Smallpox medical therapy: Difference between revisions
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{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{JS}} | {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{JS}} | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
[[Tecovirimat]] is the only FDA-approved [[antiviral]] treatment for [[smallpox]]. However, the effectiveness of tecovirimat for treatment of smallpox disease has not been determined in humans because adequate and well-controlled field trials have not been feasible, and inducing smallpox disease in humans to study the drug’s efficacy is not ethical. Additional management is supportive and includes [[hydration]], [[antipyretic]]s, pain medications, and treatment of superimposed bacterial infections. | |||
==Medical Therapy== | ==Medical Therapy== | ||
In case of a suspicious case of [[smallpox]] [[infection]], the patient should be treated in a ''negative-pressure room'' whenever available. He should also be [[vaccinated]], particularly if still in an early stage of the disease, in an attempt to minimize [[morbidity]] and [[mortality]]. In the presence of multiple patients with suspected or confirmed disease, a special facility or the whole hospital should be isolated and reserved for treating those patients.<ref name="BremanHenderson2002">{{cite journal|last1=Breman|first1=Joel G.|last2=Henderson|first2=D.A.|title=Diagnosis and Management of Smallpox|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=346|issue=17|year=2002|pages=1300–1308|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJMra020025}}</ref> | |||
So far [[Tecovirimat]] is the only [[antiviral drug]] that has been approved by the FDA for the treatment of patients with [[smallpox]] disease. The investigation for additional suitable drugs has been impaired by:<ref name="MooreSeward2006">{{cite journal|last1=Moore|first1=Zack S|last2=Seward|first2=Jane F|last3=Lane|first3=J Michael|title=Smallpox|journal=The Lancet|volume=367|issue=9508|year=2006|pages=425–435|issn=01406736|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68143-9}}</ref><ref name="pmid12615302">{{cite journal| author=Smee DF, Sidwell RW| title=A review of compounds exhibiting anti-orthopoxvirus activity in animal models. | journal=Antiviral Res | year= 2003 | volume= 57 | issue= 1-2 | pages= 41-52 | pmid=12615302 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12615302 }} </ref> | |||
* Absence of human disease | |||
* Difficulty in finding an animal host/model | |||
* Reserved access to the [[virus]] | |||
Apart from [[Tecovirimat]], the main form of treatment is to keep the patient comfortable throughout the disease and prevent concomitant [[infections]]. This can be achieved by:<ref>{{Cite web | title = DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF SMALLPOX | url = http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMra020025 }}</ref> | |||
::* Supportive care is the mainstay of therapy. | |||
::* Currently, [[Tecovirimat]] is the only FDA-approved anti-viral drug for the treatment of patients with [[smallpox]] disease. | |||
::* Recently, animal studies suggest that [[cidofovir]] and its cyclic analogues, given at the time of or immediately after exposure, have promise for the prevention of cowpox, vaccinia, and monkeypox. | |||
::* Patients need adequate hydration and nutrition, because substantial amounts of fluid and protein can be lost by febrile persons with dense, often weeping lesions. | |||
:::* 1. '''Secondary bacterial infection''' | |||
::::* Penicillinase-resistant antimicrobial agents should be used | |||
:::::* If smallpox lesions are secondarily infected, | |||
:::::* If bacterial infection endangers the eyes | |||
::::::* Daily eye rinsing is required in severe cases. | |||
::::::* Topical [[idoxuridine]] should be considered for the treatment of corneal lesions, although its efficacy is unproved for smallpox. | |||
:::::* If the eruption is very dense and widespread. | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist|2}} | {{Reflist|2}} | ||
{{WH}} | {{WH}} | ||
{{WS}} | {{WS}} | ||
Latest revision as of 13:11, 11 July 2019
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: João André Alves Silva, M.D. [2]
Overview
Tecovirimat is the only FDA-approved antiviral treatment for smallpox. However, the effectiveness of tecovirimat for treatment of smallpox disease has not been determined in humans because adequate and well-controlled field trials have not been feasible, and inducing smallpox disease in humans to study the drug’s efficacy is not ethical. Additional management is supportive and includes hydration, antipyretics, pain medications, and treatment of superimposed bacterial infections.
Medical Therapy
In case of a suspicious case of smallpox infection, the patient should be treated in a negative-pressure room whenever available. He should also be vaccinated, particularly if still in an early stage of the disease, in an attempt to minimize morbidity and mortality. In the presence of multiple patients with suspected or confirmed disease, a special facility or the whole hospital should be isolated and reserved for treating those patients.[1]
So far Tecovirimat is the only antiviral drug that has been approved by the FDA for the treatment of patients with smallpox disease. The investigation for additional suitable drugs has been impaired by:[2][3]
- Absence of human disease
- Difficulty in finding an animal host/model
- Reserved access to the virus
Apart from Tecovirimat, the main form of treatment is to keep the patient comfortable throughout the disease and prevent concomitant infections. This can be achieved by:[4]
- Supportive care is the mainstay of therapy.
- Currently, Tecovirimat is the only FDA-approved anti-viral drug for the treatment of patients with smallpox disease.
- Recently, animal studies suggest that cidofovir and its cyclic analogues, given at the time of or immediately after exposure, have promise for the prevention of cowpox, vaccinia, and monkeypox.
- Patients need adequate hydration and nutrition, because substantial amounts of fluid and protein can be lost by febrile persons with dense, often weeping lesions.
- 1. Secondary bacterial infection
- Penicillinase-resistant antimicrobial agents should be used
- If smallpox lesions are secondarily infected,
- If bacterial infection endangers the eyes
- Daily eye rinsing is required in severe cases.
- Topical idoxuridine should be considered for the treatment of corneal lesions, although its efficacy is unproved for smallpox.
- If the eruption is very dense and widespread.
References
- ↑ Breman, Joel G.; Henderson, D.A. (2002). "Diagnosis and Management of Smallpox". New England Journal of Medicine. 346 (17): 1300–1308. doi:10.1056/NEJMra020025. ISSN 0028-4793.
- ↑ Moore, Zack S; Seward, Jane F; Lane, J Michael (2006). "Smallpox". The Lancet. 367 (9508): 425–435. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68143-9. ISSN 0140-6736.
- ↑ Smee DF, Sidwell RW (2003). "A review of compounds exhibiting anti-orthopoxvirus activity in animal models". Antiviral Res. 57 (1–2): 41–52. PMID 12615302.
- ↑ "DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF SMALLPOX".