Yersinia pestis infection laboratory findings: Difference between revisions
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{{Yersinia pestis infection}} | {{Yersinia pestis infection}} | ||
{{CMG}} | {{CMG}} | ||
==Laboratory Findings== | ==Laboratory Findings== | ||
Following a thorough history and physical exam, patients suspected to be infected by the plague require a confirmation of the initial diagnosis. Plague is a quarantinable diseases covered under international regulations. In the United States, reporting of suspicious cases and sending collected material to specialized labs and to the State Health Department are mandatory procedures. | Following a thorough history and physical exam, patients suspected to be infected by the plague require a confirmation of the initial diagnosis. Plague is a quarantinable diseases covered under international regulations.<ref name=WHA>{{cite web |url=http://www.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf files/WHA58-REC1/english/Resolutions.pdf |title= Plague |date= 2005 |website= World Health Assembly|publisher=WHA|accessdate=Jul 25 2014}}</ref> In the United States, reporting of suspicious cases and sending collected material to specialized labs and to the State Health Department are mandatory procedures.{{cite book|last=Dennis |first=David |date=2009 |title=Plague |url=http://download.springer.com/static/pdf/583/chp%253A10.1007%252F978-0-387-09843-2_28.pdf?auth66=1406493717_83826f9d10001446712ba861f3e65459&ext=.pdf |location= |publisher=Springer Science+Business Media |page=597 |isbn=DOI 10.1007/978-0-387-09843-2 28 |accessdate=Jul 25 2014 }} | ||
The diagnosis of plague is confirmed only by the following 2 techniques: | The diagnosis of plague is confirmed only by the following 2 techniques{{cite book|last=Dennis |first=David |date=2009 |title=Plague |url=http://download.springer.com/static/pdf/583/chp%253A10.1007%252F978-0-387-09843-2_28.pdf?auth66=1406493717_83826f9d10001446712ba861f3e65459&ext=.pdf |location= |publisher=Springer Science+Business Media |page=597 |isbn=DOI 10.1007/978-0-387-09843-2 28 |accessdate=Jul 25 2014 }}: | ||
*''Y. pestis'' antibody titers, requiring a 4x increase between the acute and the convalescent phases. | *''Y. pestis'' antibody titers, requiring a 4x increase between the acute and the convalescent phases. | ||
*Lysis of ''Y. pestis'' by unique bacteriophages in bacterial culture | *Lysis of ''Y. pestis'' by unique bacteriophages in bacterial culture | ||
===Collection of Samples=== | ===Collection of Samples=== | ||
Collection of '''blood specimens''', '''lymph node aspirates''' from buboes, '''sputum samples''', and '''tracheal swabs''' are needed before the administration of antibiotics. Additionally, '''cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collection''' is required in cases suspected to have meningeal complications of plague.{{cite book|last=Dennis |first=David |date=2009 |title=Plague |url=http://download.springer.com/static/pdf/583/chp%253A10.1007%252F978-0-387-09843-2_28.pdf?auth66=1406493717_83826f9d10001446712ba861f3e65459&ext=.pdf |location= |publisher=Springer Science+Business Media |page=597 |isbn=DOI 10.1007/978-0-387-09843-2 28 |accessdate=Jul 25 2014 }} | |||
====Blood Samples==== | ====Blood Samples==== | ||
Blood should be sent for analysis, culture, and peripheral smear. | Blood should be sent for analysis, culture, and peripheral smear. | ||
| Line 18: | Line 20: | ||
*Serological diagnosis using passive hemagglutination test (PHA) using ''Y. pestis'' F1 antigen. If samples are retrieved within 3-4 weeks of symptoms onset, serological confirmation is highly sensitive. | *Serological diagnosis using passive hemagglutination test (PHA) using ''Y. pestis'' F1 antigen. If samples are retrieved within 3-4 weeks of symptoms onset, serological confirmation is highly sensitive. | ||
