, Kumar V, Godhra M, Gupta A; et al. (2013). "Prevalence and pattern of antiphospholipid antibody syndrome in a hospital based longitudinal study of 193 patients of systemic lupus erythematosus". J Assoc Physicians India. 61 (9): 623–6. PMID 24772699.
  3. ↑ Larsen AC, Dabrowski T, Frøkjær JB, Fisker RV, Iyer VV, Møller BK; et al. (2014). "Prevalence of venous thromboembolism at diagnosis of upper gastrointestinal cancer". Br J Surg. 101 (3): 246–53. doi:10.1002/bjs.9353. PMID 24446107.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 de Campos Guerra JC, Mourão MA, França CN, da Rosa CD, Burattini MN (2014). "Impact of coagulation in the development of thromboembolic events in patients with spinal cord injury". Spinal Cord. 52 (4): 327–32. doi:10.1038/sc.2013.170. PMID 24513719.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Karmacharya P, Aryal MR, Donato A (2013). "Mesenteric vein thrombosis in a patient heterozygous for factor V Leiden and G20210A prothrombin genotypes". World J Gastroenterol. 19 (43): 7813–5. doi:10.3748/wjg.v19.i43.7813. PMC 3837283. PMID 24282370.
  6. ↑ Lovecchio F (2014). "Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia". Clin Toxicol (Phila). 52 (6): 579–83. doi:10.3109/15563650.2014.917181. PMID 24844576.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Ren W, Li Z, Fu Z, Fu Q (2014). "Analysis of risk factors for recurrence of deep venous thrombosis in lower extremities". Med Sci Monit. 20: 199–204. doi:10.12659/MSM.889819. PMC 3930664. PMID 24500085.
  8. ↑ Wax JR, Pinette MG, Rausch D, Cartin A (2014). "May-Thurner syndrome complicating pregnancy: a report of four cases". J Reprod Med. 59 (5–6): 333–6. PMID 24937979.
  9. ↑ Klitfod L, Broholm R, Baekgaard N (2013). "Deep venous thrombosis of the upper extremity. A review". Int Angiol. 32 (5): 447–52. PMID 23903301.
  10. ↑ Schiffer CA, Mangu PB, Wade JC, Camp-Sorrell D, Cope DG, El-Rayes BF; et al. (2013). "Central venous catheter care for the patient with cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline". J Clin Oncol. 31 (10): 1357–70. doi:10.1200/JCO.2012.45.5733. PMID 23460705.
  11. ↑ Halim TA, Chhabra HS, Arora M, Kumar S (2014). "Pharmacological prophylaxis for deep vein thrombosis in acute spinal cord injury: an Indian perspective". Spinal Cord. 52 (7): 547–50. doi:10.1038/sc.2014.71. PMID 24819510.
  12. ↑ "[Venous thromboembolic complications in patients with intracranial hemorrhage and tumors of the central nervous system]". Khirurgiia (Mosk) (3): 49–52. 2014. PMID 24781071.
  13. ↑ Do JG, Kim du H, Sung DH (2013). "Incidence of deep vein thrombosis after spinal cord injury in Korean patients at acute rehabilitation unit". J Korean Med Sci. 28 (9): 1382–7. doi:10.3346/jkms.2013.28.9.1382. PMC 3763116. PMID 24015047.
  14. ↑ Amin AN, Lin J, Thompson S, Wiederkehr D (2013). "Rate of deep-vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism during the care continuum in patients with acute ischemic stroke in the United States". BMC Neurol. 13: 17. doi:10.1186/1471-2377-13-17. PMC 3571887. PMID 23391151.
  15. ↑ Lee YK, Choi YH, Ha YC, Lim JY, Koo KH (2013). "Does venous thromboembolism affect rehabilitation after hip fracture surgery?". Yonsei Med J. 54 (4): 1015–9. doi:10.3349/ymj.2013.54.4.1015. PMC 3663236. PMID 23709439.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Louis SG, Sato M, Geraci T, Anderson R, Cho SD, Van PY; et al. (2014). "Correlation of missed doses of enoxaparin with increased incidence of deep vein thrombosis in trauma and general surgery patients". JAMA Surg. 149 (4): 365–70. doi:10.1001/jamasurg.2013.3963. PMID 24577627.
  17. ↑ Chung WS, Lin CL, Chang SN, Lu CC, Kao CH (2014). "Systemic lupus erythematosus increases the risks of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: a nationwide cohort study". J Thromb Haemost. 12 (4): 452–8. doi:10.1111/jth.12518. PMID 24472157.
  18. ↑ Pronk SM, van Ommen CH, Prince FH, Weijer O, van Rossum MA (2014). "[Venous thrombosis as a first sign of SLE]". Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 158: A7179. PMID 24988153.
  19. ↑ "Tranexamic acid and thrombosis". Prescrire Int. 22 (140): 182–3. 2013. PMID 23951593.
  20. ↑ Kechaou I, Cherif E, Ben Hassine L, Khalfallah N (2014). "Deep vein thrombosis and tuberculosis: a causative link?". BMJ Case Rep. 2014. doi:10.1136/bcr-2013-200807. PMID 24859543.

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