Melena causes: Difference between revisions

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Latest revision as of 22:40, 29 July 2020

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ogheneochuko Ajari, MB.BS, MS [2]

Overview

The most common cause of melena is peptic ulcer disease. Any other cause of bleeding from the upper gastro-intestinal tract, or even the ascending colon, can also cause melena. Melena may also be a sign of drug overdose if a patient is taking anti-coagulants, such as warfarin. A less serious, self-limiting case of melena can occur in newborns two to three days after delivery, due to swallowed maternal blood.

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular	Cholesterol embolism, mesenteric vascular occlusion, vasculitis
Chemical/Poisoning	Arsenic trioxide, arsenicals, caustic ingestion, ethylene glycol, mercury
Dental	No underlying causes
Dermatologic	Craniomandibular dermatodysostosis, Degos disease, dermatomyositis, hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia, Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome, vasculitis
Drug Side Effect	Alendronate, alosetron, anticoagulants, aspirin, bevacizumab, Bicalutamide, Ceftibuten, clopidogrel, Cidofovir, colchicine, dicoumarol, indomethacin, iron compounds, melarsoprol, Meropenem, miltefosine, Nilutamide, NSAIDS, Oxaprozin, Pergolide, phenprocoumon, phenylbutazone, potassium chloride, quinidine, sertraline, tetracycline, Tiagabine, warfarin, zinc, ziv-aflibercept, Zonisamide
Ear Nose Throat	Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia, Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome
Endocrine	Carcinoid
Environmental	No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic	Alcoholic cirrhosis, alcoholic fatty liver, anal fissure, angiodysplasia, aortoenteric fistula, Banti's syndrome, biliary atresia, bowel ischemia, bowel obstruction, bowel strangulation, Budd-Chiari syndrome, chronic portal vein thrombosis, coats plus syndrome, colitis cystica profunda, colitis, colonic diverticulosis, colonic tubular adenomata, colonic villous adenomata, colonoscopy, colorectal cancer, Crohn's disease, Degos disease, Dieulafoy's ulcer, duodenal polypectomy, duodenal ulcer, duodenal webs, duplication cysts, esophageal cancer, esophageal cyst, esophageal varices, familial adenomatous polyposis, Gardner syndrome, gastric antral vascular ectasia, Gastric cancer, gastric polyps, gastric ulcer, gastric volvulus, gastric webs, gastritis, gastroduodenal ulcers, gastrointestinal duplications, hemorrhoids, hemobilia, hepatic arterioportal fistula, intussusception, liver cirrhosis, Mallory-Weiss syndrome, Mallory-Weiss tear, Meckel's diverticulum, Ménétrier's disease, mesenteric vascular occlusion, peptic ulcer, Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis, portal hypertension, portal hypertensive gastropathy, proctitis, ruptured esophageal varices, solitary rectal ulcer syndrome, stomach cancer, stress gastritis, stress ulcer, superior mesenteric artery occlusion, ulcerative colitis, watermelon stomach, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
Genetic	Banti's syndrome, carbamoylphosphate synthetase deficiency, coats plus syndrome, Crohn's disease, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, familial adenomatous polyposis, Gardner syndrome, hepatorenal tyrosinemia, Kasabach-Merritt syndrome, neurofibromatosis type I, Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, pseudoxanthoma elasticum, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
Hematologic	Blood clotting disorders, carcinoid, coagulopathy, essential thrombocytosis, hemophilia, haemorrhagic disease of the newborn, hemorrhagic thrombocythemia, Henoch-Schoenlein purpura, iron deficiency anemia, Kasabach-Merritt syndrome, systemic mastocytosis, thrombocytopenia, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
Iatrogenic	Parenteral nutrition-induced liver disease, post-surgical anastomosis, radiation-induced telangiectasia
Infectious Disease	Acanthocephaliasis, ancylostoma duodenale, angiostrongyliasis, anthrax, bacillary dysentery, balantidiasis, candida albicans, cytomegalovirus, ebola virus, entamoeba histolytica, giardiasis, helicobacter pylori, herpes simplex virus, Katayama fever , necator americanus (hookworm), parasites, schistosoma mansoni, strongyloidiasis, trichuriasis, typhoid fever, yellow fever
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic	Craniomandibular dermatodysostosis, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, pelvic fracture
Neurologic	Degos disease, hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia, Labrune syndrome, neurofibromatosis type I, Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome
Nutritional/Metabolic	Carbamoylphosphate synthetase deficiency, hepatorenal tyrosinemia, milk protein intolerance
Obstetric/Gynecologic	Choriocarcinoma, endometriosis, leiomyoma
Oncologic	Adenocarcinoma, anal cancer, blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome, carcinoid, cecal carcinoma, choriocarcinoma, colorectal cancer, esophageal cancer, familial adenomatous polyposis, Gardner syndrome, gastric cancer, hemangiomas, kaposi sarcoma, lipoma, lymphoma, malignancy, melanoma, mesenchymal neoplasm, metastatic tumor, Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, small bowel cancer, small bowel lymphoma, small bowel tumors, stomach cancer, systemic mastocytosis, tumors
Ophthalmologic	Coats plus syndrome
Overdose/Toxicity	Drug overdose
Psychiatric	No underlying causes
Pulmonary	No underlying causes
Renal/Electrolyte	Cholesterol embolism, chronic renal failure, craniomandibular dermatodysostosis, Henoch-Schoenlein purpura
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy	Crohn's disease, dermatomyositis, food allergy, food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES), Henoch-Schoenlein purpura, microscopic polyangiitis, polyarteritis nodosa, systemic mastocytosis, vasculitis, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
Sexual	No underlying causes
Trauma	Trauma
Urologic	No underlying causes
Miscellaneous	Foreign body, swallowed maternal blood

