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{| style="border: 0px; font-size: 90%; margin: 3px;" align=center
==Test==
|+
 
! style="background: #4479BA; width: 120px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Disease}}
==Parenchymal lesions==
! style="background: #4479BA; width: 550px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Findings}}
*Tuberculoma
:* Single or multiple lesions of > 0.5 cm
:* May occur in primary or secundary TB
:* Main finding on Chest X-ray in 5% cases of secondary TB<ref name="pmid3484866">{{cite journal| author=Woodring JH, Vandiviere HM, Fried AM, Dillon ML, Williams TD, Melvin IG| title=Update: the radiographic features of pulmonary tuberculosis. | journal=AJR Am J Roentgenol | year= 1986 | volume= 146 | issue= 3 | pages= 497-506 | pmid=3484866 | doi=10.2214/ajr.146.3.497 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3484866  }} </ref>
:* Results from the surrounding of M. tuberculosis with inflammatory or connective tissue.<ref name="pmid8456658">{{cite journal| author=Lee KS, Song KS, Lim TH, Kim PN, Kim IY, Lee BH| title=Adult-onset pulmonary tuberculosis: findings on chest radiographs and CT scans. | journal=AJR Am J Roentgenol | year= 1993 | volume= 160 | issue= 4 | pages= 753-8 | pmid=8456658 | doi=10.2214/ajr.160.4.8456658 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8456658  }} </ref><ref name="pmid472765">{{cite journal| author=Palmer PE| title=Pulmonary tuberculosis--usual and unusual radiographic presentations. | journal=Semin Roentgenol | year= 1979 | volume= 14 | issue= 3 | pages= 204-43 | pmid=472765 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=472765  }} </ref><ref name="pmid3484866">{{cite journal| author=Woodring JH, Vandiviere HM, Fried AM, Dillon ML, Williams TD, Melvin IG| title=Update: the radiographic features of pulmonary tuberculosis. | journal=AJR Am J Roentgenol | year= 1986 | volume= 146 | issue= 3 | pages= 497-506 | pmid=3484866 | doi=10.2214/ajr.146.3.497 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3484866  }} </ref>
:* The center of the tuberculoma is often necrotic
:* Satellite lesions (80%)
:* Nodular or diffused calcifications in 20-30% cases<ref name="pmid8456658">{{cite journal| author=Lee KS, Song KS, Lim TH, Kim PN, Kim IY, Lee BH| title=Adult-onset pulmonary tuberculosis: findings on chest radiographs and CT scans. | journal=AJR Am J Roentgenol | year= 1993 | volume= 160 | issue= 4 | pages= 753-8 | pmid=8456658 | doi=10.2214/ajr.160.4.8456658 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8456658  }} </ref>
*Thin-walled cavity
:* Present in active and inactive disease
:* May regress after treatment
:* Air-filled sect may persist<ref>{{cite book | last = Fraser | first = Richard | title = Synopsis of diseases of the chest | publisher = W.B. Saunders | location = Philadelphia | year = 1994 | isbn = 0721636691 }}</ref>
:* May be misidentified as an emphysematous bulla or pneumatocelle.
*Cicatrization:
:* Common in secondary TB
:* Marked fibrosis in ≤40% of secondary TB cases, which may present as:
::*Upper love atelectasis
::*Compensatory hyperinflation of the lower lobe
::*Hilar retraction
::*Mediastinal shift
*Unspecific X-Ray findings:<ref name="pmid11452057">{{cite journal| author=Kim HY, Song KS, Goo JM, Lee JS, Lee KS, Lim TH| title=Thoracic sequelae and complications of tuberculosis. | journal=Radiographics | year= 2001 | volume= 21 | issue= 4 | pages= 839-58; discussion 859-60 | pmid=11452057 | doi=10.1148/radiographics.21.4.g01jl06839 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11452057  }} </ref>
::*Parenchymal bands
::*Fibrotic cavities
::*Fibrotic nodules
::*Traction bronchiectasis
*Lung Destruction:<ref name="pmid11452057">{{cite journal| author=Kim HY, Song KS, Goo JM, Lee JS, Lee KS, Lim TH| title=Thoracic sequelae and complications of tuberculosis. | journal=Radiographics | year= 2001 | volume= 21 | issue= 4 | pages= 839-58; discussion 859-60 | pmid=11452057 | doi=10.1148/radiographics.21.4.g01jl06839 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11452057  }} </ref>
:*Common in end-stage of TB
:*Involvement of the airways and parenchyma
:*May follow primary TB or secondary TB
:*Spreads across the lung with cavitation and fibrosis<ref name="pmid8456658">{{cite journal| author=Lee KS, Song KS, Lim TH, Kim PN, Kim IY, Lee BH| title=Adult-onset pulmonary tuberculosis: findings on chest radiographs and CT scans. | journal=AJR Am J Roentgenol | year= 1993 | volume= 160 | issue= 4 | pages= 753-8 | pmid=8456658 | doi=10.2214/ajr.160.4.8456658 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8456658  }} </ref>
:*Concomitant infection with bacteria or bacteria may occur
:*Complicates assessment of TB activity in the lung with the X-ray.
*[[Aspergilloma]]
:*Mass of hyphae, cell debris and mucus, commonly located in a cavity or bronchus<ref name="pmid8744521">{{cite journal| author=Logan PM, Müller NL| title=CT manifestations of pulmonary aspergillosis. | journal=Crit Rev Diagn Imaging | year= 1996 | volume= 37 | issue= 1 | pages= 1-37 | pmid=8744521 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8744521  }} </ref><ref name="pmid8838945">{{cite journal| author=Miller WT| title=Aspergillosis: a disease with many faces. | journal=Semin Roentgenol | year= 1996 | volume= 31 | issue= 1 | pages= 52-66 | pmid=8838945 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8838945  }} </ref><ref name="pmid8577955">{{cite journal| author=Thompson BH, Stanford W, Galvin JR, Kurihara Y| title=Varied radiologic appearances of pulmonary aspergillosis. | journal=Radiographics | year= 1995 | volume= 15 | issue= 6 | pages= 1273-84 | pmid=8577955 | doi=10.1148/radiographics.15.6.8577955 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8577955  }} </ref>
:*Previous history of chronic cavitary TB in 25-55% of cases presenting with [[aspergilloma]]
:*Frequently courses with [[hemoptysis]] (50-90%)
:*X-ray shows a mobile mass ringed by an air shadow 
:*CT shows a mobile mass, generally interspaced with air shadows
:*May be calcified
*Bronchogenic carcinoma<ref name="pmid11452057">{{cite journal| author=Kim HY, Song KS, Goo JM, Lee JS, Lee KS, Lim TH| title=Thoracic sequelae and complications of tuberculosis. | journal=Radiographics | year= 2001 | volume= 21 | issue= 4 | pages= 839-58; discussion 859-60 | pmid=11452057 | doi=10.1148/radiographics.21.4.g01jl06839 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11452057  }} </ref>
 
