Salmonellosis natural history, complications and prognosis: Difference between revisions
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*Hepatobiliary anatomic abnormalities | *Hepatobiliary anatomic abnormalities | ||
*Abdominal [[malignancy]] | *Abdominal [[malignancy]] | ||
====Central Nervous System Infections==== | ====Central Nervous System Infections==== | ||
Non-typhoid salmonella may lead to different [[CNS infection]]s, such as: | Non-typhoid salmonella may lead to different [[CNS infection]]s, such as: | ||
*[[Subdural empyema]] | *[[Subdural empyema]] | ||
*[[Brain abscess]] | *[[Brain abscess]] | ||
*[[Ventriculitis]] | *[[Ventriculitis]] | ||
*[[Meningitis]] | *[[Meningitis]] | ||
====Pulmonary Infections==== | |||
[[Pulmonary infections]] caused by non-typhoid salmonella commonly lead to [[lobar pneumonia]]. [[Complications]] may include: | |||
*[[Bronchopleural fistula]] | |||
*[[Lung abscess]] | |||
*[[ | |||
*[[ | *[[Empyema]] | ||
====Urinary and Genital Tract Infections==== | ====Urinary and Genital Tract Infections==== | ||
Urinary tract infections caused by NTS present as either cystitis or pyelonephritis. Risk factors include malignancy, urolithiasis, structural abnormalities, HIV infection, and renal transplantation. NTS genital infections are rare and include ovarian and testicular abscesses, prostatitis, and epididymitis. Like other focal infections, both genital and urinary tract infections can be complicated by abscess formation. | Urinary tract infections caused by NTS present as either cystitis or pyelonephritis. Risk factors include malignancy, urolithiasis, structural abnormalities, HIV infection, and renal transplantation. NTS genital infections are rare and include ovarian and testicular abscesses, prostatitis, and epididymitis. Like other focal infections, both genital and urinary tract infections can be complicated by abscess formation. | ||
Bone, Joint, and Soft Tissue Infections | ====Bone, Joint, and Soft Tissue Infections==== | ||
Salmonella osteomyelitis most commonly affects the femur, tibia, humerus, or lumbar vertebrae and is most often seen in association with sickle cell disease, hemoglobinopathies, or preexisting bone disease (e.g., fractures). Prolonged antibiotic treatment is recommended to decrease the risk of relapse and chronic osteomyelitis. Septic arthritis occurs in the same patient population as osteomyelitis and usually involves the knee, hip, or shoulder joints. Reactive arthritis (Reiter's syndrome) can follow NTS gastroenteritis and is seen most frequently in persons with the HLA-B27 histocompatibility antigen. NTS rarely can cause soft tissue infections, usually at sites of local trauma in immunosuppressed patients | Salmonella osteomyelitis most commonly affects the femur, tibia, humerus, or lumbar vertebrae and is most often seen in association with sickle cell disease, hemoglobinopathies, or preexisting bone disease (e.g., fractures). Prolonged antibiotic treatment is recommended to decrease the risk of relapse and chronic osteomyelitis. Septic arthritis occurs in the same patient population as osteomyelitis and usually involves the knee, hip, or shoulder joints. Reactive arthritis (Reiter's syndrome) can follow NTS gastroenteritis and is seen most frequently in persons with the HLA-B27 histocompatibility antigen. NTS rarely can cause soft tissue infections, usually at sites of local trauma in immunosuppressed patients | ||
==Prognosis== | ==Prognosis== | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: João André Alves Silva, M.D. [2] Jolanta Marszalek, M.D. [3]
Overview
Natural History
The symptoms of salmonellosis may occur at any age, and typically develop after 6 to 72 hours after ingestion of the contaminated food. The inoculum responsible for the disease is often greater 50000 bacteria.
