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==Overview==
==Overview==


==Risk Factors==
Living or traveling to a region of the world where the infection is endemic is a risk factor for the disease.  The presence of water-holding containers in and around the home needed for the mosquito's to complete their development sustains the reservoir for disease and is a risk factor.  Risk factors for severe disease include being a neonate or young child, female sex, high [[body mass index]], [[viral load]], [[genetic polymorphisms]] and previous infection with DENV-1 if the patient contracts [[DENV-2]] or [[DENV-3]]. [[Diabetes]] and [[asthma]] are risk factors for fatal disease.<ref name=WHO>{{cite web | title = WHO: Dengue guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control: new edition | url = http://www.who.int/rpc/guidelines/9789241547871/en/ }}</ref>
People who travel to high-risk areas including:
 
==Standing Water==
 
The presence of water-holding containers in and around the home needed for the mosquito's to complete their development sustains the reservoir for disease and is a risk factor.
 
==Geographic Risk Factors==
 
People who live in or travel to high-risk areas including:
* Indonesian archipelago into northeastern Australia
* Indonesian archipelago into northeastern Australia
* South and Central America
* South and Central America
* Southeast Asia
* Southeast Asia
* Sub-Saharan Afri
* Sub-Saharan Africa


Severe disease is more common in babies and young children, and in contrast to many other infections it is more common in children that are relatively well nourished.  Other risk factors for severe disease include female sex, high [[body mass index]], and [[viral load]].  While each serotype can cause the full spectrum of disease, virus strain is a risk factor.  Infection with one serotype is thought to produce lifelong immunity to that type, but only short term protection against the other three.  The risk of severe disease from secondary infection increases if someone previously exposed to serotype DENV-1 contracts serotype DENV-2 or DENV-3, or if someone previously exposed to DENV-3 acquires DENV-2.  Dengue can be life-threatening in people with chronic diseases such as [[diabetes]] and [[asthma]].
==Risk Factors for Secondary Infection==
 
Although there is no commercially available vaccine for Dengue fever, it is notable that infection with one serotype is thought to produce lifelong immunity to that type, but only short term protection against the other three.  Unfortunately, the risk of severe disease from secondary infection actually increases if someone previously exposed to serotype [[DENV-1]] contracts serotype [[DENV-2]] or [[DENV-3]], or if someone previously exposed to [[DENV-3]] acquires [[DENV-2]].
 
==Risk Factors for Severe Disease==
 
Severe disease is more common in babies and young children,<ref name="pmid18689634">{{cite journal| author=De Rivera IL, Parham L, Murillo W, Moncada W, Vazquez S| title=Humoral immune response of dengue hemorrhagic fever cases in children from Tegucigalpa, Honduras. | journal=Am J Trop Med Hyg | year= 2008 | volume= 79 | issue= 2 | pages= 262-6 | pmid=18689634 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18689634  }} </ref> and in contrast to many other infections it is more common in children that are relatively well nourished.  Other risk factors for severe disease include female sex, high [[body mass index]], and [[viral load]].<ref name="pmid24086778">{{cite journal| author=Huy NT, Van Giang T, Thuy DH, Kikuchi M, Hien TT, Zamora J et al.| title=Factors associated with dengue shock syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. | journal=PLoS Negl Trop Dis | year= 2013 | volume= 7 | issue= 9 | pages= e2412 | pmid=24086778 | doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0002412 | pmc=PMC3784477 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24086778  }} </ref> While each serotype can cause the full spectrum of disease, virus strain is a risk factor.  Infection with one serotype is thought to produce lifelong immunity to that type, but only short term protection against the other three.  The risk of severe disease from secondary infection increases if someone previously exposed to serotype DENV-1 contracts serotype DENV-2 or DENV-3, or if someone previously exposed to DENV-3 acquires DENV-2.<ref name="pmid10460923">{{cite journal| author=Guzmán MG, Alvarez M, Rodríguez R, Rosario D, Vázquez S, Vald s L et al.| title=Fatal dengue hemorrhagic fever in Cuba, 1997. | journal=Int J Infect Dis | year= 1999 | volume= 3 | issue= 3 | pages= 130-5 | pmid=10460923 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10460923  }} </ref> Dengue can be life-threatening in people with chronic diseases such as [[diabetes]]<ref name="pmid18777495">{{cite journal| author=Limonta D, Torres G, Capó V, Guzmán MG| title=Apoptosis, vascular leakage and increased risk of severe dengue in a type 2 diabetes mellitus patient. | journal=Diab Vasc Dis Res | year= 2008 | volume= 5 | issue= 3 | pages= 213-4 | pmid=18777495 | doi=10.3132/dvdr.2008.034 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18777495  }} </ref> and [[asthma]].<ref name="pmid16023878">{{cite journal| author=González D, Castro OE, Kourí G, Perez J, Martinez E, Vazquez S et al.| title=Classical dengue hemorrhagic fever resulting from two dengue infections spaced 20 years or more apart: Havana, Dengue 3 epidemic, 2001-2002. | journal=Int J Infect Dis | year= 2005 | volume= 9 | issue= 5 | pages= 280-5 | pmid=16023878 | doi=10.1016/j.ijid.2004.07.012 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16023878  }} </ref><ref name="pmid20532230">{{cite journal| author=Figueiredo MA, Rodrigues LC, Barreto ML, Lima JW, Costa MC, Morato V et al.| title=Allergies and diabetes as risk factors for dengue hemorrhagic fever: results of a case control study. | journal=PLoS Negl Trop Dis | year= 2010 | volume= 4 | issue= 6 | pages= e699 | pmid=20532230 | doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0000699 | pmc=PMC2879373 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20532230  }} </ref>