:*May be misinterpreted as TB progression
:*Scar formation in TB may lead to carcinoma
:*May cause reactivation of TB<ref name="pmid4975011">{{cite journal| author=Snider GL, Placik B| title=The relationship between pulmonary tuberculosis and bronchogenic carcinoma. A topographic study. | journal=Am Rev Respir Dis | year= 1969 | volume= 99 | issue= 2 | pages= 229-36 | pmid=4975011 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4975011  }} </ref><ref name="pmid1265261">{{cite journal| author=Ting YM, Church WR, Ravikrishnan KP| title=Lung carcinoma superimposed on pulmonary tuberculosis. | journal=Radiology | year= 1976 | volume= 119 | issue= 2 | pages= 307-12 | pmid=1265261 | doi=10.1148/119.2.307 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1265261  }} </ref>
 
==Airway Lesions==
<!--
-->
 
==Differential Diagnosis of Infectious Diarrhea==
Acute inflammatory diarrhea may be caused by different pathogens. Bellow is a table describing some of these pathogens in terms of transmission and symptoms:<ref name="pmid14702426">{{cite journal| author=Thielman NM, Guerrant RL| title=Clinical practice. Acute infectious diarrhea. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2004 | volume= 350 | issue= 1 | pages= 38-47 | pmid=14702426 | doi=10.1056/NEJMcp031534 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14702426  }} </ref><ref name="pmid15537721">{{cite journal| author=Khan AM, Faruque AS, Hossain MS, Sattar S, Fuchs GJ, Salam MA| title=Plesiomonas shigelloides-associated diarrhoea in Bangladeshi children: a hospital-based surveillance study. | journal=J Trop Pediatr | year= 2004 | volume= 50 | issue= 6 | pages= 354-6 | pmid=15537721 | doi=10.1093/tropej/50.6.354 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15537721  }} </ref>
 