Causes in Alphabetical Order

Colonoscopy
Colorectal cancer
Craniomandibular dermatodysostosis
Crohn's disease
Cytomegalovirus
Degos disease
Dermatomyositis
Dicoumarol
Dieulafoy's ulcer
Drug overdose
Duodenal polypectomy
Duodenal ulcer
Duodenal webs
Duplication cysts
Ebola virus
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
Endometriosis
Entamoeba histolytica
Esophageal cancer
Esophageal cyst
Esophageal varices
Essential thrombocytosis
Ethylene glycol
Familial adenomatous polyposis
Food allergy
Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES)
Foreign body
Gardner syndrome
Gastric antral vascular ectasia
Gastric cancer
Gastric polyps
Gastric ulcer
Gastric volvulus
Gastric webs
Gastritis
Gastroduodenal ulcers
Gastrointestinal duplications
Giardiasis
Haemorrhoids
Helicobacter pylori
Hemangiomas
Hemobilia
Hemophilia
Haemorrhagic disease of the newborn
Hemorrhagic thrombocythemia

References

Template:WH Template:WS

@@ Line 9: / Line 9: @@
 ===Life Threatening Causes===
 Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
+*[[Anthrax]]
+*[[Ebola virus]]
 ===Common Causes===
@@ Line 21: / Line 24: @@
 ===Causes by Organ System===
 {|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
 |style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" |'''Cardiovascular'''
-|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
+|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Cholesterol embolism]], [[mesenteric ischemia|mesenteric vascular occlusion]], [[vasculitis]]
 |-
 |bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"| '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Arsenic trioxide]], [[arsenicals]], [[corrosive|caustic ingestion]], [[ethylene glycol]], [[mercury]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 35: / Line 37: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Dermatologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| Craniomandibular dermatodysostosis, [[Degos disease]], [[dermatomyositis]], [[hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia]], [[Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome]], [[vasculitis]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Drug Side Effect'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Alendronate]], [[alosetron]], [[anticoagulants]], [[aspirin]], [[bevacizumab]], [[Bicalutamide]], [[Ceftibuten]], [[clopidogrel]], [[Cidofovir]], [[colchicine]], [[dicoumarol]], [[indomethacin]], [[iron|iron compounds]], [[melarsoprol]], [[Meropenem]], [[miltefosine]], [[Nilutamide]], [[NSAIDS]], [[Oxaprozin]], [[Pergolide]], [[phenprocoumon]], [[phenylbutazone]], [[potassium chloride]], [[quinidine]], [[sertraline]], [[tetracycline]], [[Tiagabine]], [[warfarin]], [[zinc]], ziv-aflibercept, [[Zonisamide]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Ear Nose Throat'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia]], [[Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Endocrine'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Carcinoid]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 55: / Line 57: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Gastroenterologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Alcoholic cirrhosis]], [[alcoholic fatty liver]], [[anal fissure]], [[angiodysplasia]], aortoenteric fistula, [[Banti's syndrome]], [[biliary atresia]], [[bowel ischemia]], [[bowel obstruction]], [[volvulus|bowel strangulation]], [[Budd-Chiari syndrome]], [[portal vein thrombosis|chronic portal vein thrombosis]], coats plus syndrome, [[solitary rectal ulcer syndrome|colitis cystica profunda]], [[colitis]], [[diverticulosis|colonic diverticulosis]], [[colonic tubular adenomata]], [[colonic