The use of rapid detection tests, such as ELISA and PCR assays to detect F1 antigen are not routinely used yet. However, they may be helpful to confirm cases of suspected plague when gold standard confirmatory tests are not available. | The use of rapid detection tests, such as ELISA and PCR assays to detect F1 antigen are not routinely used yet. However, they may be helpful to confirm cases of suspected plague when gold standard confirmatory tests are not available.<ref name="pmid3492308">{{cite journal| author=Williams JE, Arntzen L, Tyndal GL, Isaäcson M| title=Application of enzyme immunoassays for the confirmation of clinically suspect plague in Namibia, 1982. | journal=Bull World Health Organ | year= 1986 | volume= 64 | issue= 5 | pages= 745-52 | pmid=3492308 | doi= | pmc=PMC2490949 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3492308 }} </ref><ref name="pmid16841399">{{cite journal| author=| title=International meeting on preventing and controlling plague: the old calamity still has a future. | journal=Wkly Epidemiol Rec | year= 2006 | volume= 81 | issue= 28 | pages= 278-84 | pmid=16841399 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16841399 }} </ref>{{cite book|last=Dennis |first=David |date=2009 |title=Plague |url=http://download.springer.com/static/pdf/583/chp%253A10.1007%252F978-0-387-09843-2_28.pdf?auth66=1406493717_83826f9d10001446712ba861f3e65459&ext=.pdf |location= |publisher=Springer Science+Business Media |page=597 |isbn=DOI 10.1007/978-0-387-09843-2 28 |accessdate=Jul 25 2014 }} | ||
====Lymph Node Aspiration==== | ====Lymph Node Aspiration==== | ||
Bubo aspiration, using a small sterile syringe containing sterile saline, is performed by insertion of the needle into the central part of the bubo. If original aspiration fails, injection of the sterile saline inside the syringe may be performed and then aspirated. The aspirate is then used as follows: | Bubo aspiration, using a small sterile syringe containing sterile saline, is performed by insertion of the needle into the central part of the bubo. If original aspiration fails, injection of the sterile saline inside the syringe may be performed and then aspirated. The aspirate is then used as follows{{cite book|last=Dennis |first=David |date=2009 |title=Plague |url=http://download.springer.com/static/pdf/583/chp%253A10.1007%252F978-0-387-09843-2_28.pdf?auth66=1406493717_83826f9d10001446712ba861f3e65459&ext=.pdf |location= |publisher=Springer Science+Business Media |page=597 |isbn=DOI 10.1007/978-0-387-09843-2 28 |accessdate=Jul 25 2014 }}: | ||
*2 slide preparations for routine staining, using Giemsa (or Wayson) method and for gram stain. | *2 slide preparations for routine staining, using Giemsa (or Wayson) method and for gram stain. | ||
*2 slide preparations for direct fluorescent antibody (FA) testing | *2 slide preparations for direct fluorescent antibody (FA) testing | ||
| Line 26: | Line 30: | ||
Aspirate should also be used for culture using sheep blood agar, brain-heart infusion (BHI) broth, and MacConkey agar. | Aspirate should also be used for culture using sheep blood agar, brain-heart infusion (BHI) broth, and MacConkey agar. | ||
====Other Specimens==== | ====Other Specimens==== | ||
All aspirates and specimens from CSF, tracheal swab, and sputum also need to be tested using gram stain, Giemsa stain, and FA testing. | All aspirates and specimens from CSF, tracheal swab, and sputum also need to be tested using gram stain, Giemsa stain, and FA testing.{{cite book|last=Dennis |first=David |date=2009 |title=Plague |url=http://download.springer.com/static/pdf/583/chp%253A10.1007%252F978-0-387-09843-2_28.pdf?auth66=1406493717_83826f9d10001446712ba861f3e65459&ext=.pdf |location= |publisher=Springer Science+Business Media |page=597 |isbn=DOI 10.1007/978-0-387-09843-2 28 |accessdate=Jul 25 2014 }} | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 20:48, 25 July 2014
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Laboratory Findings
Following a thorough history and physical exam, patients suspected to be infected by the plague require a confirmation of the initial diagnosis. Plague is a quarantinable diseases covered under international regulations.[1] In the United States, reporting of suspicious cases and sending collected material to specialized labs and to the State Health Department are mandatory procedures.Dennis, David (2009). Plague (PDF). Springer Science+Business Media. p. 597. ISBN DOI 10.1007/978-0-387-09843-2 28 Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help). Retrieved Jul 25 2014. Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
The diagnosis of plague is confirmed only by the following 2 techniquesDennis, David (2009). Plague (PDF). Springer Science+Business Media. p. 597. ISBN DOI 10.1007/978-0-387-09843-2 28 Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help). Retrieved Jul 25 2014. Check date values in: |accessdate= (help):
- Y. pestis antibody titers, requiring a 4x increase between the acute and the convalescent phases.