{| style="border: 0px; font-size: 90%; margin: 3px;" align=center
! style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" rowspan=2 | {{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Pathogen}}
! style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" rowspan=2  | {{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Transmission}}
! style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" colspan=4 | {{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Clinical Manifestations}}
|-
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" | '''[[Ebola]]'''
! style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Fever}}
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Presents with [[fever]], [[chills]] [[vomiting]], [[diarrhea]], generalized [[pain]] or [[malaise]], and sometimes [[Internal bleeding|internal]] and external [[bleeding]], that follow an [[incubation period]] of 2-21 days.
! style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Nausea/Vomiting}}
! style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Abdominal Pain}}
! style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Bloody Stool}}
|-
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" | '''[[Typhoid fever]]'''
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold;" | ''[[Salmonella]]''
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Presents with [[fever]], [[headache]], [[rash]], gastrointestinal symptoms, with [[lymphadenopathy]], relative [[bradycardia]], [[cough]] and [[leucopenia]] and sometimes [[sore throat]]. [[Blood]] and [[stool culture]] can confirm the presence of the causative bacteria.
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Foodborne transmission, community-acquired
! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | ++
! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | ++
! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
|-
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |'''[[Malaria]]'''
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold;" | ''[[Shigella]]''
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Presents with acute [[fever]], [[headache]] and sometimes [[diarrhea]] (children). A [[blood smear]]s must be examined for malaria parasites. The presence of [[parasites]] does not exclude a concurrent viral infection. An [[antimalarial]] should be prescribed as an [[empiric therapy]].
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Community-acquired, person-to-person
! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | ++
! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | ++
! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | ++
! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
|-
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" | '''[[Lassa fever]]'''
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold;" | ''[[Campylobacter]]''
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Disease onset is usually gradual, with [[fever]], [[sore throat]], [[cough]], [[pharyngitis]], and [[facial edema]] in the later stages. [[Inflammation]] and exudation of the [[pharynx]] and [[conjunctiva]] are common.
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Community-acquired, ingestion of undercooked poultry
! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | ++
! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | ++
! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
|-
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" | '''[[Yellow fever]] and other [[Flaviviridae]] '''
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold;" | [[Escherichia coli|''E. coli'' (EHEC or EIEC)]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Present with [[hemorrhage|hemorrhagic]] complications. [[Epidemiological]] investigation may reveal a pattern of disease [[transmission]] by an insect vector. Virus isolation and serological investigation serves to distinguish these [[viruses]]. Confirmed history of previous [[yellow fever]] [[vaccination]] will rule out [[yellow fever]].
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Foodborne transmission, ingestion of undercooked hamburger meat
! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | ±
! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | ++
! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | ++
|-
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" | '''[[Shigellosis]] & other bacterial enteric infections'''
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold;" | ''[[Clostridium difficile]]''
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Presents with [[diarrhea]], possibly [[Dysentery|bloody]], accompanied by [[fever]], [[nausea]], and sometimes [[toxemia]], [[vomiting]], [[cramps]], and [[tenesmus]]. [[Stool]]s contain [[blood]] and mucous in a typical case. A search for possible sites of bacterial infection, together with cultures and [[blood smear]]s, should be made. Presence of [[leucocytosis]] distinguishes bacterial infections from [[viral infections]].
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Nosocomial spread, antibiotic use
! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | ±
! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
|-
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" | '''[[Leukemia]]'''
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold;" | ''[[Yersinia]]''
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | [[Cancer]] of the [[blood]] or [[bone marrow]] and is characterized by an abnormal proliferation (production by multiplication) of blood [[Cell (biology)|cells]], usually white blood cells ([[leukocytes]]). It is part of the broad group of diseases called [[Hematological malignancy|hematological neoplasms]].
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Community-aquired, foodborne transmission
! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | ++
! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | ++
! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
|-
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" | '''[[Tonsillitis]]'''
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold;" | ''[[Entamoeba histolytica]]''
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Tonsillitis is characterized by signs of red, swollen [[tonsils]] which may have a [[exudate|purulent exudative]] coating of white patches (i.e. [[pus]]). In addition, there may be enlarged and tender neck [[cervical lymph nodes]].
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Travel to or emigration from tropical regions
! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | ±
! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | ±
|-
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" | '''[[Pharyngitis]]'''
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold;" | ''[[Aeromonas]]''
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Typically characterized by [[sore throat]], but commonly accompanied by [[fever]], [[headache]], [[joint pain]] and [[muscle aches]], [[skin rashes]], [[swollen lymph nodes]] in the [[neck]], [[diphtheria]] and [[common cold]].
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Ingestion of contaminated water
|-
! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | ++
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" | '''[[adenovirus|Adenovirus infections]]'''
! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Commonly presents by a [[cold]] syndrome, [[pneumonia]], [[croup]] and [[bronchitis]].
! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | ++
|-
! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" | '''[[Influenza]]'''
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | [[Symptoms]] of [[influenza]] can start quite suddenly one to two days after [[infection]]. Usually the first [[symptoms]] are [[chills]] or a chilly sensation but [[fever]] is also common early in the [[infection]], with body temperatures as high as 39 °C (approximately 103 °F). Many people are so ill that they are confined to bed for several days, with aches and pains throughout their bodies, which are worst in their backs and legs. Common [[symptoms]] of the [[flu]] such as [[fever]], [[headaches]], and [[fatigue]] come from the huge amounts of proinflammatory [[cytokine]]s and [[chemokine]]s (such as [[interferon]] or [[Tumor necrosis factor-alpha|tumor necrosis factor]]) produced from influenza-infected cells.<ref name="pmid15858027">{{cite journal| author=Schmitz N, Kurrer M, Bachmann MF, Kopf M| title=Interleukin-1 is responsible for acute lung immunopathology but increases survival of respiratory influenza virus infection. | journal=J Virol | year= 2005 | volume= 79 | issue= 10 | pages= 6441-8 | pmid=15858027 | doi=10.1128/JVI.79.10.6441-6448.2005 | pmc=PMC1091664 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15858027  }} </ref> In contrast to the [[rhinovirus]] that causes the [[common cold]], influenza does cause tissue damage, so symptoms are not entirely due to the inflammatory response.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Winther B, Gwaltney J, Mygind N, Hendley J | title = Viral-induced rhinitis. | journal = Am J Rhinol | volume = 12 | issue = 1 | pages = 17–20 | year = | id = PMID 9513654}}</ref>
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" | '''Others'''
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Leptospirosis]], [[rheumatic fever]], [[typhus]], and [[mononucleosis]] can produce [[signs]] and [[symptoms]] that may be confused with [[Ebola]] in the early stages of [[infection]].
|-
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold;" | ''[[Plesiomonas]]''
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Ingestion of contaminated water or undercooked shellfish, travel to tropical regions
! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | ±
! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | ++
! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +
|}
|}
==References==
{{reflist|2}}