villous adenomata]], [[colonoscopy]], [[colorectal cancer]], [[Crohn's disease]], [[Degos disease]], [[Dieulafoy's lesion|Dieulafoy's ulcer]], [[polypectomy|duodenal polypectomy]], [[duodenal ulcer]], duodenal webs, [[enteric duplication cysts|duplication cysts]], [[esophageal cancer]], [[esophageal cyst]], [[esophageal varices]], [[familial adenomatous polyposis]], [[Gardner syndrome]], [[gastric antral vascular ectasia]], [[Gastric cancer]], [[gastric polyps]], [[gastric ulcer]], [[gastric volvulus]], gastric webs, [[gastritis]], [[gastroduodenal ulcers]], gastrointestinal duplications, [[hemorrhoids]], [[hemobilia]], hepatic arterioportal fistula, [[intussusception]], [[liver cirrhosis]], [[Mallory-Weiss syndrome]], [[Mallory-Weiss tear]], [[Meckel's diverticulum]], [[Ménétrier's disease]], [[mesenteric ischemia|mesenteric vascular occlusion]], [[peptic ulcer]], [[Peutz-Jeghers syndrome]], [[pneumatosis intestinalis|pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis]], [[portal hypertension]], [[portal hypertensive gastropathy]], [[proctitis]], [[esophageal varices|ruptured esophageal varices]], [[solitary rectal ulcer syndrome]], [[stomach cancer]], [[gastritis|stress gastritis]], [[peptic ulcer|stress ulcer]], [[superior mesenteric artery|superior mesenteric artery occlusion]], [[ulcerative colitis]], [[watermelon stomach]], [[Zollinger-Ellison syndrome]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Genetic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Banti's syndrome]], [[carbamoylphosphate synthetase deficiency]], coats plus syndrome, [[Crohn's disease]], [[Ehlers-Danlos syndrome]], [[familial adenomatous polyposis]], [[Gardner syndrome]], [[hepatorenal tyrosinemia]], [[Kasabach-Merritt syndrome]], [[neurofibromatosis type I]], [[Peutz-Jeghers syndrome]], [[pseudoxanthoma elasticum]], [[Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Hematologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[coagulopathy|Blood clotting disorders]], [[carcinoid]], [[coagulopathy]], [[essential thrombocytosis]], [[hemophilia]], [[haemorrhagic disease of the newborn]], [[essential thrombocytosis|hemorrhagic thrombocythemia]], [[Henoch-Schoenlein purpura]], [[iron deficiency anemia]], [[Kasabach-Merritt syndrome]], [[systemic mastocytosis]], [[thrombocytopenia]], [[Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Iatrogenic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[total parenteral nutrition|Parenteral nutrition-induced liver disease]], [[anastomosis|post-surgical anastomosis]], [[telangiectasia|radiation-induced telangiectasia]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Infectious Disease'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acanthocephaliasis]], [[ancylostoma duodenale]], [[angiostrongyliasis]], [[anthrax]], [[bacillary dysentery]], [[balantidiasis]], [[candida albicans]], [[cytomegalovirus]], [[ebola virus]], [[entamoeba histolytica]], [[giardiasis]], [[helicobacter pylori]], [[herpes simplex virus]], [[Katayama fever ]], [[necator americanus|necator americanus (hookworm)]], [[parasites]], [[schistosoma mansoni]], [[strongyloidiasis]], [[trichuriasis]], [[typhoid fever]], [[yellow fever]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| Craniomandibular dermatodysostosis, [[Ehlers-Danlos syndrome]], [[pelvic fracture]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Neurologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Degos disease]], [[hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia]], Labrune syndrome, [[neurofibromatosis type I]], [[Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Carbamoylphosphate synthetase