Salmonellosis historical perspective: Difference between revisions
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{{Salmonellosis}} | {{Salmonellosis}} | ||
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{JM}} {{JS}} | {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{JM}} {{JS}} | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Salmonella enterica, originally called Salmonella choleraesuis, was discovered by scientist Theobald Smith in 1885 and was named after Daniel E. Salmon, an American veterinary pathologist. Smith originally believed the bacteria was responsible for causing hog cholera, but the disease was later discovered to be a viral infection with a secondary infection due to Salmonella. | Salmonella enterica, originally called Salmonella choleraesuis, was discovered by scientist Theobald Smith in 1885 and was named after Daniel E. Salmon, an American veterinary pathologist. Smith originally believed the bacteria was responsible for causing hog cholera, but the disease was later discovered to be a viral infection with a secondary infection due to Salmonella. | ||
==Historical Perspective== | |||
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Salmonellae are named for the pathologist Salmon, who first isolated Salmonella choleraesuis from porcine intestine.1 Salmonella are effec- tive commensals and pathogens that cause a spectrum of diseases in humans and animals, including domesticated and wild mammals, rep- tiles, birds, and insects. Some Salmonella serotypes, such as Salmonella Typhi, Salmonella Paratyphi, and Salmonella Sendai, are highly adapted to humans and have no other known natural hosts, whereas others, such as Salmonella Typhimurium, have a broad host range and can infect a wide variety of animal hosts and humans. Some Salmonella serotypes, such as Dublin (cattle) and Arizonae (reptiles), are mostly adapted to an animal species and only occasionally infect humans. The widespread distribution of Salmonella in the environment, their increasing prevalence in the global food chain, and their virulence and adaptability have an enormous medical, public health, and economic impact worldwide. | |||
Before the 19th century, typhus and typhoid fever were confused. Though various clinical distinctions were proposed, none reliably dis- tinguished these syndromes. In 1829 in Paris, P. Ch. A. Louis separated typhoid from other fevers on the basis of intestinal lymph node and spleen pathology.2 He also described the clinical phenomena of rose spots, intestinal perforation, and hemorrhage. In the English literature, William Jenner in 1850 settled the question of whether typhus and typhoid were different diseases.3 He distinguished typhoid based on the pathologic evidence of enlargement of the Peyer’s patches and mesenteric lymph nodes. Jenner also noted that prior attacks of typhoid protected against subsequent attacks; this was not the case for typhus. In 1869, Wilson proposed the term enteric fever as an alterna- tive to typhoid fever, given the anatomic site of infection.4 Though enteric fever remains a more accurate term, the use of the term typhoid persists today. | |||
In 1873 Budd demonstrated that food, water, and fomites could transmit typhoid fever.5 Gaffkey in Germany isolated the typhoid bacil- lus in 1884 from the spleens of infected patients.6 In 1896, Pfeiffer and Kalle made the first typhoid vaccine with heat-killed organisms.7 In the same year Widal and others demonstrated that convalescent sera from typhoid patients caused the organisms to “stick together in large balls and lose their motility.”8 Widal coined the term agglutinin to describe this observation. The antigenic classification or serotyping of Salmo- nella used today is a result of years of study of antibody interactions with bacterial surface antigens by Kauffman and White during the 1920s to 1940s.9 In 1948, Theodore Woodward and colleagues reported the suc- cessful treatment of Malaysian typhoid patients with chloromycetin,10 and the modern age of antimicrobial therapy for typhoid fever began. In 1952, Zinder and Lederberg, using S. Typhimurium, discovered genetic transduction, the transfer of genetic information from one cell to another by a virus particle (bacteriophage P22).11 Ames and co- workers in 1973 reported the development of the Ames test, which uses S. Typhimurium auxotrophic mutants to test the mutagenic activity of chemical compounds.12 At present Salmonella pathogenesis is studied widely in animal and tissue culture models of mammalian infection as an important model of host-parasite interactions. | |||
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==References== | ==References== | ||
{{reflist|2}} | {{reflist|2}} | ||
Revision as of 17:46, 22 August 2014
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Jolanta Marszalek, M.D. [2] João André Alves Silva, M.D. [3]
Overview
Salmonella enterica, originally called Salmonella choleraesuis, was discovered by scientist Theobald Smith in 1885 and was named after Daniel E. Salmon, an American veterinary pathologist. Smith originally believed the bacteria was responsible for causing hog cholera, but the disease was later discovered to be a viral infection with a secondary infection due to Salmonella.