Latest revision as of 18:19, 16 September 2014

Test

Parenchymal lesions

  • Tuberculoma
  • Single or multiple lesions of > 0.5 cm
  • May occur in primary or secundary TB
  • Main finding on Chest X-ray in 5% cases of secondary TB[1]
  • Results from the surrounding of M. tuberculosis with inflammatory or connective tissue.[2][3][1]
  • The center of the tuberculoma is often necrotic
  • Satellite lesions (80%)
  • Nodular or diffused calcifications in 20-30% cases[2]
  • Thin-walled cavity
  • Present in active and inactive disease
  • May regress after treatment
  • Air-filled sect may persist[4]
  • May be misidentified as an emphysematous bulla or pneumatocelle.
  • Cicatrization:
  • Common in secondary TB
  • Marked fibrosis in ≤40% of secondary TB cases, which may present as:
  • Upper love atelectasis
  • Compensatory hyperinflation of the lower lobe
  • Hilar retraction
  • Mediastinal shift
  • Unspecific X-Ray findings:[5]
  • Parenchymal bands
  • Fibrotic cavities
  • Fibrotic nodules
  • Traction bronchiectasis
  • Lung Destruction:[5]
  • Common in end-stage of TB
  • Involvement of the airways and parenchyma
  • May follow primary TB or secondary TB
  • Spreads across the lung with cavitation and fibrosis[2]
  • Concomitant infection with bacteria or bacteria may occur
  • Complicates assessment of TB activity in the lung with the X-ray.
  • Mass of hyphae, cell debris and mucus, commonly located in a cavity or bronchus[6][7][8]
  • Previous history of chronic cavitary TB in 25-55% of cases presenting with aspergilloma
  • Frequently courses with hemoptysis (50-90%)
  • X-ray shows a mobile mass ringed by an air shadow
  • CT shows a mobile mass, generally interspaced with air shadows
  • May be calcified
  • Bronchogenic carcinoma[5]
  • May be misinterpreted as TB progression
  • Scar formation in TB may lead to carcinoma
  • May cause reactivation of TB[9][10]