- Lysis of Y. pestis by unique bacteriophages in bacterial culture
Collection of Samples
Collection of blood specimens, lymph node aspirates from buboes, sputum samples, and tracheal swabs are needed before the administration of antibiotics. Additionally, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collection is required in cases suspected to have meningeal complications of plague.Dennis, David (2009). Plague (PDF). Springer Science+Business Media. p. 597. ISBN DOI 10.1007/978-0-387-09843-2 28 Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help). Retrieved Jul 25 2014. Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
Blood Samples
Blood should be sent for analysis, culture, and peripheral smear.
- If clinically stable, at least 3 samples for culture within 45 minutes should be collected before antibiotic administration.
- Serological diagnosis using passive hemagglutination test (PHA) using Y. pestis F1 antigen. If samples are retrieved within 3-4 weeks of symptoms onset, serological confirmation is highly sensitive.
The use of rapid detection tests, such as ELISA and PCR assays to detect F1 antigen are not routinely used yet. However, they may be helpful to confirm cases of suspected plague when gold standard confirmatory tests are not available.[2][3]Dennis, David (2009). Plague (PDF). Springer Science+Business Media. p. 597. ISBN DOI 10.1007/978-0-387-09843-2 28 Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help). Retrieved Jul 25 2014. Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
Lymph Node Aspiration
Bubo aspiration, using a small sterile syringe containing sterile saline, is performed by insertion of the needle into the central part of the bubo. If original aspiration fails, injection of the sterile saline inside the syringe may be performed and then aspirated. The aspirate is then used as followsDennis, David (2009). Plague (PDF). Springer Science+Business Media. p. 597. ISBN DOI 10.1007/978-0-387-09843-2 28 Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help). Retrieved Jul 25 2014. Check date values in: |accessdate= (help):
- 2 slide preparations for routine staining, using Giemsa (or Wayson) method and for gram stain.
- 2 slide preparations for direct fluorescent antibody (FA) testing
Aspirate should also be used for culture using sheep blood agar, brain-heart infusion (BHI) broth, and MacConkey agar.
Other Specimens
All aspirates and specimens from CSF, tracheal swab, and sputum also need to be tested using gram stain, Giemsa stain, and FA testing.Dennis, David (2009). Plague (PDF). Springer Science+Business Media. p. 597. ISBN DOI 10.1007/978-0-387-09843-2 28 Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help). Retrieved Jul 25 2014. Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
References
- ↑ files/WHA58-REC1/english/Resolutions.pdf "Plague" Check
|url=value (help) (PDF). World Health Assembly. WHA. 2005. Retrieved Jul 25 2014. Check date values in:|accessdate=(help) - ↑ Williams JE, Arntzen L, Tyndal GL, Isaäcson M (1986). "Application of enzyme immunoassays for the confirmation of clinically suspect plague in Namibia, 1982". Bull World Health Organ. 64 (5): 745–52. PMC 2490949. PMID 3492308.
- ↑ "International meeting on preventing and controlling plague: the old calamity still has a future". Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 81 (28): 278–84. 2006. PMID 16841399.