Hepatitis D epidemiology and demographics: Difference between revisions
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==Epidemiology and Demographics== | ==Epidemiology and Demographics== | ||
Revision as of 14:51, 8 August 2014
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Varun Kumar, M.B.B.S. [2]
Epidemiology and Demographics
Prevalence
Worldwide, more than 15 million people have evidence of serological exposure to HDV worldwide. With the implementation of HBV vaccination programs, better education and awareness about the virus, and improving socioeconomic conditions, HDV prevalence is decreasing in many areas of the world.
Developing countries
Areas of high endemicity include Central Africa, the Horn of Africa, the Middle East, eastern and Mediterranean Europe, the Amazon Basin, and parts of Asia. HDV infection rates usually correlate with HBV endemicity except in countries such as Indonesia and Vietnam, where co-infection is uncommon. Prevalence of HDV infection ranges between provinces in China, a country with high endemicity of HBV. [1]
Two epidemiological patterns of hepatitis D infection exist: in Western Europe and North America, HDV is limited to persons exposed to blood or blood products such as with intravenous drug use. In Mediterranean countries, HDV infection is endemic among HBV carriers. In this population, the virus is transmitted by close personal contact. [2]
New foci of HDV superinfection continue to be identified in Mongolia, Greenland, Ecuador, and Venezuela.
HDV prevalence is decreasing in many areas of the world including Spain, Turkey, and Taiwan, especially in the last three decades. This has been attributed to vaccination programs for HBV, increased awareness, and an overall improvement in socioeconomic conditions. [1] It should be noted that data for HBV prevalence in developing countries is sparse.
Developed Countries
HDV infection remains prevalent in France whereas in Germany and the UK, the prevalence has increased. The main factor underlying the higher prevalence in these countries is HDV infection in a younger population that has migrated from endemic regions. In Italy, HDV prevalence was previously decreasing, and has now recently plateaued.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Hughes SA, Wedemeyer H, Harrison PM (2011). "Hepatitis delta virus". Lancet. 378 (9785): 73–85. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61931-9. PMID 21511329.
- ↑ World Health Organization. Department of Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response.http://www.who.int/csr/disease/hepatitis/HepatitisD_whocdscsrncs2001_1.pdf?ua=1
- ↑ "Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)".