Airway Lesions

Differential Diagnosis of Infectious Diarrhea

Acute inflammatory diarrhea may be caused by different pathogens. Bellow is a table describing some of these pathogens in terms of transmission and symptoms:[11][12]

Pathogen Transmission Clinical Manifestations
Fever Nausea/Vomiting Abdominal Pain Bloody Stool
Salmonella Foodborne transmission, community-acquired ++ + ++ +
Shigella Community-acquired, person-to-person ++ ++ ++ +
Campylobacter Community-acquired, ingestion of undercooked poultry ++ + ++ +
E. coli (EHEC or EIEC) Foodborne transmission, ingestion of undercooked hamburger meat ± + ++ ++
Clostridium difficile Nosocomial spread, antibiotic use + ± + +
Yersinia Community-aquired, foodborne transmission ++ + ++ +
Entamoeba histolytica Travel to or emigration from tropical regions + ± + ±
Aeromonas Ingestion of contaminated water ++ + ++ +
Plesiomonas Ingestion of contaminated water or undercooked shellfish, travel to tropical regions ± ++ + +

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Woodring JH, Vandiviere HM, Fried AM, Dillon ML, Williams TD, Melvin IG (1986). "Update: the radiographic features of pulmonary tuberculosis". AJR Am J Roentgenol. 146 (3): 497–506. doi:10.2214/ajr.146.3.497. PMID 3484866.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Lee KS, Song KS, Lim TH, Kim PN, Kim IY, Lee BH (1993). "Adult-onset pulmonary tuberculosis: findings on chest radiographs and CT scans". AJR Am J Roentgenol. 160 (4): 753–8. doi:10.2214/ajr.160.4.8456658. PMID 8456658.
  3. ↑ Palmer PE (1979). "Pulmonary tuberculosis--usual and unusual radiographic presentations". Semin Roentgenol. 14 (3): 204–43. PMID 472765.
  4. ↑ Fraser, Richard (1994). Synopsis of diseases of the chest. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. ISBN 0721636691.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Kim HY, Song KS, Goo JM, Lee JS, Lee KS, Lim TH (2001). "Thoracic sequelae and complications of tuberculosis". Radiographics. 21 (4): 839–58, discussion 859-60. doi:10.1148/radiographics.21.4.g01jl06839. PMID 11452057.
  6. ↑ Logan PM, Müller NL (1996). "CT manifestations of pulmonary aspergillosis". Crit Rev Diagn Imaging. 37 (1): 1–37. PMID 8744521.
  7. ↑ Miller WT (1996). "Aspergillosis: a disease with many faces". Semin Roentgenol. 31 (1): 52–66. PMID 8838945.
  8. ↑ Thompson BH, Stanford W, Galvin JR, Kurihara Y (1995). "Varied radiologic appearances of pulmonary aspergillosis". Radiographics. 15 (6): 1273–84. doi:10.1148/radiographics.15.6.8577955. PMID 8577955.
  9. ↑ Snider GL, Placik B (1969). "The relationship between pulmonary tuberculosis and bronchogenic carcinoma. A topographic study". Am Rev Respir Dis. 99 (2): 229–36. PMID 4975011.
  10. ↑ Ting YM, Church WR, Ravikrishnan KP (1976). "Lung carcinoma superimposed on pulmonary tuberculosis". Radiology. 119 (2): 307–12. doi:10.1148/119.2.307. PMID 1265261.
  11. ↑ Thielman NM, Guerrant RL (2004). "Clinical practice. Acute infectious diarrhea". N Engl J Med. 350 (1): 38–47. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp031534. PMID 14702426.
  12. ↑ Khan AM, Faruque AS, Hossain MS, Sattar S, Fuchs GJ, Salam MA (2004). "Plesiomonas shigelloides-associated diarrhoea in Bangladeshi children: a hospital-based surveillance study". J Trop Pediatr. 50 (6): 354–6. doi:10.1093/tropej/50.6.354. PMID 15537721.
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