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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Rim Halaby, M.D. [2]
Overview
Mycobacterium abscessus (M. abscessus) is a bacterium distantly related to the ones that cause tuberculosis and leprosy. It is part of a group known as rapidly growing mycobacteria (RGM) and is found in water, soil, and dust. It has been known to contaminate medications and products, including medical devices.
Taxonomy
- Name: Mycobacterium abscessus
- Regnum: Bacteria
- Phylum: Actinobacteria
- Ordo: Actinomycetales
- Subordo: Corynebacterineae
- Familia: Mycobacteriaceae
- Genus: Mycobacterium
- Species: M. abscessus
- Binomial: Mycobacterium abscessus
Transmission
Infection with M. abscessus is usually caused by injections of substances contaminated with the bacterium or through invasive medical procedures employing contaminated equipment or material. Infection can also occur after accidental injury where the wound is contaminated by soil. There is very little risk of transmission from person to person.
M. abscessus is relatively resistant to chlorine and standard disinfectant.[1]
Microscopy
- Gram-positive, non-motile and acid-fast rods (1.0-2.5µm x 0.5µm).
Colony Characteristics
- Colonies on Löwenstein-Jensen media may occur as smooth as well as rough, white or greyish and nonphotochromogenic
Physiology
- Growth at 28°C and 37°C after 7 days but not at 43°C
- On MacConkey agar at 28°C and even 37°C
- Tolerance to 5% NaCl and 500mg/l hydroxylamine (Ogawa egg medium) and 0.2% picrate (Sauton agar medium)
- Positive degradation of p-aminosalicylate
- Production of arylsulfatase but not of nitrate reductase and Tween 80 hydrolase
- Negative iron uptake test
- No utilization of fructose, glucose, oxalate and citrate as sole carbon sources
Differential Characteristics
- M. abscessus and M. chelonae can be distinguished from M. fortuitum or M. peregrinum by their failure to reduce nitrate and to take up iron.
- Tolerance to 5% NaCl in Löwenstein-Jensen media tolerance to 0.2% picrate in Sauton agar and non-utilisation of citrate as a sole carbon source are characteristics that distinguish M. abscessus from M. chelonae.
- M. abscessus and M. chelonae sequevar I share an identical sequence in the 54-510 region of 16S rRNA, However, both species can be differentiated by their hsp65 or ITS sequences
Subspecies
Strains
ATCC 19977 = CCUG 20993 = CIP 104536 = DSM 44196 = JCM 13569 = NCTC 13031
Genetics
A draft genome sequence of M. abscessus subsp. bolletii BDT was completed in 2012.[4] More than 25 different strains of this subspecies, including pathogenic isolates, have had their genomes sequenced.[5]
Resistance to Antibiotics
Intrinsic Factors
- The permeability barrier of the envelope of the mycobacterium[6]
- Low affinity of the antibiotics to their target[6]
- Drug export systems[6]
- Neutralization of the antibiotics by cytoplasmic enzymes[6]
Acquired Factors
References
- ↑ Wallace RJ, Brown BA, Griffith DE (1998). "Nosocomial outbreaks/pseudo-outbreaks caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria". Annu Rev Microbiol. 52: 453–90. doi:10.1146/annurev.micro.52.1.453. PMID 9891805.
- ↑ Adékambi T, Reynaud-Gaubert M, Greub G, Gevaudan MJ, La Scola B, Raoult D; et al. (2004). "Amoebal coculture of "Mycobacterium massiliense" sp. nov. from the sputum of a patient with hemoptoic pneumonia". J Clin Microbiol. 42 (12): 5493–501. doi:10.1128/JCM.42.12.5493-5501.2004. PMC 535245. PMID 15583272.
- ↑ Adékambi T, Berger P, Raoult D, Drancourt M (2006). "rpoB gene sequence-based characterization of emerging non-tuberculous mycobacteria with descriptions of Mycobacterium bolletii sp. nov., Mycobacterium phocaicum sp. nov. and Mycobacterium aubagnense sp. nov". Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 56 (Pt 1): 133–43. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.63969-0. PMID 16403878.
- ↑ Choi, G.-E.; Cho, Y.-J.; Koh, W.-J.; Chun, J.; Cho, S.-N.; Shin, S. J. (24 April 2012). "Draft Genome Sequence of Mycobacterium abscessus subsp. bolletii BDT". Journal of Bacteriology. 194 (10): 2756–2757. doi:10.1128/JB.00354-12.
- ↑ Davidson, Rebecca M. (December 2013). "Phylogenomics of Brazilian epidemic isolates of Mycobacterium abscessus subsp. bolletii reveals relationships of global outbreak strains". Infection, Genetics and Evolution. 20: 292–297. doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2013.09.012. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=ignored (help) - ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Nessar R, Cambau E, Reyrat JM, Murray A, Gicquel B (2012). "Mycobacterium abscessus: a new antibiotic nightmare". J Antimicrob Chemother. 67 (4): 810–8. doi:10.1093/jac/dkr578. PMID 22290346.