[[Polymorphisms]] in particular [[genes]] have been linked with an increased risk of severe dengue complications. Examples include the genes coding for the proteins known as [[TNF-α]], [[mannan-binding lectin]], [[CTLA-4]], [[TGF-β]], [[DC-SIGN]], [[PLCE1]], and particular forms of human leukocyte antigen from gene variations of [[HLA-B]].  A common genetic abnormality in Africans, known as [[glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency]], appears to increase the risk.  [[Polymorphisms]] in the genes for the [[vitamin D]] receptorand FcγR seem to offer protection against severe disease in secondary dengue infection.
[[Polymorphisms]] in particular [[genes]] have been linked with an increased risk of severe dengue complications. Examples include the genes coding for the proteins known as [[TNF-α]], [[mannan-binding lectin]], [[CTLA-4]], [[TGF-β]], [[DC-SIGN]], [[PLCE1]], and particular forms of human leukocyte antigen from gene variations of [[HLA-B]].  A common genetic abnormality in Africans, known as [[glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency]], appears to increase the risk.  [[Polymorphisms]] in the genes for the [[vitamin D]] receptorand FcγR seem to offer protection against severe disease in secondary dengue infection.


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
 
{{reflist|2}}
 
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Latest revision as of 21:16, 29 July 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

Living or traveling to a region of the world where the infection is endemic is a risk factor for the disease. The presence of water-holding containers in and around the home needed for the mosquito's to complete their development sustains the reservoir for disease and is a risk factor. Risk factors for severe disease include being a neonate or young child, female sex, high body mass index, viral load, genetic polymorphisms and previous infection with DENV-1 if the patient contracts DENV-2 or DENV-3. Diabetes and asthma are risk factors for fatal disease.[1]

Standing Water

The presence of water-holding containers in and around the home needed for the mosquito's to complete their development sustains the reservoir for disease and is a risk factor.

Geographic Risk Factors

People who live in or travel to high-risk areas including:

  • Indonesian archipelago into northeastern Australia
  • South and Central America
  • Southeast Asia
  • Sub-Saharan Africa

Risk Factors for Secondary Infection

Although there is no commercially available vaccine for Dengue fever, it is notable that infection with one serotype is thought to produce lifelong immunity to that type, but only short term protection against the other three. Unfortunately, the risk of severe disease from secondary infection actually increases if someone previously exposed to serotype DENV-1 contracts serotype DENV-2 or DENV-3, or if someone previously exposed to DENV-3 acquires DENV-2.

Risk Factors for Severe Disease

Severe disease is more common in babies and young children,[2] and in contrast to many other infections it is more common in children that are relatively well nourished. Other risk factors for severe disease include female sex, high body mass index, and viral load.[3] While each serotype can cause the full spectrum of disease, virus strain is a risk factor. Infection with one serotype is thought to produce lifelong immunity to that type, but only short term protection against the other three. The risk of severe disease from secondary infection increases if someone previously exposed to serotype DENV-1 contracts serotype DENV-2 or DENV-3, or if someone previously exposed to DENV-3 acquires DENV-2.[4] Dengue can be life-threatening in people with chronic diseases such as diabetes[5] and asthma.[6][7]

Polymorphisms in particular genes have been linked with an increased risk of severe dengue complications. Examples include the genes coding for the proteins known as TNF-α, mannan-binding lectin, CTLA-4, TGF-β, DC-SIGN, PLCE1, and particular forms of human leukocyte antigen from gene variations of HLA-B. A common genetic abnormality in Africans, known as glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, appears to increase the risk. Polymorphisms in the genes for the vitamin D receptorand FcγR seem to offer protection against severe disease in secondary dengue infection.

References

  1. ↑ "WHO: Dengue guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control: new edition".
  2. ↑ De Rivera IL, Parham L, Murillo W, Moncada W, Vazquez S (2008). "Humoral immune response of dengue hemorrhagic fever cases in children from Tegucigalpa, Honduras". Am J Trop Med Hyg. 79 (2): 262–6. PMID 18689634.
  3. ↑ Huy NT, Van Giang T, Thuy DH, Kikuchi M, Hien TT, Zamora J; et al. (2013). "Factors associated with dengue shock syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis". PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 7 (9): e2412. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0002412. PMC 3784477. PMID 24086778.
  4. ↑ Guzmán MG, Alvarez M, Rodríguez R, Rosario D, Vázquez S, Vald s L; et al. (1999). "Fatal dengue hemorrhagic fever in Cuba, 1997". Int J Infect Dis. 3 (3): 130–5. PMID 10460923.
  5. ↑ Limonta D, Torres G, Capó V, Guzmán MG (2008). "Apoptosis, vascular leakage and increased risk of severe dengue in a type 2 diabetes mellitus patient". Diab Vasc Dis Res. 5 (3): 213–4. doi:10.3132/dvdr.2008.034. PMID 18777495.
  6. ↑ González D, Castro OE, Kourí G, Perez J, Martinez E, Vazquez S; et al. (2005). "Classical dengue hemorrhagic fever resulting from two dengue infections spaced 20 years or more apart: Havana, Dengue 3 epidemic, 2001-2002". Int J Infect Dis. 9 (5): 280–5. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2004.07.012. PMID 16023878.
  7. ↑ Figueiredo MA, Rodrigues LC, Barreto ML, Lima JW, Costa MC, Morato V; et al. (2010). "Allergies and diabetes as risk factors for dengue hemorrhagic fever: results of a case control study". PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 4 (6): e699. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000699. PMC 2879373. PMID 20532230.
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