deficiency]], [[hepatorenal tyrosinemia]], [[milk protein intolerance]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Choriocarcinoma]], [[endometriosis]], [[leiomyoma]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Oncologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Adenocarcinoma]], [[anal cancer]], [[blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome]], [[carcinoid]], [[cecum|cecal carcinoma]], [[choriocarcinoma]], [[colorectal cancer]], [[esophageal cancer]], [[familial adenomatous polyposis]], [[Gardner syndrome]], [[gastric cancer]], [[hemangioma]]s, [[kaposi sarcoma]], [[lipoma]], [[lymphoma]], [[malignancy]], [[melanoma]], [[neoplasm|mesenchymal neoplasm]], [[metastatic tumor]], [[Peutz-Jeghers syndrome]], [[small bowel cancer]], [[small bowel lymphoma]], [[tumor|small bowel tumors]], [[stomach cancer]], [[systemic mastocytosis]], [[tumors]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Ophthalmologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| Coats plus syndrome
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Overdose/Toxicity'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Drug overdose]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 111: / Line 113: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cholesterol embolism]], [[chronic renal failure]], craniomandibular dermatodysostosis, [[Henoch-Schoenlein purpura]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Crohn's disease]], [[dermatomyositis]], [[food allergy]], [[food allergy|food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES)]], [[Henoch-Schoenlein purpura]], [[microscopic polyangiitis]], [[polyarteritis nodosa]], [[systemic mastocytosis]], [[vasculitis]], [[Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 123: / Line 125: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Trauma'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Trauma]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 131: / Line 133: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Miscellaneous'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Foreign body]], swallowed maternal blood
 |-
 |}
 ===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
+{{col-begin|width=80%}}
+{{col-break|width=33%}}
+*[[Acanthocephaliasis]]
+*[[Adenocarcinoma]]
+*[[Alcoholic cirrhosis]]
+*[[Alcoholic fatty liver]]
+*[[Alendronate]]
+*[[Alosetron]]
+*[[Anal cancer]]
+*[[Anal fissure]]
+*[[Ancylostoma duodenale]]
+*[[Angiodysplasia]]
+*[[Angiostrongyliasis]]
+*[[Anthrax]]
+*[[Anticoagulants]]
+*Aortoenteric fistula
+*[[Arsenic trioxide]]
+*[[Arsenicals]]
+*[[Aspirin]]
+*[[Bacillary dysentery]]
+*[[Balantidiasis]]
+*[[Banti's syndrome]]
+*[[Bevacizumab]]
+*[[Biliary atresia]]
+*[[Blood clotting disorders]]
+*[[Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome]]
+*[[Bowel ischemia]]
+*[[Bowel obstruction]]
+*[[volvulus|Bowel strangulation]]
+*[[Budd-Chiari syndrome]]
+*[[Candida albicans]]
+*[[Carbamoylphosphate synthetase deficiency]]
+*[[Carcinoid]]
+*[[corrosive|Caustic ingestion]]
+*[[cecum|Cecal carcinoma]]
+*[[Ceftibuten]]
+*[[Cholesterol embolism]]
+*[[Choriocarcinoma]]
+*[[portal vein thrombosis|Chronic portal vein thrombosis]]
+*[[Chronic renal failure]]
+*[[Cidofovir]]
+*[[Clopidogrel]]
+*[[Coagulopathy]]
+*Coats plus syndrome
+*[[Colchicine]]
+*[[Colitis]]
+*[[solitary rectal ulcer syndrome|Colitis cystica profunda]]
+*[[diverticulosis|Colonic diverticulosis]]
+*[[Colonic tubular adenomata]]
+*[[Colonic villous adenomata]]
+{{col-break|width=33%}}
+*[[Colonoscopy]]
+*[[Colorectal cancer]]
+*Craniomandibular dermatodysostosis
+*[[Crohn's disease]]
+*[[Cytomegalovirus]]
+*[[Degos disease]]
+*[[Dermatomyositis]]
