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|SubCategory=Pulmonology, Infectious Disease | |SubCategory=Pulmonology, Infectious Disease | ||
|Prompt=A 57-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by his wife for a 3-day history of increasing fever, nausea, vomiting, cough and malaise. The wife explains they recently returned from a cruise trip at a nearby lake. On admission, his temperature is 103°F (39.5°C), his heart rate is 86/min, and his respiratory rate is 25/min. Initial work-up reveals the following set of electrolytes in this patient: Na=129 mEq/L, K=4.5 mEq/L, Cl=108 mEq/L, and HCO3=21 mEq/L. Which of the following media could be used to isolate the causal organism? | |Prompt=A 57-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by his wife for a 3-day history of increasing fever, nausea, vomiting, cough and malaise. The wife explains they recently returned from a cruise trip at a nearby lake. On admission, his temperature is 103°F (39.5°C), his heart rate is 86/min, and his respiratory rate is 25/min. Initial work-up reveals the following set of electrolytes in this patient: Na=129 mEq/L, K=4.5 mEq/L, Cl=108 mEq/L, and HCO3=21 mEq/L. Which of the following media could be used to isolate the causal organism? | ||
|Explanation=The patient is most likely suffering from [[Legionnaires' disease]], a severe pulmonary infection caused by [[ | |Explanation=The patient is most likely suffering from [[Legionnaires' disease]], a severe pulmonary infection caused by ''[[Legionella pneumophila]]'', a gram-negative rod. Legionnaires' disease typically affects smokers, older individuals, or people who are immunocompromised. Healthy individuals often have a less severe flu-like ''Legionalla'' infection called [[Pontiac fever]]. Legionnaires' disease requires treatment with antibiotics and aggressive pulmonary management to resolve. | ||
''Legionella'' should be suspected in patients who were recently exposed to water sources, such as rivers, lakes, or even airconditioning systems. It classically causes a fever-heart rate dissociation, whereby the patient is febrile but not as tachycardic as expected in a febrile patient. Additionally, hyponatremia is characteristically observed in patients with ''Legionella'' infection. A mild but clinically insignificant decrease in bicarbonate may be evident in this patient as a compensatory mechanism of the patient's hyperventilation. | ''Legionella'' should be suspected in patients who were recently exposed to water sources, such as rivers, lakes, or even airconditioning systems. It classically causes a fever-heart rate dissociation, whereby the patient is febrile but not as tachycardic as expected in a febrile patient. Additionally, hyponatremia is characteristically observed in patients with ''Legionella'' infection. A mild but clinically insignificant decrease in bicarbonate may be evident in this patient as a compensatory mechanism of the patient's hyperventilation. | ||
It grows on charcoal yeast extract using iron and cysteine. Because gram stains poorly in cultures of ''Legionella'', silver stain is used instead. More rapid urinary antigen for ''Legionella'' is also available. Treatment is by antibiotics, such as macrolides (erythromycin). | It grows on charcoal yeast extract using iron and cysteine. Because gram stains poorly in cultures of ''Legionella'', silver stain is used instead. More rapid urinary antigen for ''Legionella'' is also available. Treatment is by antibiotics, such as macrolides (erythromycin). | ||
|AnswerA=Eaton’s | |AnswerA=Eaton’s agar | ||
|AnswerAExp=Eaton’s agar is used to culture [[ | |AnswerAExp=Eaton’s agar is used to culture ''[[Mycoplasma pneumoniae]]''. It causes a mild gradually worsening atypical pneumonia, not the acute-onset severe pulmonary infection seen in this patient. | ||
|AnswerB=Charcoal yeast extract | |AnswerB=Charcoal yeast extract | ||
|AnswerBExp=Charcoal yeast extract is used to culture [[ | |AnswerBExp=Charcoal yeast extract is used to culture ''[[Legionella pneumophila]]'', the organism responsible for [[Legionnaires' disease]]. | ||
|AnswerC=Tellurite Agar | |AnswerC=Tellurite Agar | ||
|AnswerCExp=Tellurite agar is used to culture [[ | |AnswerCExp=Tellurite agar is used to culture ''[[Corynebacterium diphtheriae]]''. ''C. diptheriae'' is largely eliminated from developed countries and would therefore be unlikely in this patient. ''C. diptheria'' infection causes severe pharyngitis accompanied by the development of pseudomembranes that coat the throat and tonsils. The pulmonary symptoms and [[fever]] observed in this patient are inconsistent with ''C. diptheria'' infection. | ||
|AnswerD= | |AnswerD=MacConkey’s agar | ||
|AnswerDExp=MacConkey's agar (MAC) is used to culture a variety of gram-negative organisms. Lactose-fermenting enterics (eg [[ | |AnswerDExp=MacConkey's agar (MAC) is used to culture a variety of gram-negative organisms. Lactose-fermenting enterics (eg ''[[E. coli]]'') will appear as pink colonies. | ||
