Salmonellosis risk factors

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: João André Alves Silva, M.D. [2] Jolanta Marszalek, M.D. [3]

Risk Factors

Risk factors for salmonellosis include all factors that expose the person to the bacteria, and that create an adequate environment for the infection. These factors include diseases and treatments that affect some of bodies defense mechanisms, including:

• Low gastric pH in children
• Low gastric pH from antacids and H2 inhibitors
• Prenicious anemia
• Changes in the normal endogenous intestinal flora, possibly caused by antibiotic treatments or surgery
• Malignancy
• Diabetes
• Blockage of reticuloendothelial system, such as malaria or drepanocytosis
• HIV infection
• Immunosuppressive therapies

Salmonella may persist in certain foci in the body, such as locals of anatomical disruptions. These may include:

• Kidney stones
• Gallstones
• Atherosclerotic plaque
• Schistosomiasis
• Prosthetic devices

Affects all age groups. Groups at greatest risk for severe or complicated disease include infants, the elderly, and persons with compromised immune systems. Salmonellosis is more common in the summer than winter. Children are the most likely to get salmonellosis. The rate of diagnosed infections in children less than five years old is about five times higher than the rate in all other persons. Young children, the elderly, and the immunocompromised are the most likely to have severe infections. It is estimated that approximately 400 persons die each year with acute salmonellosis.

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