Salmonellosis may occur at any age, and start with symptoms that are indistinguishable from those caused by other gastrointestinal pathogens. These include acute onset of nausea, vomiting, crampy abdominal pain, fever (38-39ºC) and diarrhea. Diarrhea may be simply nonbloody, loose stools, in moderate volume, or may be a large volume of watery, bloody stools. Children with enterocolitic infection often present with severe inflammatory disease, with bloody diarrhea, increased symptom duration and risk of complications.[1]
Commonly salmonellosis affects the ileum, however, it may also occur in the large bowel (non-typhoyd). The stomach, duodenum and jejunum are commonly spared of inflammation.[1][2][3]
For the infections limited to the gastrointestinal tract, in the absence of treatment, symptoms commonly have a spontaneous resolution within 5 to 7 days.[1]
For adults, antibiotic treatment is only indicated in certain conditions, mentioned in medical therapy. For these cases, the treatment does not decrease severity nor the duration of symptoms.[1]
Complications
Persons with diarrhea usually recover completely, although it may be several months before their bowel habits are entirely normal. However, in some cases complications may occur. These include:[4]
Bacteremia
About 8% of patients develop bacteremia. This progress is more common in children, elderly and immunocompromised patients. Of the different serotypes of salmonella enterica non-typhi, bacteremia is most common among patients infected with the serotypes Choleraesuis and Dublin.[5]
Endovascular Infection
In the presence of persistent bacteremia, endovascular infection should be suspected. Previous conditions that are prone to the development of endovascular infection include:[6]
- Atherosclerotic vascular disease
- Preexisting valvular heart disease
- Prosthetic vascular graft
- Aortic aneurysm
In elder patients presenting with prolonged chest, back or abdominal pain, and prolonged fever, subsequently to an episode of gastroenteritis, arteritis should be suspected.[7]
In rare cases (<1%) arteritis and endocarditis may complicate into severe, often fatal, complications, such as:[8]
- Valve perforation
- Endomyocardial abscess
- Mycotic aneurysms
- Infected mural thrombus
- Aortoenteric fistula
- Aneurysm rupture
- Pericarditis
Localized Infections
Of the 8% of patients who develop bacteremia, 5-10% progress into localized infections. These may include:[9]
Intra-abdominal Infections
Rare complications that when present, manifest as cholecystitis, splenic or hepatic abscesses. Common risk factors for their development include:
- Splenic abscesses from sickle cell disease
- Hepatobiliary anatomic abnormalities
- Abdominal malignancy
Central Nervous System Infections
Non-typhoid salmonella may lead to different CNS infections, such as:
Pulmonary Infections
Pulmonary infections caused by non-typhoid salmonella commonly lead to lobar pneumonia. Complications may include:
Urinary and Genital Tract Infections
Urinary tract infections caused by NTS present as either cystitis or pyelonephritis. Risk factors include malignancy, urolithiasis, structural abnormalities, HIV infection, and renal transplantation. NTS genital infections are rare and include ovarian and testicular abscesses, prostatitis, and epididymitis. Like other focal infections, both genital and urinary tract infections can be complicated by abscess formation.
Bone, Joint, and Soft Tissue Infections
Salmonella osteomyelitis most commonly affects the femur, tibia, humerus, or lumbar vertebrae and is most often seen in association with sickle cell disease, hemoglobinopathies, or preexisting bone disease (e.g., fractures). Prolonged antibiotic treatment is recommended to decrease the risk of relapse and chronic osteomyelitis. Septic arthritis occurs in the same patient population as osteomyelitis and usually involves the knee, hip, or shoulder joints. Reactive arthritis (Reiter's syndrome) can follow NTS gastroenteritis and is seen most frequently in persons with the HLA-B27 histocompatibility antigen. NTS rarely can cause soft tissue infections, usually at sites of local trauma in immunosuppressed patients
Prognosis
Persons with diarrhea usually recover completely, although it may be several months before their bowel habits are entirely normal. A small number of persons who are infected with Salmonella, will go on to develop pains in their joints, irritation of the eyes, and painful urination. This is called Reiter's syndrome. It can last for months or years, and can lead to chronic arthritis which is difficult to treat. Antibiotic treatment does not make a difference in whether or not the person later develops arthritis.[10]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Coburn B, Grassl GA, Finlay BB (2007). "Salmonella, the host and disease: a brief review". Immunol Cell Biol. 85 (2): 112–8. doi:10.1038/sj.icb.7100007. PMID 17146467.
- ↑ McGovern VJ, Slavutin LJ (1979). "Pathology of salmonella colitis". Am J Surg Pathol. 3 (6): 483–90. PMID 534385.
- ↑ Boyd JF (1985). "Pathology of the alimentary tract in Salmonella typhimurium food poisoning". Gut. 26 (9): 935–44. PMC 1432849. PMID 3896961.
- ↑ Longo, Dan (2012). Harrison's principles of internal medicine. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 007174889X.
- ↑ Longo, Dan (2012). Harrison's principles of internal medicine. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 007174889X.
- ↑ Longo, Dan (2012). Harrison's principles of internal medicine. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 007174889X.
- ↑ Longo, Dan (2012). Harrison's principles of internal medicine. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 007174889X.
- ↑ Longo, Dan (2012). Harrison's principles of internal medicine. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 007174889X.
- ↑ Longo, Dan (2012). Harrison's principles of internal medicine. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 007174889X.
- ↑ http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/salmonellosis_g.htm