|AnswerE=Sabouraud’s Agar | |AnswerE=Sabouraud’s Agar | ||
|AnswerEExp=Sabouraud’s agar is used to culture [[fungi]]. | |AnswerEExp=Sabouraud’s agar is used to culture [[fungi]]. | ||
|EducationalObjectives=[[ | |EducationalObjectives=''[[Legionella pneumophila]]'' causes acute respiratory disease called Legionnaires' disease, classically associated with fever-heart rate dissociation and hyponatremia. Itcan be cultured using charcoal yeast agar. | ||
|References=Schuetz P, Haubitz S, Christ-Crain M, et al. Hyponatremia and anti-diuretic hormone in Legionnaires' disease. BMC Infect Dis. 2013;13:585 | |References=Schuetz P, Haubitz S, Christ-Crain M, et al. Hyponatremia and anti-diuretic hormone in Legionnaires' disease. BMC Infect Dis. 2013;13:585 | ||
First Aid 2014 page 138 | First Aid 2014 page 138 | ||
Revision as of 17:25, 1 August 2014
| Author | [[PageAuthor::William J Gibson (Reviewed by Rim Halaby, M.D. [1] and Yazan Daaboul)]] |
|---|---|
| Exam Type | ExamType::USMLE Step 1 |
| Main Category | MainCategory::Microbiology |
| Sub Category | SubCategory::Pulmonology, SubCategory::Infectious Disease |
| Prompt | [[Prompt::A 57-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by his wife for a 3-day history of increasing fever, nausea, vomiting, cough and malaise. The wife explains they recently returned from a cruise trip at a nearby lake. On admission, his temperature is 103°F (39.5°C), his heart rate is 86/min, and his respiratory rate is 25/min. Initial work-up reveals the following set of electrolytes in this patient: Na=129 mEq/L, K=4.5 mEq/L, Cl=108 mEq/L, and HCO3=21 mEq/L. Which of the following media could be used to isolate the causal organism?]] |
| Answer A | AnswerA::Eaton’s agar |
| Answer A Explanation | [[AnswerAExp::Eaton’s agar is used to culture Mycoplasma pneumoniae. It causes a mild gradually worsening atypical pneumonia, not the acute-onset severe pulmonary infection seen in this patient.]] |
| Answer B | AnswerB::Charcoal yeast extract |
| Answer B Explanation | [[AnswerBExp::Charcoal yeast extract is used to culture Legionella pneumophila, the organism responsible for Legionnaires' disease.]] |
| Answer C | AnswerC::Tellurite Agar |
| Answer C Explanation | [[AnswerCExp::Tellurite agar is used to culture Corynebacterium diphtheriae. C. diptheriae is largely eliminated from developed countries and would therefore be unlikely in this patient. C. diptheria infection causes severe pharyngitis accompanied by the development of pseudomembranes that coat the throat and tonsils. The pulmonary symptoms and fever observed in this patient are inconsistent with C. diptheria infection.]] |
| Answer D | AnswerD::MacConkey’s agar |
| Answer D Explanation | [[AnswerDExp::MacConkey's agar (MAC) is used to culture a variety of gram-negative organisms. Lactose-fermenting enterics (eg E. coli) will appear as pink colonies.]] |
| Answer E | AnswerE::Sabouraud’s Agar |
| Answer E Explanation | [[AnswerEExp::Sabouraud’s agar is used to culture fungi.]] |
| Right Answer | RightAnswer::B |
| Explanation | [[Explanation::The patient is most likely suffering from Legionnaires' disease, a severe pulmonary infection caused by Legionella pneumophila, a gram-negative rod. Legionnaires' disease typically affects smokers, older individuals, or people who are immunocompromised. Healthy individuals often have a less severe flu-like Legionalla infection called Pontiac fever. Legionnaires' disease requires treatment with antibiotics and aggressive pulmonary management to resolve.
Legionella should be suspected in patients who were recently exposed to water sources, such as rivers, lakes, or even airconditioning systems. It classically causes a fever-heart rate dissociation, whereby the patient is febrile but not as tachycardic as expected in a febrile patient. Additionally, hyponatremia is characteristically observed in patients with Legionella infection. A mild but clinically insignificant decrease in bicarbonate may be evident in this patient as a compensatory mechanism of the patient's hyperventilation. It grows on charcoal yeast extract using iron and cysteine. Because gram stains poorly in cultures of Legionella, silver stain is used instead. More rapid urinary antigen for Legionella is also available. Treatment is by antibiotics, such as macrolides (erythromycin). |
| Approved | Approved::Yes |
| Keyword | WBRKeyword::Legionnaires', WBRKeyword::legionnaire, WBRKeyword::legionnaire's, WBRKeyword::microbiology, WBRKeyword::Bacteria, WBRKeyword::Pneumonia, WBRKeyword::Laboratory, WBRKeyword::gram, WBRKeyword::negative, WBRKeyword::rod, WBRKeyword::charcoal, WBRKeyword::yeast, WBRKeyword::extract |
| Linked Question | Linked:: |
| Order in Linked Questions | LinkedOrder:: |