+*[[Dicoumarol]]
+*[[Dieulafoy's lesion|Dieulafoy's ulcer]]
+*[[Drug overdose]]
+*[[polypectomy|Duodenal polypectomy]]
+*[[Duodenal ulcer]]
+*Duodenal webs
+*[[enteric duplication cysts|Duplication cysts]]
+*[[Ebola virus]]
+*[[Ehlers-Danlos syndrome]]
+*[[Endometriosis]]
+*[[Entamoeba histolytica]]
+*[[Esophageal cancer]]
+*[[Esophageal cyst]]
+*[[Esophageal varices]]
+*[[Essential thrombocytosis ]]
+*[[Ethylene glycol]]
+*[[Familial adenomatous polyposis]]
+*[[Food allergy]]
+*[[food allergy|Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES)]]
+*[[Foreign body]]
+*[[Gardner syndrome]]
+*[[Gastric antral vascular ectasia]]
+*[[Gastric cancer]]
+*[[Gastric polyps]]
+*[[Gastric ulcer]]
+*[[Gastric volvulus]]
+*Gastric webs
+*[[Gastritis]]
+*[[Gastroduodenal ulcers]]
+*Gastrointestinal duplications
+*[[Giardiasis]]
+*[[Haemorrhoids]]
+*[[Helicobacter pylori]]
+*[[Hemangioma]]s
+*[[Hemobilia]]
+*[[Hemophilia]]
+*[[Haemorrhagic disease of the newborn]]
+*[[essential thrombocytosis|Hemorrhagic thrombocythemia]]
+{{col-break|width=33%}}
+*[[Henoch-Schoenlein purpura]]
+*Hepatic arterioportal fistula
+*[[Hepatorenal tyrosinemia]]
+*[[Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia]]
+*[[Herpes simplex virus]]
+*[[Indomethacin]]
+*[[Intussusception]]
+*[[iron|Iron compounds]]
+*[[Iron deficiency anemia]]
+*[[Kaposi sarcoma]]
+*[[Kasabach-Merritt syndrome]]
+*[[Katayama fever ]]
+*Labrune syndrome
+*[[Leiomyoma]]
+*[[Lipoma]]
+*[[Liver cirrhosis]]
+*[[Lymphoma]]
+*[[Malignancy]]
+*[[Mallory-Weiss syndrome]]
+*[[Mallory-Weiss tear]]
+*[[Meckel's diverticulum]]
+*[[Melanoma]]
+*[[Melarsoprol]]
+*[[Ménétrier's disease]]
+*[[Mercury]]
+*[[neoplasm|Mesenchymal neoplasm]]
+*[[Mesenteric vascular occlusion]]
+*[[Metastatic tumor]]
+*[[Microscopic polyangiitis]]
+*[[Milk protein intolerance]]
+*[[necator americanus|Necator americanus (hookworm)]]
+*[[Neurofibromatosis type I]]
+*[[Nilutamide]]
+*[[NSAIDS]]
+*[[Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome]]
+*[[Oxaprozin]]
+*[[total parenteral nutrition|Parenteral nutrition-induced liver disease]]
+*[[Pelvic fracture]]
+*[[Peptic ulcer]]
+*[[Pergolide]]
+*[[Peutz-Jeghers syndrome]]
+*[[Phenprocoumon]]
+*[[Phenylbutazone]]
+*[[pneumatosis intestinalis|Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis]]
+*[[Polyarteritis nodosa]]
+*[[Portal hypertension]]
+*[[Portal hypertensive gastropathy]]
+*[[anastomosis|Post-surgical anastomosis]]
+*[[Potassium chloride]]
+{{col-break|width=33%}}
+*[[Proctitis]]
+*[[Pseudoxanthoma elasticum]]
+*[[Quinidine]]
+*[[telangiectasia|Radiation-induced telangiectasia]]
+*[[esophageal varices|Ruptured esophageal varices]]
+*[[Schistosoma mansoni]]
+*[[Small bowel cancer]]
+*[[Small bowel lymphoma]]
+*[[tumor|Small bowel tumors]]
+*[[Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome]]
+*[[Stomach cancer]]
+*[[gastritis|Stress gastritis]]
+*[[peptic ulcer|Stress ulcer]]
+*[[Strongyloidiasis]]
+*[[superior mesenteric artery|Superior mesenteric artery occlusion]]
+*Swallowed maternal blood
+*[[Systemic mastocytosis]]
+*[[Tetracycline]]
+*[[Thrombocytopenia]]
+*[[Tiagabine]]
+*[[Trauma]]
+*[[Trichuriasis]]
+*[[Tumors]]
+*[[Typhoid fever]]
+*[[Ulcerative colitis]]
+*[[Vasculitis]]
+*[[Warfarin]]
+*[[Watermelon stomach]]
+*[[Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome]]
+*[[Yellow fever]]
+*[[Zinc]]
+*Ziv-aflibercept
+*[[Zollinger-Ellison syndrome]]
+{{col-end}}
 == References ==
-{{reflist|2}}
+{{Reflist|2}}
+{{WH}}
+{{WS}}
 [[Category:Gastroenterology]]
-[[Category:Signs and symptoms]]
 [[Category:Mature chapter]]
-[[Category:primary care]]
+[[Category:Crowdiagnosis]]
-[[Category:Needs content]]
-{{WH}}
-{{WS}}